Gerhard Michalski

Gerhard Michalski (25 June 1917 – 22 February 1946) was a German Luftwaffe military aviator and wing commander during World War II. As a fighter ace, he is credited with 73 aerial victories in 652 missions, of which 59 victories were achieved over the Western Front including 13 four-engine bombers, and 14 over the Eastern Front. He was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, the highest award in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II.

Gerhard Michalski
Born	25 June 1917 Augsdorf
Died	22 February 1946 (aged 28) Kaltenkirchen
Allegiance	Nazi Germany
Service/branch	Luftwaffe
Rank	Oberstleutnant (lieutenant colonel)
Unit	JG 53, JG z.b.V., JG 4, JG 11
Commands held	JG 4
Battles/wars	See battles World War II Battle of France Battle of Britain Eastern Front Battle of Malta Defense of the Reich
Awards	Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves

Early life and career

Michalski was born on 25 June 1917 in Augsdorf in the Province of Saxony of the German Empire. In 1936, he volunteered for military service in the Luftwaffe and was promoted to Leutnant in 1938.[1]

World War II

Michalski joined 6. Staffel (6th squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53—53rd Fighter Wing) in 1940. His first victory was on 31 March 1940, when he downed a French Morane Saulnier MS 406 fighter over the French border. Flying through the Battle of Britain, he gained eight more victories. In October 1940, Michalski was appointed Adjutant in II./JG 53. With JG 53 participating in the invasion of Russia from June 1941 onward, Michalski claimed 13 further victories by the end of August 1941 for a total of 22. By October 1941 Oberleutnant Michalski was Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 4./JG 53 based at Leeuwarden in the Netherlands.

In November II./JG 53 were relocated to Sicily for operations against Malta. Michalski was to become the most successful German fighter pilot in the Siege, claiming 26 victories against the island's defenders. Michalski became Gruppenkommandeur II./JG 53 in June 1942 and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) for 41 victories in September. On 15 October Michalski was shot down by No. 126 Squadron Spitfires, flown by F/L. Jones and F/Sgt Varey,[2] off Marsaxlokk Bay. He bailed out of his Bf 109 G-2, landing in the sea, and was rescued by the German air-sea rescue service.

North Africa

In October 1942 II./JG 53 were sent to Tunisia. Following the fall of Tunisia, II./JG 53 relocated to bases in Sicily in May 1943. On 18 June Michalski was again shot down, near Donnafucata in Sicily by F/O G. Keith Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF), flying a Spitfire of No. 72 Squadron.[3] He bailed out wounded in the leg and with a broken ankle, landing in the sea, from where he was rescued by the German air-sea rescue service. Hospitalised, he returned to JG 53 in August 1943.

In November 1943, II./JG 53 was relocated to airfields in Austria, operating on Reichsverteidigung (Defense of the Reich) duties. Michalski claimed his 60th victory on 2 November. In April 1944, Michalski was made Geschwaderkommodore of JG z.b.V. at Kassel in Germany. The unit was formed to control III./JG 3, I./JG 5, II./JG 27, III./JG 54 and II./JG 53. On 1 May, he was once more shot down and wounded in aerial combat. Following a swift recovery, Michalski was transferred to the Verbandsführerschule of the General der Jagdflieger on 20 May 1944. On 21 July, he joined the Stabsstaffel, I./Jagdgeschwader 11 before being appointed Geschwaderkommodore of Jagdgeschwader 4 on 18 August 1944. Major Michalski was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) on 25 November for 72 victories. He gained his 73rd and final victory on 8 March 1945, over the Eastern Front.

As Geschwaderkommodore, Michalski was ordered to Berlin on 22 January 1945 and attended the meeting with Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring which was later dubbed the Fighter Pilots' Mutiny. This was an attempt to reinstate Generalleutnant Adolf Galland as General der Jagdflieger who had been dismissed for outspokenness regarding the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (Luftwaffe high command), and had been replaced by Oberst Gordon Gollob. The meeting was held at the Haus der Flieger in Berlin and was attended by a number of high-ranking fighter pilot leaders which included Michalski, Günther Lützow, Hannes Trautloft, Hermann Graf, Erich Leie, Helmut Bennemann, Kurt Bühligen and Herbert Ihlefeld, and their antagonist Göring supported by his staff Bernd von Brauchitsch and Karl Koller. The fighter pilots, with Lützow taking the lead as spokesman, criticized Göring and made him personally responsible for the decisions taken which effectively had led to the lost air war over Europe.[4]

Michalski was involved in a motor vehicle accident on 22 February 1946 and died in a hospital in Kaltenkirchen.[5] His brother Werner was killed in action as a Leutnant on 10 April 1942 serving with Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter".[6]

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to Spick, Michalski was credited with 73 aerial victories in 652 missions, of which 59 victories were achieved over the Western Front including 13 four-engine bombers and 29 Supermarine Spitfire fighters.[7] Matthews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 68 aerial victory claims, plus three further unconfirmed claims. This number includes 14 on the Eastern Front and 54 on the Western Front, including 11 four-engined bombers.[8]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 03 Ost 9848". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km²). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size.[9]

Chronicle of aerial victories
This and the – (dash) indicates unconfirmed aerial victory claims for which Michalski did not receive credit.   This along with the * (asterisk) indicates an Herausschuss (separation shot)—a severely damaged heavy bomber forced to separate from his combat box which was counted as an aerial victory.   This and the ! (exclamation mark) indicates those aerial victories listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock.   This and the # (hash mark) indicates those aerial victories listed by Matthews and Foreman.   This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Matthews and Foreman.
Claim!	Claim#	Date	Time	Type	Location	Claim!	Claim#	Date	Time	Type	Location
– Stab II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[10] "Phoney War" — 1 September 1939 – 9 May 1940
1		31 March 1940	16:00	M.S.406	southwest of Sarreguemines[11]
– 6. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[10] At the Channel and over England — 26 June – August 1940
2	1	15 August 1940	18:50	Hurricane	southwest of Portland[12]
– Stab II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[10] At the Channel and over England — August 1940 – 8 June 1941
3	2	10 October 1940	11:40?[Note 1]	Spitfire	Folkestone[13] Thames Estuary	7		24 November 1940	16:50	Hurricane	Gravesend[14]
4	3	11 October 1940	08:55	Spitfire[13]		8	6	30 November 1940	15:26	Hurricane	Ashford[14]
5	4	28 October 1940	17:28	Hurricane	20 km (12 mi) south of London[14]	9	7	25 April 1941	15:47	Spitfire[15]
6	5	1 November 1940	15:40	Spitfire[14]
– Stab II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[10] Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 8 October 1941
10	8	1 July 1941	13:52	I-153[16]		17	15	29 August 1941	15:57	I-16[17]?[Note 2]
11	9	4 July 1941	16:45	SB-2[16]		18	16	11 September 1941	09:02	I-18 (MiG-1)[17]
12	10	4 July 1941	16:49	SB-3[16]		19	17	21 September 1941	16:05	I-18 (MiG-1)[18]
13	11	5 July 1941	09:26	SB-3	southeast of Smitten[16]	20	18	23 September 1941	17:05	I-18 (MiG-1)[18]
14	12	14 July 1941	19:24	DB-3[19]		21	19	28 September 1941	08:03	I-18 (MiG-1)[18]
15	13	19 July 1941	17:25	R-5[19]		22	20	4 October 1941	09:43?[Note 3]	I-18 (MiG-1)[20]
16	14	27 August 1941	17:10	R-5[19]
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[10] Mediterranean Theater — 15 December 1941 – August 1942
23?[Note 4]	21	20 December 1941	16:40	Hurricane[23]		35	30	29 June 1942	08:45	Spitfire[24]
24		29 December 1941	10:40	Hurricane[25]		36	31	2 July 1942	08:07	Spitfire	10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Malta[24] 5–8 km (3.1–5.0 mi) north of Ta Venezia
25	22	3 January 1942	09:18?[Note 5]	Hurricane[25]		37	32	2 July 1942	13:30	Spitfire	7–8 km (4.3–5.0 mi) east of La Valletta[24]
26	23	20 January 1942	14:18	Hurricane[25]		38	33	8 July 1942	06:48	Spitfire[26]
27	—	24 January 1942	14:25	Hurricane[25]		39	34	8 July 1942	11:35	Spitfire[26]
28	24	17 March 1942	08:08	Spitfire	Malta[27]	40	35	30 July 1942	08:25	Spitfire[26]
29	—	2 April 1942	10:42	Spitfire[27]		41	36	31 July 1942	14:58	Spitfire[26]
30	25	8 May 1942	09:40	P-40	Ta Venezia[28]	42	37	31 July 1942	15:00	Spitfire[26]
	26	14 May 1942	11:43	Spitfire			38	2 August 1942	14:30	Spitfire	5 km (3.1 mi) west of Venezia
31		15 May 1942	11:31	Spitfire[28]		43	39	2 August 1942	16:23	Spitfire[26]
32	27	3 June 1942	11:13	Spitfire	60 km (37 mi) southeast of Pantelleria[24]	44	40	10 August 1942	12:21	Spitfire[26]
33	28	8 June 1942	11:25	Spitfire[24]		45?[Note 4]		12 August 1942	—	Spitfire[29]
34	29	15 June 1942	10:40	Beaufighter	70 km (43 mi) southeast of Pantelleria[24]	46	41	14 August 1942	18:48	Spitfire[30]
– Stab II. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[10] Mediterranean Theater — August – 31 December 1942
47	42	13 October 1942?[Note 6]	14:10?[Note 7]	Spitfire	20 km (12 mi) north of La Valletta[30]	49	44	27 November 1942	14:56	Spitfire	15 km (9.3 mi) south of Majaz al Bab[31]
48	43	14 October 1942	08:20	Spitfire[30]	vicinity of Malta
– Stab II. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[8] Mediterranean Theater — 1 January – 15 October 1943
50?[Note 4]	—	1 January 1943	11:56	Spitfire[32]		56	50	19 April 1943	16:08	Spitfire	3 km (1.9 mi) southeast of Menzel Temime[33] 15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Zembra
51	45	25 February 1943	12:16	P-38	15 km (9.3 mi) west of Tebourba[33]	57	51	2 May 1943	14:54	P-40	southwest of Béja[33]
52?[Note 8]		2 March 1943	11:50	Spitfire	5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Sfax[33]	58	52	8 June 1943	08:52	Spitfire	40 km (25 mi) south-southwest of Pozzallo[33]
	46	2 March 1943	11:50	B-17*	5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Béja	59	53	9 June 1943	14:00	P-38	15 km (9.3 mi) south of Pantelleria[33]
53?[Note 8]	47	22 March 1943	14:10	P-38	PQ 03 Ost 9848[33]	60	54	13 June 1943	12:12	Spitfire	Syracuse[33]
54	48	18 April 1943	19:05	P-40	4 km (2.5 mi) southeast of the Gulf of Tunis[33]	61?[Note 4]	55	8 September 1943	17:00	P-38[34]	50 km (31 mi) southwest of Capri
55	49	19 April 1943	15:56	Spitfire	15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Zembra[33]
– Stab II. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[35] Defense of the Reich — 16 October – 31 December 1943
62	56	2 November 1943	12:40?[Note 9]	B-24*	Kaindorf[36]
– Stab II. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 53 –[35] Defense of the Reich — 1 January – April 1944
63	57	7 January 1944	11:28	P-38[37]	15 km (9.3 mi) south of Kalsdorf	67		8 April 1944	—	B-24[37]
64	58	24 February 1944	12:56	B-17[37]	vicinity of Friedburg	68		11 April 1944	—	B-24[37]
65	59	25 February 1944	11:56	B-24[37]	Radlersberg-Fridau	69	61	13 April 1944	15:54	B-17[37]	Königsdorf
66	60	23 March 1944	10:28	B-17[37]	southwest of Braundes	70	62	19 April 1944	10:35	B-17[37]	south of Hann. Münden, east of Kassel
– 3. Staffel of Jagdgruppe z.b.V. –[35] Defense of the Reich — April 1944
71	63	29 April 1944	11:03	B-17	Schandelah, east of Braunschweig
– Stab of Jagdgeschwader 4 –[35] Defense of the Reich — September 1944 – 8 May 1945
72	64	21 September 1944	15:25	Lancaster	northwest of Nijmegen	75	67	2 November 1944	12:55	B-17	PQ ID-IE
73	65	27 September 1944	18:15	Typhoon	southwest of Goch	76	68	8 March 1945	10:27	Yak-9	Eastern Front
74	66	2 November 1944	11:56	B-17	PQ IE-ID

Awards

• Iron Cross (1939)
  • 2nd Class (28 September 1939)[38]
  • 1st Class (3 September 1940)[38]
• Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
  • Knight's Cross on 4 September 1942 as Oberleutnant and Staffelkapitän of the 4./Jagdgeschwader 53[39][40]
  • 667th Oak Leaves on 25 November 1944 as Major and Geschwaderkommodore of Jagdgeschwader 4[39][41]

Notes

1. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 11:45.[10]
2. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed as a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-1.[10]
3. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 09:45.[10]
4. This claim is not listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike and Bock.[21][22]
5. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 14:18.[10]
6. According to Prien, this claim was dated 12 October 1942.[29]
7. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 14:16.[10]
8. This claim is not listed by Prien.[32]
9. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 12:48.[35]

References

Citations

1. Stockert 2011, p. 170.
2. Shores, Cull & Malizia 1991, p. 607.
3. Cull 2000.
4. Braatz 2005, p. 348–351.
5. Stockert 2011, p. 171.
6. Obermaier 1989, p. 71.
7. Spick 1996, p. 237.
8. Matthews & Foreman 2015, pp. 849–850.
9. Planquadrat.
10. Matthews & Foreman 2015, p. 849.
11. Prien et al. 2001, p. 386.
12. Prien et al. 2002, p. 226.
13. Prien et al. 2002, p. 228.
14. Prien et al. 2002, p. 230.
15. Prien et al. 2002, p. 231.
16. Prien et al. 2003, p. 131.
17. Prien et al. 2003, p. 134.
18. Prien et al. 2003, p. 135.
19. Prien et al. 2003, p. 133.
20. Prien et al. 2003, p. 137.
21. Prien et al. 2004, pp. 142, 148.
22. Prien et al. 2011, pp. 122–123.
23. Prien 1991, p. 1669.
24. Prien et al. 2004, p. 146.
25. Prien et al. 2004, p. 142.
26. Prien et al. 2004, p. 148.
27. Prien et al. 2004, p. 143.
28. Prien et al. 2004, p. 144.
29. Prien 1991, p. 1677.
30. Prien et al. 2004, p. 149.
31. Prien et al. 2004, p. 150.
32. Prien 1991, p. 1678.
33. Prien et al. 2011, p. 123.
34. Prien 1991, p. 1680.
35. Matthews & Foreman 2015, p. 850.
36. Prien et al. 2009, p. 244.
37. Prien 1991, p. 1683.
38. Thomas 1998, p. 80.
39. Scherzer 2007, p. 543.
40. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 311.
41. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 93.

Bibliography

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