Hallalhotsoot

Hallalhotsoot, also Hal-hal-tlos-tsot or "Lawyer"[1] (c. 1797–1876) was a leader of the Niimíipu (Nez Perce) and among its most famous, after Chief Joseph. He was the son of Twisted Hair, who welcomed and befriended the exhausted Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1805.[2]

Hallalhotsoot
(Chief Lawyer)
Hallalhotsoot
Hallalhotsoot, c. 1861
Bornc. 1797
Died(1876-01-03)January 3, 1876
Kamiah, Idaho Territory
Resting placeNikesa Cemetery
First Presbyterian Church
Kamiah, Idaho
Known forNez Perce leader
SuccessorChief Joseph
Parent(s)
  • Twisted Hair (father)
Hallalhotsoot, with his noted mix of an "American" hat with its Niimíipu ornamentation
Original Nez Perce territory (green) & reduced reservation of 1863 (brown)

His name appears as early as 1836 in a meeting with Marcus Whitman, and received the nickname "Lawyer" for his eloquence. He served as a guide for Whitman.[3] In 1855, he took part in the Walla Walla Council and signed the Treaty of Stevens.[4][5] This obtained for him a reservation to the greater part of his territory, between the Clearwater and Salmon rivers.

After gold was discovered in Pierce in 1860, Lawyer agreed to new cessions of land in the Treaty of 1863,[6][7] in 1868, which Old Joseph (c.1785–1871) did not accept and considered it a betrayal. Therefore, in 1872, Hallalhotsoot was displaced by Chief Joseph as the only head of the tribe.

Lawyer Creek in north central Idaho, a tributary of the Clearwater River, is named for him. It carved the 300-foot (90 m) deep Lawyer's Canyon, between Ferdinand and Craigmont, and flows east to its mouth at Kamiah.[8] He died in Kamiah and is buried at its Nikesa Cemetery at the Presbyterian church,[9][10] where he was an elder.[1]

References
  1. Ruark, Janice (February 23, 1977). "Lawyer led Nez Perce in peace before war". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Washington. p. 3.
  2. "Washington History Online". Archived from the original on 2015-07-08. Retrieved 2015-07-08.
  3. E. Jane Gay (1 October 1987). With the Nez Perces: Alice Fletcher in the Field, 1889-92. U of Nebraska Press. p. 182. ISBN 0-8032-7024-0.
  4. David Sievert Lavender (1999). Let Me Be Free: The Nez Perce Tragedy. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 151–155, 166–167. ISBN 978-0-8061-3190-0.
  5. avid; Miles Richardson (15 October 2011). Beyond Conversion and Syncretism: Indigenous Encounters with Missionary Christianity, 1800-2000. Berghahn Books. pp. 265–267. ISBN 978-0-85745-218-4.
  6. "The Treaty Period". Nez Perce National Historical Park. National Park Service. Retrieved April 5, 2016.
  7. Montgomery, James W. (November 24, 1979). "Controversial Nez Perce chieftain defended by western historian". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Washington. p. 5.
  8. "Lawyer's Canyon". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. February 27, 1949. p. 15.
  9. "Grave part of history". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Washington. (photo). July 6, 1965. p. 5.
  10. "In the footsteps of the Nez Perces". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. June 18, 1972. p. 8, Sunday Magazine.
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