Hans Vaihinger

Hans Vaihinger (German: [hans ˈfaɪɪŋɐ];[2] September 25, 1852 – December 18, 1933) was a German philosopher, best known as a Kant scholar and for his Die Philosophie des Als Ob (The Philosophy of 'As if'), published in 1911 although its statement of basic principles had been written more than thirty years earlier.[3][4][5]

Hans Vaihinger
BornSeptember 25, 1852
Nehren, Kingdom of Württemberg
DiedDecember 18, 1933 (1933-12-19) (aged 81)
Halle, Province of Saxony
Alma materTübinger Stift, Tübingen
Leipzig University
University of Berlin
EraContemporary philosophy
RegionWestern philosophy
SchoolNeo-Kantianism
Fictionalism
Main interests
Epistemology
Notable ideas
Fictionalism
(philosophy of 'as if')
Signature

Biography

Vaihinger was born in Nehren, Württemberg, Germany, near Tübingen, and raised in what he described as a "very religious atmosphere".[3]:p xxiii He was educated at the University of Tübingen (the Tübinger Stift), Leipzig University, and the University of Berlin. He then became a tutor and later a philosophy professor at the University of Strasbourg, before moving in 1884 to the University of Halle, where from 1892 he was a full professor.

Philosophical work

Philosophy of As If

In Die Philosophie des Als Ob, Vaihinger argued that human beings can never really know the underlying reality of the world, and that as a result we construct systems of thought and then assume that these match reality: we behave "as if" the world matches our models. In particular, he used examples from the physical sciences, such as protons, electrons, and electromagnetic waves. None of these phenomena has been observed directly, but science pretends that they exist, and uses observations made on these assumptions to create new and better constructs.[3]

Vaihinger acknowledged several precursors, especially Kant,[3]:pp vii-ix, xxiii-xlviii but had been unaware of Jeremy Bentham's Theory of Fictions until it was brought to his attention by his translator, C. K. Ogden, at the very end of his life.[3]:pp v-vi[6] In the preface to the English edition of his work, Vaihinger expressed his principle of fictionalism: "An idea whose theoretical untruth or incorrectness, and therewith its falsity, is admitted, is not for that reason practically valueless and useless; for such an idea, in spite of its theoretical nullity[,] may have great practical importance."[3]:p viii Moreover, Vaihinger denied that his philosophy was a form of skepticism because skepticism implies a doubting, whereas in his 'as if' philosophy the acceptance of patently false fictions is justified as a pragmatic non-rational solution to problems that have no rational answers.[7]

Fictions in this sense, however, Vaihinger considers to be only "half-fictions or semi-fictions". Rather, "real fictions" are those that "are not only in contradiction with reality but self-contradictory in themselves; the concept of the atom, for example, or the 'Ding an sich'." However, the two types "are not sharply divided from one another but are connected by transitions. Thought begins with slight initial deviations from reality (half-fictions), and, becoming bolder and bolder, ends by operating with constructs that are not only opposed to the facts but are self-contradictory."[3]:p 16

This philosophy, though, is wider than just science. One can never be sure that the world will still exist tomorrow, but we usually assume that it does. Alfred Adler, the founder of Individual Psychology, was profoundly influenced by Vaihinger's theory of useful fictions, incorporating the idea of psychological fictions into his personality construct of a fictional final goal.

Vaihinger’s philosophy of 'as if' can be viewed as one of the central premises upon which George Kelly's personal construct psychology is based. Kelly credited Vaihinger with influencing his theory, especially the idea that our constructions are better viewed as useful hypotheses rather than representations of objective reality. Kelly wrote: "Vaihinger's 'as if' philosophy has value for psychology (...) Vaihinger began to develop a system of philosophy he called the "philosophy of 'as if' ". In it he offered a system of thought in which God and reality might best be represented as paradigms. This was not to say that either God or reality was any less certain than anything else in the realm of man’s awareness, but only that all matters confronting man might best be regarded in hypothetical ways".[8]

Frank Kermode's The Sense of an Ending (1967) was an early mention of Vaihinger as a useful methodologist of narrativity. He says that "literary fictions belong to Vaihinger’s category of 'the consciously false.' They are not subject, like hypotheses, to proof or disconfirmation, only, if they come to lose their operational effectiveness, to neglect."[9]

Later, James Hillman developed both Vaihinger and Adler's work with psychological fictions into a core theme of his work Healing Fiction in which he makes one of his more accessible cases for identifying the tendency to literalize, rather than "see through our meanings", with neurosis and madness.[10]

Critical reception and legacy

During his own lifetime Vaihinger's works were generally well received both in Germany and abroad, especially in America. When, in 1924, his Philosophy of As If was published in English, the original 1911 book was already in its sixth edition. However, the American journalist Mencken was scathing in his criticism of the book, which he dismissed as an unimportant "foot-note to all existing systems".[11] Vaihinger was also criticised by the Logical positivists who made "curt and disparaging references" to his work.[12]

After his death, and the intellectual sea change that followed the Second World War, Vaihinger's work received little attention from philosophers.[12] It was left to psychologists such as Kelly and writers such as Kermode to draw upon his central ideas. However, the interest of literary scholars has continued modestly with the publication of some recent "Vaihinger-inflected critical literature".[13] A reappraisal of Vaihinger by the American philosopher Arthur Fine concluded that Vaihinger was actually the "preeminent twentieth-century philosopher of modeling".[12] Vaihinger's influence has since markedly increased, and the currently booming fictionalism movement in the philosophy of science takes his contributions as its main historical lead and inspiration.[14]

Works
  • 1876 Hartmann, Dühring und Lange (Hartmann, Dühring and Lange)
  • 1897–1922 Kant-Studien, founder and chief editor
  • 1899 Kant — ein Metaphysiker? (Kant — a Metaphysician?)
  • 1902 Nietzsche Als Philosoph (Nietzsche as Philosopher)
  • 1906 Philosophie in der Staatsprüfung. Winke für Examinatoren und Examinanden. (Philosophy in the Degree. Cues for teachers and students.)
  • 1911 Die Philosophie des Als Ob (The Philosophy of 'As if')
  • 1922 Commentar zu Kants Kritik der reinen Vernunft (Commentary on Kant's Critique of Pure Reason), edited by Raymund Schmidt
  • 1924 The Philosophy of 'As if': A System of the Theoretical, Practical and Religious Fictions of Mankind, Translated by C. K. Ogden, Barnes and Noble, New York, 1968 (First published in England by Routledge and Kegan Paul, Ltd., 1924).

References
  1. "I was 21 years old when in 1873 was published that important book (Thought and Reality by A. Spir ), which I started immediately to study diligently. The book produced immediately a great impression.", March 8th, 1930, in a memorial on an article of the Nouvelles littéraires (Literary News) on Nietzsche and Spir.
  2. Duden Aussprachewörterbuch (6 ed.). Mannheim: Bibliographisches Institut & F.A. Brockhaus AG. 2006.
  3. Vaihinger, H. (1935) [1924]. The Philosophy of 'As if': a System of the Theoretical, Practical and Religious Fictions of Mankind. Translated by C. K. Ogden (2 ed.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  4. The German title continued: "auf Grund eines idealistischen Positivismus (on the basis of an idealistic positivism)".
  5. Loewenberg, J. Untitled Review. The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, Vol. 9, No. 26. (Dec. 19, 1912), pp. 717-719.
  6. Ogden edited Bentham's work: Ogden, C. K. (1959). Bentham's Theory of Fictions. Paterson, NJ: Littlefield, Adams. Ogden comments: "There is no doubt that Hans Vaihinger reached his conclusions independently of Bentham ... The chief defect of Vaihinger's monumental work was its failure to lay stress on the linguistic factor in the creation of fictions." (p xxxii).
  7. Philosophy of As If. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
  8. Kelly, George A. "The Language of Hypothesis: Man's Psychological Instrument". Journal of Individual Psychology. 20 (2): 137–152.
  9. Kermode, Frank (1967). The Sense of an Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction with a New Epilogue. New York: Oxford U.P. p. 40.
  10. Hillman, James (1983). Healing Fiction. Barrytown, NY: Station Hill P. p. 110.
  11. Mencken, H.L. (1924) Philosophers as Liars. The American Mercury, October, Vol III, No.10, pp.253-255.
  12. Fine, A. (1993) Fictionalism. Midwest Studies in Philosophy 18 (1):1-18.
  13. Stampfl, B. (1998) Hans Vaihinger' s Ghostly Presence in Contemporary Literary Studies. Criticism: Vol. 40: Iss. 3, Article 5.
  14. Suárez, M. (2009) "Fictions in Science. Philosophical Essays on Modelling and Idealisation". Routledge.
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