Functional beverage

A functional beverage is classified as a conventional liquid food marketed to convey product ingredients or supposed health benefit.[1][2] Although a "functional" beverage may be marketed as a panacea or a performance-enhancing substance, there is no scientific evidence for any specific health effects of such beverages or for their uniform regulation internationally, as of 2020.[1][2]

Examples of functional beverages include dairy beverages, sports and performance drinks, energy drinks, ready-to-drink teas, "smart" drinks, fortified fruit drinks, plant milks, and enhanced water.[1]

Use

Functional beverages are commonly consumed among people attempting to gain health benefits from their foods and beverages. Both convenience and health have been identified as important factors in consumers' decision-making about food and beverage purchases. Functional drinks are advertised as having various health benefits. For example, some claim to improve heart health, immunity, digestion, and joint health, while others promote themselves as satiating and energy-boosting.[1][2]

Industry

The functional beverage industry is a subsector of the functional food and non-alcoholic beverage industry. It is the fastest-growing sector of the industry, partially due to the maturity of the carbonated soft drink sector and heavy investments by major food and beverage companies.[3] Another reason for the industry's growth may be the consumer-oriented market scheme whereby innovative ideas come from consumers. By 2008, in the U.S., the market share of functional beverages accounted for 48.9% of the non-alcoholic industry, which is worth $118 billion.[4]

Functional beverage industry players are generally categorized into four types:[5]

  1. Traditional non-alcoholic beverage companies, like PepsiCo, Fuze Beverage, and The Coca-Cola Company.
  2. Major food companies, such as Nestlé, Altria, Kraft Foods, General Mills, and the Campbell Soup Company.
  3. Smaller-scaled private companies and specialized companies like POM Wonderful.
  4. Agricultural cooperatives, such as Ocean Spray and Sunsweet Growers.

The functional beverage industry encompasses a wide range of varieties targeting different health-related concerns.[3] One trend has been toward hybrid drinks, which are marketed as having benefits like thirst-quenching ability, with daily dosages of vitamins or other nutrients.[4] Another trend is the rise of probiotics, exemplified by Activia yogurt, marketed for intestinal and immune health. Other beverages, like Function: BRAINIAC, a carambola punch energy drink in the Function Drinks line, advertise improved memory and mental sharpness. Functional drinks marketed to children have also been developed, and received attention with Nestlé's Boost.

A 2005 trend toward single-serve functional beverages was fueled by consumers' demands for convenience. According to Campbell's director of single-serve beverages, "People know they will be seen when they are drinking single-serving beverages, so the package is critical."[6] Drinks marketed toward weight loss, health, and beauty (like Nova the Essential Drink) account for a considerable market share. Lastly, "energy-boosting" functional beverage products, such as Red Bull and 5-Hour Energy, have been rated fastest in growth in the functional beverage market.

Market

The functional beverage industry generally competes using four primary strategies:[5]

  1. Promote their own products as healthy and unique, by clearly distinguishing their health claims from similar products, and by specifying naturally healthy ingredients.
  2. Consider extensions of existing brand lines. For example, Nestle extended their Boost product line by adding Kids Essentials to the line, thereby extending the adult-focused Boost line to a new market (children).
  3. Larger companies compete for market share by acquiring smaller companies that may own a particular market sector.[5] For example, Coca-Cola purchased Glaceau from Energy Brands, and Odwalla and Fuze Beverage from their respective founders, in order to increase Coca-Cola's market share.
  4. Explore new functional brands by identifying new markets and demands.

Market segments of the functional beverage industry are divided mainly into four parts.[3] Those include hydration; energy/rejuvenation; health and wellness; and weight management.[3] Each segment has its own target market and consumers. Overlapping of target consumers does occur—not because of undefined market needs, but due to consumer acceptance of functional beverages.[5]

Energy and stimulation

Highly caffeinated, often highly sweetened "energy drinks" have become popular on the beverage market in the United States, as well as globally, in the past decade. Consumer demand has helped generate a new generation of "energy drink" brands containing similar amounts of caffeine, calories, and sugar.[7]

Various stimulants found in energy drinks may include taurine, caffeine, B vitamins, guarana, ginseng, ginkgo biloba, L-carnitine, sugars, yerba maté, and creatine. Although these ingredients have been approved by the FDA, health experts still recommend that consumers read their energy drinks' labels, as these ingredients may not improve health.[1]

Sales

As of 2008, based on dollar sales, the most popular functional beverages, in order, were:[8]

  1. Health and wellness drinks, with 62.2% of dollar sales
  2. Hydration drinks (28%)
  3. Energy/Rejuvenation drinks (8.4%)
  4. Weight Management drinks (1.2%)

Consumer demographic

According to a 2006 article, the functional beverage market's consumer group is characterized as well-educated females aged 35–55, belonging to the upper middle, middle, and lower middle classes.[7] This is thought to result from this group's perceptions that functional drinks produce positive health beliefs, as well as their relatively high disposable income.[7] A 2002 article stated that within the energy and stimulant drink sector, young adults aged 18 to 34 are considered to be the main target market, as evidenced by high consumption rates.[9] However, due to constant changes in attitudes about different types of functional beverages, these target markets could change.[10]

Health concerns

Health experts are concerned about the increased consumption and popularity of functional beverages. Although these beverages may serve to hydrate the individual, they may not mitigate or even address today's major health issues, such as obesity, heart disease, and cancer.[1][2] Most functional beverages are sweetened, and consumption of sweetened beverages is associated with higher levels of obesity and heart disease.[1][2] Most of these drinks contain significant amounts of sugars and hence calories, which would add to discretionary and total caloric intake. As such, these ingredients pose health risks because of what they contain (sugar and caffeine) or what they replace in the diet (vitamin and mineral-rich foods).

Sugar content

Many functional drinks have high levels of sugar, even if they have other "healthy" ingredients. For example, a 20oz bottle of Glacéau's VitaminWater has been reported to contain approximately 33 g of sugar, which is similar to the sugar content of a can of Coca-Cola. This prompted The Coca-Cola Company to be sued for claiming that VitaminWater was a healthy beverage.[11]

Given their sugar content, many functional beverages may not be as healthy an alternative as other commonly consumed beverages. In addition, the sugar content of such beverages promotes dental cavities amongst frequent users.

Energy drinks
Main article: Energy drink

In some functional beverages, particularly energy drinks, the caffeine content can be up to 141 milligrams per serving, more than an average 8-ounce cup of coffee containing 133 mg of caffeine. There have been reports to Health Canada of adverse reactions involving energy drinks.[12]

See also

References
  1. Corbo, Maria Rosaria; Bevilacqua, Antonio; Petruzzi, Leonardo; Casanova, Francesco Pio; Sinigaglia, Milena (2014-10-20). "Functional beverages: The emerging side of functional foods". Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 13 (6): 1192–1206. doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12109. ISSN 1541-4337.
  2. Laura Domínguez Díaz, Virginia Fernández-Ruiz, Montaña Cámara (2020-05-01). "An international regulatory review of food health-related claims in functional food products labeling". Journal of Functional Foods. 68. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2020.103896. ISSN 1756-4646.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  3. Scholan, I. "Functional Beverages-- where next? Innovation in functional beverages market is set to continue." International Food Ingredients December 2007.
  4. Roberts, W. "Benefiting Beverages." Prepared Foods August 2009
  5. "Functional Foods and Beverages in US. MaryLand." Packaged Facts. May 2009
  6. Phillips, Bob "Sweet Revenge." Progressive Grocer 2005 84(5): 34-36, online in EBSCO assessed 29 November 2009
  7. Bogue, J., Seymour, C. and Sorenson, D. "Market-oriented new product development of meal replacement and meal complement beverages." Journal of Food Products Marketing’’, 2006 12(3): 1–18.
  8. Functional Beverages. Beverage World 2008 127(3): 14, online in EBSCO assessed 29 November 2009
  9. Boyle, C. and Emerton, V. "Food and Drinks through the Lifecycle." Surrey:Leatherhead International’’. 2002
  10. Van Trijp, H.C.M. and Van Der Lans, I.A. (2007). "Consumer perceptions of nutrition and health claims." Appetite’’. 2007 48(3):305–324
  11. Coca-Cola was sued for Fraudulent Claims on Obesity-Promoting "Vitaminwater" Accessed 2 December 2009
  12. It's Your Health – Safe Use of Energy Drinks. Accessed 2 December 2009
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