Genocide of the Ingrian Finns

The Genocide of the Ingrian Finns is a series of events triggered by the Russian Revolution in the 20th century, in which the Soviet Union deported, imprisoned and killed Ingrians and annulled, condemned and destroyed their culture.[1] In the process Ingria, in the historical sense of the word ceased to exist.[2] Before the persecution there were 140,000 to 160,000 Ingrians[3][4] in Russia and today approximately 19,000.

From 1935 onwards, the genocide manifested itself in deportations of entire Ingrian villages, mass arrests and executions, especially in 1937 and 1938 associated with the Great Purge. The reason for the genocide was the skeptical attitude of the Soviet Union towards the Ingrian people due to their close cultural and historical relations with Finland. At the same time, many other ethnic groups and minorities were also persecuted.[1]

The destruction process targeted at Ingrian Finns was centrally managed and considered. Russian legislation in the 1990s refers to it as genocide. The aim was, in particular, to assassinate the male population. Tens of thousands of Ingrians died due to deportations and in labor camps.[5]

Background

The Ingrian Finns were mainly independent small farmers in the 1920s and still in the early 1930s with relatively high literacy skills. Their religion was predominantly Lutheran. Ingria was located in the vicinity of Leningrad, where they formed the second largest ethnic group after Russians in the 1930s. Ingrians were targeted from 1930 onwards. Red refugees who lost the Finnish Civil War took the charge in the area. They forced propaganda for collectivization of the agriculture, reported the priests, helped arrest people and harassed Ingrian Finns and "Kulaks".[1]

In addition to independent farmers, the communist regime attacked educated people, such as teachers, as well as religious leadership throughout the Soviet Union. Ingrian Lutheran Church workers were imprisoned, sent to forced labor, deported, and executed. Ingrian churches were converted into clubs and warehouses. Teaching in Finnish was banned in schools in 1937. Ingrian village councils, cultural institutions and magazines were abolished. Ingrian Finns were terrorized and coerced in ways that would now be described by the terms “genocide” and “ethnic cleansing”.[1]

In 1926, the number of Ingrians was estimated to be at 115,000. In the period of 1929–1931, 18,000, in 1935 about 7,000 and in 1935–1936, a total of 26,000–27,000 persons were deported. The deported people ended up in working camps and their mortality was high. The deportations were carried out in a hurry and the housing, food and health care of the targeted people were severely deficient.[6] Between 1929 and 1938, a total of 60,000 Ingrians, half of the Ingrian population, were imprisoned and deported.[7]

During World War II, the Ingrian people were once again forcibly deported from their homeland for ethnic reasons, and even after the war they were prevented from returning to their homeland until 1954. The Ingrian people deported to Siberia were placed in prison camps. The Soviet Union was silent about the Ingrians and they did not officially exist. It was not until the Dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1990 that Russia sought to improve their situation with new legislation.[8]

See also

Sources
  1. Reuter, Anni (2019). "Neuvostovaltaa vastaan – Inkerinsuomalaisten hiljaista vastarintaa 1930-luvulla" (PDF). Tampere University Press: 131–162.
  2. Kaisalmi, Ahti (2018). ""Neuvostoliitosta suuntautuvasta paluumuutosta ei tarvitse mitään etukäteisselvityksiä" – Inkeriläisten paluumuuton käynnistymisen motiivit ja toteutus ulkoasiainministeriössä vuosina 1990–1991" (PDF). Pro Gradu, Department of Philosophy, Contemporary History and Political Science. University of Turku.
  3. "Inkeriläiset – unohdetut suomalaiset" (PDF). The National Museum of Finland. 2020.
  4. Inkeri.ee. "Inkerinmaan historiaa". Inkeri (in Finnish). Retrieved 2020-10-24.
  5. "Dokumentti Inkerinsuomalaisten kansanmurhasta" (in Finnish). Retrieved 2020-10-24.
  6. Reuter, Anni (2020). ""Kansaamme pirstotaan" Inkerinsuomalaisten karkotukset ja diaspora Neuvostoliitossa 1930-luvun kirjeissä kuvattuna". Historiallinen Aikakusikirja. March 2020.
  7. "Historia ja kulttuuri". Inkeri (in Finnish). Retrieved 2020-10-24.
  8. "Dokumentti Inkerinsuomalaisten kansanmurhasta" (in Finnish). Retrieved 2020-10-24.
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