HIV/AIDS in Canada

HIV/AIDS was first detected in Canada in 1982. In 2016, there were approximately 63,100 people living with HIV/AIDS in Canada.[1] It was estimated that 9090 persons were living with undiagnosed HIV at the end of 2016.[2] Mortality has decreased due to medical advances against HIV/AIDS, especially highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). (Citation needed!)

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History: A Canadian Perspective

1981: Doctors in the U.S. begin reporting abnormally high rates of rare forms of pneumonia and cancer in young, gay men. At first, the disease is called Gay-Related Immune Deficiency (GRID). By the end of the year, similar diseases are reported in injection drug users.

1982: The disease is renamed Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and it is realized that the infection can be sexually transmitted. Cases are reported in hemophiliacs and blood transfusion recipients. The first cases of AIDS are reported in Africa and Canada reports its first case of AIDS in March of this year.

1983: It was discovered that women can become infected with AIDS through heterosexual sex meanwhile the World Health Organization (WHO) begins global surveillance of AIDS. Cases of AIDS are reported in multiple countries worldwide. Canada forms a national task force on AIDS. Le Comité sida aide Montréal (CSAM) is formed from a working group called ARMS that is funded by the Quebec Government with a triple mandate of prevention, advocacy, and care.

1984: The AIDS Committee of Toronto (ACT) initiates the first AIDS Awareness Week.

1985: The Canadian Red Cross begins testing all blood products for HIV and the first Canadian Conference on AIDS is held in Montreal.

1986: The first commercial blood test for HIV is licensed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It is discovered that HIV can be passed from mother to child through breast-feeding. The Canadian AIDS Society is established and the first Canadian AIDS Research Conference is held in Toronto.

1987: Vancouver activist Kevin Brown, a founder of the Positive Living Society of British Columbia, lobbies the federal government for access to the ant-retroviral drug, AZT. Clinique L’Actuel, specializing in HIV care, is established in Montreal. The WHO develops the first global strategy on AIDS and AIDS becomes the first disease ever to be debated at the UN General Assembly. Bill 34 is introduced in the parliament of British Columbia, which granted the government the power to contain and restrain individuals affected with HIV/AIDS and isolate them in a region. This incited mixed reactions, including a huge uproar from local HIV/AIDS activists. [3][4][5][6][7]

1998: There is an explosive outbreak of HIV among injection users in Vancouver. The city becomes known as the place with the highest percentage of people living with HIV in the developing world. Doctors start to notice the first drug-resistant strains of HIV. The Canadian Working Group on HIV and Rehabilitation is established.

1999: The WHO announces that HIV/AIDS has become the fourth largest killer worldwide. It is discovered that a single dose of nevirapine is effective in reducing mother-to-child transmission during pregnancy.

2000: The United Nations Secretary General creates the Global Fund to Fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria 2001: The National Aboriginal Council on HIV/AIDS is established to identify and address shared Indigenous community and Public Health Agency of Canada priorities and provide advice informed by community knowledge, lived experience and relevant practice specific to the needs of Indigenous peoples.

2002: HIV becomes the leading cause of death worldwide in people aged 15–59 years.

2003: The WHO announces the “3 by 5” Initiative to bring treatment to 3 million people worldwide by 2005. The first officially sanctioned supervised injection site in North America opens in Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside.

2004: UNAIDS launches the Global Coalition on Women and AIDS to raise the visibility of the impact of HIV/AIDS on women and girls worldwide. The WHO supports the provision of sterile injection equipment to reduce HIV transmission.

2005: Health Canada approves a rapid HIV antibody test for sale to health professionals in Canada, which enables point-of-care (POC) testing that can provide an accurate HIV antibody test result in two minutes.

2006: The UN convenes a follow-up meeting and issues progress report on the implementation of the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS. The 16th International AIDS Conference is held in Toronto.

2007: The WHO and UNAIDS recommend that “male circumcision should always be considered as part of a comprehensive HIV prevention package.” The Canadian HIV Vaccine Initiative (CHVI) is established as Canada’s contribution to global efforts to develop a safe and effective vaccine.

2008: The 20th anniversary of World AIDS day. With funding from the Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), the Canadian AIDS Treatment Information Exchange (CATIE) extends its mandate to become the national Knowledge Exchange Broker of information for the prevention, treatment, care, and support for people living with and vulnerable to HIV/AIDS.

2009: UNAIDS calls for the implementation of programs to work toward the virtual elimination of mother-to-child transmission of HIV by 2015.

2010: The Vienna Declaration, a statement seeking to improve community health and safety by calling for the incorporation of scientific evidence into illicit drug policies, is launched at the 18th International AIDS Conference in Vienna, Austria.

2011: The Supreme Court of Canada rules that InSite, Vancouver’s supervised injection site, can continue to operate without the continual threat of legal interference. For the first time, WHO includes transgender people as a group at increased risk for HIV infection in their guidelines.

2012: New Canadian HIV guidelines for planning pregnancy are published to help health care practitioners advise HIV-positive people about issues related to fertility and pregnancy. Despite growing scientific evidence that HIV treatment dramatically reduces the risk of transmission when the viral load is undetectable, the Supreme Court of Canada rules that an HIV positive person has a legal duty to disclose his or her HIV status to a sexual partner before having sex that poses a “realistic possibility” of HIV transmission. According to the ruling, a person living with HIV does not have to disclose his or her HIV status to a sexual partner before having vaginal sex if a condom is used and the HIV-positive person has a low viral load. The Canadian Institutes for Health Research (CIHR) announces funding to support the Aboriginal HIV and AIDS Community-Based Research Collaborative Centre and the REACH CBR Collaborative Centre in HIV/AIDS.

2013: The Quebec Ministry of Health publishes the first Canadian interim guidance on PrEP. The Working Group on Best Practice for Harm Reduction Programs in Canada releases updated and comprehensive best practice recommendations for Canadian harm reduction programs.

2014: Canadian medical experts release important expert consensus statement on HIV and the criminal law. British Columbia releases new HIV testing guidelines for all adults, which recommends that providers routinely offer HIV testing to all patients. The Quebec Ministry of Health adopts a consensus statement on viral load and HIV transmission risk developed to inform the delivery of risk-reduction counseling.

2015: The Canadian Positive People Network (CPPN), a new independent network for and by people living with HIV and HIV co-infections, is formed to represent the needs of all persons and communities affected by HIV and HIV co-infections. Canada endorses the UNAIDS 90-90-90 global HIV treatment targets.

2016: Health Canada approves the use of daily oral Truvada for use as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) to reduce the risk of sexual transmission of HIV. The Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada (AMMI) releases a position statement recommending that ART be initiated in adults as soon as HIV is diagnosed regardless of immune cell (CD4 T Cell) count. Nearly 250 Canadian organizations sign a statement calling for the implementation of prison-based needle/syringe programs.

2017: CATIE joins other national and international organizations in signing on the Prevention Access Campaign’s Undetectable=Untransmittable campaign.

2018: PHAC releases “Reducing the health impact of sexually transmitted and blood borne infections in Canada by 2030: A pan-Canadian STBBI framework for action”, which provides a roadmap for collaborative and complementary actions to reduce the impact of STBBIs in Canada and supports and contributes the achievement of global STBBI targets.

2019: The Sex Information and Education Council of Canada releases updated Canadian Guidelines for sexual health education. The Government of Canada releases “Accelerating our response: Government of Canada five-year action plan on sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections,” which outlines the government’s priorities for the action plan released in 2018.[8]

Quarantine Legislation and Intervention

Bill 34

One way the Canadian government responded to the HIV/AIDS crisis was through quarantine legislation. A prominent example of this occurred in British Columbia when Bill 34, otherwise classified as the Quarantine Bill, was presented by Premier Bill Vander Zalm of the British Columbia Social Credit Party. The Bill allowed the government to force individuals affected with HIV/AIDS to quarantine in a designated area. Isolation was to be regulated by 2 levels: isolation and modified isolation, overseen by the Solicitor General of Vancouver. The intentions of the Bill were highly controversial both before and after it was introduced in 1987. Organizations such as AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACTUP), the Coalition for Responsible Health Legislation (CRHL) and Persons With AIDS Society (PWAS) believed the Bill should be abolished. The Bill was eventually passed, but was never enforced due to the lobbying of the aforementioned activists, particularly the CRHL. [3][4][5][9][10]

    Prevalence Across Canada

    According to the 2016 national HIV estimates, there were approximately 63,110 Canadians with HIV by the end of 2016 which represents a 5% increase since 2014.[11] The increase in deaths can be explained as new HIV infections are isolated and fewer deaths among those infected due to better treatment options. A federal study found that among the 63, 110 individuals in Canada living with HIV, nearly half (49.1%) were gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men and 14.6% were among people who inject drugs.[12] This study also looked at heterosexual contact among those born in Canada or in a country no on the HIV-endemic list and found that this group represented 17.6% of the population. They also found that heterosexual contact among people born in a country where HIV is endemic was 15% of the total population of individuals affected.

    The study by the Federal Government found that approximately 9.6% of individuals affected in Canada were Indigenous. This represents a 5% increase from the 2014 estimate. The HIV prevalence rate for Indigenous peoples in Canada estimated for 2016 is two times higher (362 per 100,000) than the general population. It is important to note that in this study both the general population and the Indigenous population that has been isolated both saw a 5% increase in HIV rates from 2014 to 2016. As well, there are many external factors that have contributed to the increased prevalence described. Culture, poverty, and self-determination are key health determinants for Indigenous populations. To understand the competing paradigms between western medicine and Indigenous tradition, researchers have included traditional Indigenous approaches in addressing health concerns.

    This infection is distributed across geographic regions unequally and has affected provinces with varying severity. The two provinces with the largest proportion of new infections in 2017 were Ontario (38.9% of the overall total) and Quebec (27.9% of the overall total). As well, Quebec and Saskatchewan have the highest rates out of any province with 8.0 new infections per 100,000 and 15.5 new infections per 100,000 respectively.[13]

    The distribution of new infections across Canada disproportionately affects certain populations within the country such as gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men, Indigenous people, and people from countries where HIV is endemic. Another factor to consider when discussing HIV/AIDS prevalence across the country is the use of injection drugs (exposure) as they have resulted in increased prevalence of HIV in users. When discussing the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Canada it is important to take into account these factors and the role that they play in supporting individuals affected.

    Prevention and Support

    In 2019, the Government of Canada invested $22.85 million in HIV/AIDS research through the Canadian Institutes for Health Research.[14] This money went towards supporting a thriving community of researchers, people living with HIV and their caregivers, health advocates, and pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to generate knowledge about prevention, treatment, management, and a cure for HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections.[15]

    Many organizations have been instituted by Indigenous peoples to combat the elevated rates of HIV/AIDS in Indigenous communities. This is seen from the Canadian Aboriginal AIDS Network and similar organizations run by Indigenous peoples. Acknowledging the unique risk factors that Indigenous people face is important but the unequal access to care is also a crucial determinant in their susceptibility to health problems.[16] Studies have concluded that research and policy that affect Indigenous peoples should be respectful and based upon community relevance. It is important to understand the colonial framework that the Federal Government has been based upon and how this influences the approaches when dealing with issues involving Indigenous peoples. Using a community-based approach, the unique needs of Indigenous communities in Canada can be addressed in a meaningful and respectful way that upholds Indigenous tradition and culture.

    See also

    References
    1. "The epidemiology of HIV in Canada". CATIE. 2018. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
    2. "The epidemiology of HIV in Canada". CATIE. 2018. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
    3. Kozachenko, John (2016-10-14). "Vancouver Interviews". AIDS Activist History Project. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
    4. Guinan, Dan (2016-10-14). "Vancouver Interviews". AIDS Activist History Project. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
    5. Banner, Richard (2016-10-14). "Vancouver Interviews". AIDS Activist History Project. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
    6. Brooke, Cynthia (2016-10-14). "Vancouver Interviews". AIDS Activist History Project. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
    7. "30 Days, 30 Stories | The 30 30 Campaign". 3030.aidsvancouver.org. Retrieved 2021-01-27.
    8. "A history of HIV/AIDS". www.catie.ca.
    9. Cecill, Bet (2016-10-14). "Vancouver Interviews". AIDS Activist History Project. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
    10. Hamilton, Jamie Lee (2016-10-14). "Vancouver Interviews". AIDS Activist History Project. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
    11. "The epidemiology of HIV in Canada". www.catie.ca.
    12. Canada, Public Health Agency of (17 July 2018). "Summary: Estimates of HIV incidence, prevalence and Canada's progress on meeting the 90-90-90 HIV targets, 2016". aem.
    13. Haddad, N.; Li, J. S.; Totten, S.; McGuire, M. (6 November 2018). "HIV in Canada-Surveillance Report, 2017". Canada Communicable Disease Report. 44 (12): 348–356. doi:10.14745/ccdr.v44i12a03. ISSN 1188-4169. PMC 6390815. PMID 30906230.
    14. Research, Canadian Institutes of Health (26 June 2019). "Government of Canada invests close to $23M in HIV/AIDS research". gcnws.
    15. Research, Canadian Institutes of Health (26 June 2019). "Government of Canada invests close to $23M in HIV/AIDS research". gcnws.
    16. Nowgesic, Earl (1 December 2010). "Addressing HIV/AIDS among Aboriginal People using a Health Status, Health Determinants and Health Care Framework: A Literature Review and Conceptual Analysis". Canadian Journal of Aboriginal Community-based HIV/AIDS Research. 3: 35–46. ISSN 1912-0958. PMC 4935527. PMID 27398110.

    [1]

    1. "1987 | The 30 30 Campaign". 3030.aidsvancouver.org. Retrieved 2021-01-26.
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