Gordon Covell

Sir Gordon Covell (20 October 1887 – 4 October 1975) was a physician and a Major in the army of British India, and a leading global expert on Malaria disease control and eradication efforts in the middle of the 20th century.[1][2] He was member of the expert committee on malaria set up by the WHO from 1948 to 1958, of which he served as the secretary.[1][3] At that time, he was also an advisor to the British Ministry of Health and the Director of the Malaria Laboratory at Horton Hospital.[1]

Gordon Covell
Born
Gordon Covell

20 October 1887
Died4 October 1975
AwardsDarling Medal, Manson Medal, Walter Reed Medal

Education

Covell studied at King's School Canterbury and graduated medicine (MBBS) from Guy's Hospital in 1913 and served in East Africa. He entered the Indian Medical Service in 1914 via competitive examination.[4] After serving in World War I, he passed the DTM&H with distinction and received Doctor of Medicine in 1923.[5]

Career

He served as a doctor in the Indian Medical Service from 1914 onwards till Indian independence,[4] when he was heading the Central Malaria Bureau and the Director of the Malaria Institute of India in New Delhi (1936-1947).[2] He was posted on war duty in East African campaign (World War I).[4] After higher education, he was posted in the medical research department and posted in Central Malaria Bureau at Kasauli (later Central Research Institute, Kasauli), where he worked under Rickard Christophers and John Alexander Sinton, both accomplished Malariologists.[4] In 1928, he co-authored a book on conducting surveys for malaria, published by the Indian government under the British Raj.[6] He was the first Assistant Director for the newly created Malaria Survey of India created in 1927 and subsequently became its Director succeeding the founding director, John Alexander Sinton.[4] During his tenure in India, he supervised some of the first of systematic epidemiological surveys of Malaria in several urban and rural areas in different parts of the country including relatively remote areas in Wayanad district, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, coastal regions of Odisha, northern parts of Sindh, urban locations in Mumbai, Kolkata and Delhi.[4]

In 1927, he published possibly the first detailed account of the distribution of all 37 species of Anopheles mosquitoes (then known) from Indian and Ceylon.[7] In a subsequent substantive account he published all known details of 137 species of Anopheles then known throughout the world with notes on their distribution, breeding and behaviour of all these.[8]

He was particularly identified with successful malaria control programs in Bombay and Delhi, with his Delhi efforts being among the first to use large-scale insecticide spraying specifically targeting the adult stage of the vector.[9][6] Later on, these initial efforts using Pyrethroid sprays would be replaced with DDT in many programs across the world.[10] He was a proponent for a careful study of entomology, Anopheles species distribution and biting behaviour of the mosquito vector in determining success of disease control efforts and urged for looking beyond use of DDT and insecticides only in malaria eradication.[3] He was involved in advising WHO on the therapeutics for malaria as well as research approaches to study efficacy of anti-malaria drugs.[1]

After his retirement from India, he succeeded Sinton as the Director of the Malaria Research Laboratory at Epsom, continuing his work on chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis for Malaria, as well as establishing pre-erythrocytic phases in all four human malarias.[11] In 1952, he was invited by the then imperial government Ethiopia to study the malaria situation in southern part of the country around Lake Tana.[12] He planned studies and collected baseline malaria on distribution of malaria prevalence, spleen rates and dominant vectors in Gondar, Jimma, Awash River valley and the Kobbo Chercher plain.[13] This was amongst the first few systematic epidemiological investigations of malaria at different parts of the country, laying the foundations for a nationwide malaria control efforts.[12][14]

On May 6, 1953, he delivered the Cutter talk on preventive medicine at the Harvard school of public health.[2]

In 1961, he was in Pakistan to help with malaria disease control and eradication efforts by establishing training centres there and also frequently visited Delhi to observe the National Malaria Eradication Program that he described as "...something of a gigantic program in operation now in India".[3] Due to the relatively later introduction of spraying for mosquitoes on a national scale in Pakistan, he advocated for prolongation of nationwide spraying efforts in India due to the possibility of transmission across the border areas.[3] He noted the relatively better-off quality and systematic nature of training efforts for malaria eradication organised by the Malaria Institute of India and tried to organise training for senior leadership of the disease control efforts in Bangladesh and Pakistan, but this did not occur due to political reasons[3]

He also worked on Rabies and studied endemic typhus in the Himalayan foothills. He fell seriously ill with typhus while studying it.[4] He was a member of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene and was its Vice-President.[4]

Personal life

He was married to Oona McLeod, daughter of Colonel Kenneth McLeod of the Indian Medical Services, who was possibly the first to describe Epidemic dropsy.[4] They had three children, two of whom trained as doctors. He was known to enjoy classical music and had an interest in birds.[4] In a letter to his friend P.G. Shute in late life, he wrote a poem about his health.[15]

Awards

He was awarded the Darling Medal by the World Health Organization in 1951 instituted in the memory of Samuel Taylor Darling.[16] The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene awarded the Walter Reed Medal to him on November 4, 1960 in absentia[17]. He was awarded the Manson Medal in 1971.

Works
  • Malaria Control by Anti-mosquito Measures. Published in 1941
  • How to Do a Malaria Survey. Published by in 1928 by Government of India, Central Publication Branch

References
  1. "The Therapeutics of Malaria in Africa" (PDF).
  2. "Sir Gordon Covell Will Deliver Cutter Talk at Health School". The Harvard Crimson. May 6, 1953. Retrieved 26 July 2020.
  3. "Discussion". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 56 (3): 194–201. 1962-05-01. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(62)90154-2. ISSN 0035-9203.
  4. Mulligan, H. W. (1976-01-01). "Major-General Sir Gordon Covell, C.I.E., M.D., I.M.S. (RET.)". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 70 (1): 92. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(76)90023-7. ISSN 0035-9203. PMID 131391.
  5. "Obituary Notices". BMJ. 4 (5989): 170–171. 1975-10-18. doi:10.1136/bmj.4.5989.170. ISSN 0959-8138. S2CID 220152015.
  6. Christophers, Samuel Rickard; Sinton, John Alexander; Covell, Sir Gordon (1928). How to Do a Malaria Survey. Government of India, Central Publication Branch.
  7. Covell, Gordon (1927). "The Distribution of Anopheline Mosquitoes in India and Ceylon". Indian Medical Research Memoirs. 5: 85 – via CabDirect.
  8. Covell, Gordon (1927). "A Critical Review of the Data Recorded regarding the Transmission of Malaria by the Different Species of Anopheles; with Notes on Distribution, Habits and Breeding-Places". Indian Medical Research Memoris. 7: 117 – via CabDirect.
  9. Simmons, S. W.; Upholt, W. M. (July 1951). "[Insecticides in disease control; review of the literature]". Boletin de la Oficina Sanitaria Panamericana. Pan American Sanitary Bureau. 31 (1): 1–21. ISSN 0030-0632. PMID 14858512.
  10. Singh, Jaswant (1952-09-01). "Malaria and Its Control in India". Journal of the Royal Sanitary Institute. 72 (5): 515–525. doi:10.1177/146642405207200506. ISSN 0370-7334. PMID 13000829. S2CID 40169912.
  11. Covell, Gordon; Nicol, W. D. (1951-01-01). "Clinical, Chemotherapeutic and Immunological Studies on Induced Malaria". British Medical Bulletin. 8 (1): 51–55. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a074054. ISSN 0007-1420. PMID 14944815.
  12. Taffese, Hiwot Solomon; Daddi, Jima; Worku, Bekele; Ejigu, Henok Kebede; Balkew, Meshesha; INFORM Project (2014). An epidemiological profile of malaria in Ethiopia. A report prepared for the Federal Ministry of Health, Ethiopia, the Roll Back Malaria Partnership and the Department for International Development, UK. Addis Ababa: National Malaria Control Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, World Health Organization, Addis Ababa University and the INFORM Project.
  13. Covell, G. (January 1957). "Malaria in Ethiopia". The Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 60 (1): 7–16. ISSN 0022-5304. PMID 13385916.
  14. Mulligan, H.W. (1976). "Major-General Sir Gordon Covell, C.I.E., M.D., I.M.S. (RET.)". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 70 (1): 92. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(76)90023-7. PMID 131391.
  15. Killick-Kendrick, R. (1982). "Major General Sir Gordon Covell". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 76 (6): 772. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(82)90103-1.
  16. Covell, Gordon (1951-08-01). "Presentation of the darling medals". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 45 (1): 43–44. doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(51)90504-4. ISSN 0035-9203.
  17. "Presentation of the Walter Reed Medal for 1960 to Sir Gordon Covell". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 10 (3): 304–307. 1961-05-01. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1961.10.304. ISSN 0002-9637.
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