Gerhard Sommer (pilot)

Gerhard Sommer (14 September 1919 – 12 May 1944) was a Luftwaffe ace and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership - for the fighter pilots, it was a quantifiable measure of skill and combat success. Gerhard Sommer was killed on 12 May 1944 after aerial combat with P-47 fighters. He was posthumously awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 27 July 1944. During his career he was credited with 20 aerial victories, all on the Western Front.

Gerhard Sommer
Born	14 September 1919 Steinpleis, Saxony
Died	12 May 1944 (aged 24) Salzkotten
Allegiance	Nazi Germany
Service/branch	Luftwaffe
Years of service	?-1944
Rank	Hauptmann
Unit	JG 1 JG 11
Battles/wars	World War II Defense of the Reich
Awards	Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross

Career

Born 14 September 1919 at Steinpleis near Zwickau in Saxony.[1] After completing his pilot training, about December 1941, Leutnant Sommer was posted to the 3rd Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 1 (3./JG 1).[2] At the time the unit was on Reich Defence duties, and relatively quiet covering the north-western approaches across the North Sea. It was not until 11 August 1942 that he scored his first victory - an RAF Wellington bomber southwest of Helgoland island. In autumn 1942 he was transferred and promoted to Staffelkapitän (Squadron Leader) of 1./ JG 1.

It was 26 February 1943 before he scored his second victory - a B-17 of the 8th US Bomber Command, the first of his 15 Viermot (4-engined bomber) victories. Having started in late January, the daylight incursions from the American bombers would become constant and steadily increase in size. However, with the Allied escort fighters forced to turn back as they neared the German frontier for lack of fuel, the German commanders had the time to carefully improve and hone their combat tactics against these mighty opponents.[3] The threat was quickly appreciated and a new air unit, JG 11, was authorised to be set up for Reich defence, by drawing on the experienced cadre of pilots in JG 1.[4] Thus, on 1 April 1943, Sommer's squadron 1./JG 1 was redesignated 4./JG 11.

So by 17 April, when the Americans made their first and only raid in April, (on the Focke Wulf factory in Bremen) the Luftwaffe could now field over 20 squadrons of Bf109 and Fw190 fighters and it proved to be the costliest raid (Mission #50) to date: 16 of the 115 bombers were shot down. Although Sommer himself didn't add to his tally that day, Heinz Knoke and his pilots of sister-squadron 5./JG 11 had a degree of success by air-to-air bombing - dropping bombs into the middle of the bomber formations, primed on a short time-delay fuse, to break up and scatter the formation to make individual aircraft more vulnerable.

Sommer did score a B-24 victory (his 4th overall) on the 14 May raid (Mission #56 on the submarine pens at Kiel), and his 5th a week later (a B-17 over Wilhelmshaven). About this time, II./JG 11 was re-equipping with Bf109G-6 'gunboats', carrying a pair of underwing 30mm cannons for a far-heavier punch.[5] Now an experienced pilot against the Viermots Sommer's tally steadily rose and he scored a victory on most of the American raids in 1943. The odds were now stacking up against the American bombers, still without fighter cover over a good third of their mission, and with increasing numbers of Luftwaffe fighters drawn into Reich Defence. For example, on 13 June, where Sommer scored his 7th victory, the Mission #62 on Kiel lost a catastrophic 22 bombers out of 60 sent.[6] Desperate to provide any sort of fighter cover, the Allies were trying to develop jettisonable fuel-tanks on their P-47D Thunderbolts to give them extra range.

The last week of July was designated by the Allies for Operation Gomorrah - a 6-day round-the-clock pounding of the Reich by the Americans by day and the British by night (including the devastating Hamburg fire-raid of 27 July). Sommer shot down 3 bombers that week, taking his tally now to 11 victories. Missing the carnage of the combined Schweinfurt/Regensburg raids (#84) in August, Sommer's next victory was a B-17 on 27 September. This raid marked the operational debut of the long-range P-47s, now finally able to escort the bombers well into the Reich, and despite Sommer's success, II./JG 11 took its heaviest losses to date.[7]

Reflecting the change in the airwar over the Reich, Sommer's three victories (15-17v.) in December 1943 were all P-47 escort fighters. Another aspect was the vast increase in numbers - his 18th victory, a B-17, was one of 650 bombers sent on Mission #182 to bomb the aircraft factories in the Brunswick area. The bad weather of January 1944 limited operations but February saw the advent of the P-51 Mustang - a fighter capable of escorting the bombers for the full 100% mission distance, forever tipping the scales in the Allies favour in the Reich bombing campaign. February 20 was the start of Operation Avalanche, better known as 'Big Week', a coordinated assault on the Luftwaffe, its airfields and its factories, then in March attention turned to Berlin.

Gerhard Sommer would not survive the war though - he scored a final Viermot on the Berlin raid of 29 April (Mission #327), in what would be the last time in the war that the 8th USAAF lost over 60 bombers on a mission.[8] Promoted to Hauptmann on 1 May, his last victory was a P-47 fighter on yet another Berlin raid, on 8 May. Four days later, on 12 May, still as the StaKa (Staffelkapitän) of 4./JG 11, he was shot down and killed in his Bf109 G-6 'White 14' (W.Nr 140028) by P-47 fighters south of Bielefeld.[9]

At the time of his death, Hauptmann Sommer was 24 years old and one of the Luftwaffe's highest scoring Viermot-Töters (Bomber-killers) with 14 (or 15) of his confirmed 20 victories being Viermots. In recognition of this he was awarded a posthumous Knight's Cross on 27 July 1944.

Victories

No	Date	Time	Unit & Airfield	Gruppe Kommandeur[10]	Location	Claimed Aircraft	Source / Comments[11]
1	11 August 1942	12:47	3./JG 1 - Wangerooge	Maj Dr Erich Mix	10 km SW of Helgoland	Wellington	-
-	19 August 1942	15:48	2./JG 1? - Jever	Maj Dr Erich Mix	10 km NE of Scharmbeck: 8800m	Mosquito	C.2031/II AnerkNr 45
2	26 February 1943	11:35	1./JG 1 - Borkum	Hptm Günther Beise	2 km N of Sengwarden: 7500m	B-17	C.2027/I AnerkNr 7
3	22 March 1943	15:23	1./JG 1 - Borkum	Hptm Günther Beise	05Ost S75/8/2: SW of Helgoland	B-24	C.2031/II AnerkNr 9
4	14 May 1943	12:20	4./JG 11 - Jever	Hptm Adolf Dickfeld	9581: NW of Neumünster: 7000m	B-24	C.2031/II
5	21 May 1943	~12:50	4./JG 11 - Jever	Hptm Günther Specht	8415: N of Wilhelmshaven: 7000m	B-17	C.2031/II
6	11 June 1943	14:45	4./JG 11 - Jever	Hptm Günther Specht	20 km E of Wangerooge: 8300m	B-17	C.2027/I
7	13 June 1943	9:54	4./JG 11 - Jever	Hptm Günther Specht	05Ost 3/4/4: 9000m	B-17	C.2027/I
8	20 June 1943	20:31	4./JG 11 - Jever	Hptm Günther Specht	05Ost 55/5/8: 100 km N of Terschelling	Lightning F5	C.2027/I
9	26 July 1943	11:59	4./JG 11 - Jever	Hptm Günther Specht	UQ-8: 15 km S of Helgoland: 8500m	B-17	C.2027/I
10	28 July 1943	9:02	4./JG 11 - Jever	Hptm Günther Specht	SR-4: Worms: 6500m	B-17	C.2027/I
11	28 July 1943	12:15	4./JG 11 - Jever	Hptm Günther Specht	HM-87: Arnhem: 6500m	B-17	C.2027/I
12	27 September 1943	11:20	4./JG 11 - Jever	Hptm Günther Specht	UP-7: 38 km NW of Nordeney: 8000m	B-17	C.2031/II
13	4 October 1943	10:16	4./JG 11 - Marx	Hptm Günther Specht	05Ost S/UM: SE of Kassel: 7000m	B-24	C.2031/II
14	9 October 1943	15:20	4./JG 11 - Marx	Hptm Günther Specht	PS-7.2: 3800m	B-17	C.2031/II; AnerkNr 62
15	1 December 1943	12:05	4./JG 11 - Plantlünne	Hptm Günther Specht	PO-9.9: Solingen area: 9000m	P-47	C.2031/II; AnerkNr 68
16	11 December 1943	12:15	4./JG 11 - Plantlünne	Hptm Günther Specht	AP-5.5: 25 km N of Nordeney: 8000m	P-47	of 56th FG; C.2031/II; AnerkNr 79
17	11 December 1943	12:15	4./JG 11 - Plantlünne	Hptm Günther Specht	AP-5.5: 25 km N of Nordeney: 9000m	P-47	of 56th FG; C.2031/II; AnerkNr 78
18	11 January 1944	?	4./JG 11 - Wunstorf	Hptm Günther Specht	?	B-17	Prien; JG 1/11 List
19	29 April 1944	13:30	4./JG 11 - Wunstorf	Maj Günther Rall	05Ost S/FS: Diepholz area: 6000m	B-24	C.2027/I; AnerkNr 69
20	8 May 1944	12:20	4./JG 11 - Hustedt	Maj Günther Rall	05Ost S/FU: NW of Hannover	P-47	C.2027/I; AnerkNr 72

Awards

• Flugzeugführerabzeichen
• Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe
• Iron Cross (1939)
  • 2nd Class
  • 1st Class
• Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe (26 November 1943)
• German Cross in Gold on 20 March 1944 as Oberleutnant in the 4./Jagdgeschwader 11[12]
• Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 27 July 1944 as Hauptmann and Staffelkapitän of the 4./Jagdgeschwader 11[13]

References

Citations

1. Aces of the Luftwaffe website.
2. Luftwaffe Officer Career Summaries website.
3. Spick 2006, pp. 134-137.
4. Weal 2006, pp. 21-22.
5. Weal 2006, pg. 26.
6. Weal 2006, pg. 28.
7. Weal 2006, pp. 49-50.
8. Weal 2006, pg. 71.
9. Weal 2006, pg. 73.
10. Luftwaffe Air Units: Single–Engined Fighters website.
11. Aces of the Luftwaffe website.
12. Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 448.
13. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 327.

Bibliography

• Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
• Patzwall, Klaus D.; Scherzer, Veit (2001). Das Deutsche Kreuz 1941 – 1945 Geschichte und Inhaber Band II [The German Cross 1941 – 1945 History and Recipients Volume 2] (in German). Norderstedt, Germany: Verlag Klaus D. Patzwall. ISBN 978-3-931533-45-8.
• Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
• Spick, Mike (2006). Aces of the Reich. Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-675-6
• Weal, John (1999). Bf109F/G/K Aces of the Western Front. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-85532-905-0.
• Weal, John (2006). Bf109 Defence of the Reich Aces. Oxford: Osprey Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-84176-879-0.