Galectin-1

Galectin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LGALS1 gene.[5][6]

LGALS1
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 1GZW, 1W6M, 1W6N, 1W6O, 1W6P, 1W6Q, 2KM2, 2ZKN, 3OY8, 3OYW, 3T2T, 3W58, 3W59, 4XBL, 4Q27, 4Q1R, 4Q1P, 4Q2F, 4Q26, 4Y24, 4Y1Z, 4Y22, 4Y20, 4Y1U, 4Y1X, 4Y1Y, 4Y1V
Identifiers
Aliases	LGALS1, GAL1, GBP, galectin 1
External IDs	OMIM: 150570 MGI: 96777 HomoloGene: 7399 GeneCards: LGALS1
Gene location (Human) Chr. Chromosome 22 (human)[1] Band 22q13.1 Start 37,675,636 bp[1] End 37,679,802 bp[1]
Gene location (Mouse) Chr. Chromosome 15 (mouse)[2] Band 15 E1|15 37.7 cM Start 78,926,725 bp[2] End 78,930,465 bp[2]
RNA expression pattern More reference expression data
Gene ontology Molecular function • protein homodimerization activity • lactose binding • signal transducer activity • laminin binding • carbohydrate binding • RNA binding • GO:0001948 protein binding Cellular component • cytoplasm • extracellular matrix • intracellular • cell surface • extracellular exosome • cell nucleus • extracellular • cytosol • endoplasmic reticulum lumen • extracellular region Biological process • negative regulation of cell-substrate adhesion • regulation of apoptotic process • negative regulation of neuron projection development • T cell costimulation • cellular response to organic cyclic compound • positive regulation of viral entry into host cell • plasma cell differentiation • positive regulation of erythrocyte aggregation • response to axon injury • positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling • positive regulation of dendritic cell differentiation • myoblast differentiation • response to drug • cellular response to glucose stimulus • apoptotic process • signal transduction • response to isolation stress • post-translational modification • cellular protein metabolic process Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	3956	16852
Ensembl	ENSG00000100097	ENSMUSG00000068220
UniProt	P09382	P16045
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_002305	NM_008495
RefSeq (protein)	NP_002296	NP_032521
Location (UCSC)	Chr 22: 37.68 – 37.68 Mb	Chr 15: 78.93 – 78.93 Mb
PubMed search	[3]	[4]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse

Gene and protein

LGALS1 contains four exons. The galectin-1 protein is 135 amino acids in length and highly conserved across species. It can be found in the nucleus, the cytoplasm, the cell surface and in the extracellular space. Galectins in general lack a traditional signal sequence, but are still secreted across the plasma membrane. This non-traditional secretion requires a functional glycan binding site. Galectin 1 contains a single carbohydrate recognition domain through which it can bind glycans both as a monomer and as a homodimer. Dimers are non-covalently bound and will spontaneously disassociate in low concentration.[7] Galectin 1 does not bind glycans when oxidized.[8] Having 6 cysteine residues, the oxidation state has a significant effect on the protein structure. The oxidized form is reported to have alternative functions not involving carbohydrate binding.[9]

Function

The galectins are a family of beta-galactoside-binding proteins implicated in modulating cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Galectin-1 may act as an autocrine negative growth factor that regulates cell proliferation.[10] Galectin-1 expression in Hodgkin Lymphoma has also been shown to mediate immunosuppression of CD8+ T-cells.[11]

Role in pregnancy

Galectin-1 is thought to play a role in creating immune tolerance in pregnancy.[12] Galectin-1 is expressed by the endometrial stromal cells throughout the menstrual cycle, however significantly increases during implantation. Galectin-1 induces the differentiation of Dendritic cells towards a phenotype which dampens T helper 1 cells and T helper 17 cells and dampens inflammation via interleukin-10 and interleukin-27.[13] It also plays a role in the formation and expression of HLA-G in the syncytium.[14]

Interactions

LGALS1 has been shown to interact with GEMIN4[15] HRAS.[16]

See also

• Galectin

References

1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000100097 - Ensembl, May 2017
2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000068220 - Ensembl, May 2017
3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
5. Gitt MA, Barondes SH (February 1991). "Genomic sequence and organization of two members of a human lectin gene family". Biochemistry. 30 (1): 82–9. doi:10.1021/bi00215a013. PMID 1988031.
6. Gauthier L, Rossi B, Roux F, Termine E, Schiff C (October 2002). "Galectin-1 is a stromal cell ligand of the pre-B cell receptor (BCR) implicated in synapse formation between pre-B and stromal cells and in pre-BCR triggering". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 99 (20): 13014–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.202323999. PMC 130578. PMID 12271131.
7. Cho M, Cummings RD (1995). "Galectin-1, a beta-galactoside-binding lectin in Chinese hamster ovary cells. I. Physical and chemical characterization". J. Biol. Chem. 270 (10): 5198–206. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.10.5198. PMID 7890630.
8. Outenreath RL, Jones AL (1992). "Influence of an endogenous lectin substrate on cultured dorsal root ganglion cells". J. Neurocytol. 21 (11): 788–95. doi:10.1007/bf01237904. PMID 1431997.
9. Kadoya T, Horie H (2005). "Structural and functional studies of galectin-1: a novel axonal regeneration-promoting activity for oxidized galectin-1". Curr Drug Targets. 6 (4): 375–83. doi:10.2174/1389450054022007. PMID 16026256.
10. "Entrez Gene: LGALS1 lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble, 1 (galectin 1)".
11. Gandhi, MK (Aug 15, 2007). "Galectin-1 mediated suppression of Epstein-Barr virus specific T-cell immunity in classic Hodgkin lymphoma". Blood. 110 (4): 1326–9. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-01-066100. PMC 1939905. PMID 17438085.
12. Munoz-Suano A, Hamilton AB, Betz AG (May 2011). "Gimme shelter: the immune system during pregnancy". Immunol. Rev. 241 (1): 20–38. doi:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2011.01002.x. PMID 21488887.
13. Ilarregui JM, Croci DO, Bianco GA, Toscano MA, Salatino M, Vermeulen ME, Geffner JR, Rabinovich GA (September 2009). "Tolerogenic signals delivered by dendritic cells to T cells through a galectin-1-driven immunoregulatory circuit involving interleukin 27 and interleukin 10". Nat. Immunol. 10 (9): 981–91. doi:10.1038/ni.1772. PMID 19668220.
14. Comninos AN, Jayasena CN, Dhillo WS (2014). "The relationship between gut and adipose hormones, and reproduction". Hum. Reprod. Update. 20 (2): 153–74. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmt033. PMID 24173881.
15. Park JW, Voss PG, Grabski S, Wang JL, Patterson RJ (September 2001). "Association of galectin-1 and galectin-3 with Gemin4 in complexes containing the SMN protein". Nucleic Acids Res. 29 (17): 3595–602. doi:10.1093/nar/29.17.3595. PMC 55878. PMID 11522829.
16. Paz A, Haklai R, Elad-Sfadia G, Ballan E, Kloog Y (November 2001). "Galectin-1 binds oncogenic H-Ras to mediate Ras membrane anchorage and cell transformation". Oncogene. 20 (51): 7486–93. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1204950. PMID 11709720.

Further reading

• Barondes SH, Cooper DN, Gitt MA, Leffler H (1994). "Galectins. Structure and function of a large family of animal lectins". J. Biol. Chem. 269 (33): 20807–10. PMID 8063692.