Henry Mowat

Henry Mowat (1734–1798) was an officer of the Royal Navy commanding ships in northern New England during the American Revolutionary War. He was the son of Captain Patrick Mowat of the post ship HMS Dolphin. He was born in Scotland and went to sea at the age of 18.[1]

Henry Mowat
Born	1734 Scotland
Died	April 14, 1798 (aged 63–64) at sea off Chesapeake Bay
Allegiance	Kingdom of Great Britain
Service/branch	Royal Navy
Years of service	1752–1798
Rank	Captain
Commands held	HMS Canceaux (1764) HMS Albany (1776) HMS Assistance (1781)
Battles/wars	American Revolutionary War Burning of Falmouth Penobscot Expedition French Revolutionary Wars Assistance vs Elizabeth

Career

After six years as an able seaman and midshipman Mowat was commissioned a Lieutenant aboard HMS Baltimore in 1758. In 1764, Lieutenant Mowat was given command of the recently purchased 16-gun[2] sloop HMS Canceaux.[1] Canceaux, with Mowat in command, conducted a hydrographic survey of the coast of North America from the estuary of the Saint Lawrence River to Boston. While so engaged, Mowat was ordered to Portsmouth, New Hampshire in December, 1774, to protect military supplies at Fort William and Mary. Paul Revere alerted the local militia of rumored British seizure of munitions there; gunpowder was removed from the fort by patriots before Mowat arrived, and a colonial maritime pilot ran Canceaux aground in the Piscataqua River estuary. It was several days before the tide refloated Canceaux.[3]

Mowat patrolled the New England coast for smugglers[4] until ordered to Falmouth (present-day Portland, Maine) in March, 1775 to assist a loyalist shipbuilder who was attempting to defy the Continental Association boycott on goods manufactured in Great Britain. Mowat was temporarily taken prisoner by militia from Brunswick, Maine during Thompson's War a few weeks after the battles of Lexington and Concord.[5] Canceaux resumed coastal patrols after Falmouth loyalists negotiated Mowat's release.[6]

Mowat was ordered to undertake a punitive mission following the battle of Machias to "chastize" the seaports of Marblehead, Salem, Gloucester, Ipswich, Newburyport, Portsmouth, Saco, Falmouth, and Machias.[7] Mowat left Boston aboard Canceaux on 6 October 1775 in company with the 20-gun[2] ship Cat,[5] the 12-gun[2] schooner[5] HMS Halifax,[8] the bomb sloop[5] HMS Spitfire[8] and the supply ship[5] HMS Symmetry.[8][9][10] Mowat directed the flotilla's 9-hour bombardment in the Burning of Falmouth on 18 October 1775.[5]

Mowat was given command of the recently purchased 16-gun sloop HMS Albany in 1776. As captain of Albany, Mowat was the senior officer of a three-ship squadron formed with the 16-gun sloops HMS North and HMS Nautilus to defend Castine, Maine against the Penobscot Expedition. Mowat skillfully anchored the sloops so they blocked the harbor entrance while their broadsides could provide mutually supportive fire with British forces ashore. He moved 6-pounder cannon from the unengaged side of his squadron ashore for use by soldiers defending their incomplete fortifications. Mowat's squadron held the harbor against a flotilla of 15 ships mounting 290 guns; and his skillful deployment of naval artillery enabled the outnumbered British force to withstand a siege from 23 July 1779 until reinforcements arrived on 14 August 1779 to defeat the attacking colonial force.[11]

Mowat was promoted to Captain and given command of the 50-gun fourth rate ship of the line HMS Assistance in May 1795. Assistance sailed to Halifax Harbour in March, 1796 and captured the 40-gun French frigate Elizabeth on 28 August 1796. Captain Mowat died of apoplexy on 14 April 1798 while Assistance was cruising off Chesapeake Bay. He is buried in the Episcopal churchyard in Hampton, Virginia.[1]

Legacy

A few years before his death, Mowat wrote A Relation of the Services in which I was Engaged in America, from 1759, to the close of the American War in 1783. It was never printed, but was described as a folio in an 1843 London book store advertisement. Late 19th century American historians of the Revolutionary War launched an exhaustive search for the manuscript, including substantial reward offers, in the hope it might provide missing information about the early battles in which Mowat had participated. A manuscript ultimately found in Edinburgh did not meet the mythical expectations evolved through the period of searching. There was no mention of the burning of Falmouth and little new information about the Penobscot expedition.[1]

References

1. "CAPTAIN HENRY MOWAT". Saint Croix Courier. Retrieved 1 February 2011.
2. Goold's gun count includes swivel guns, but not the mortars of the bomb sloop Spitfire. Half (or fewer) of this count were carriage-mounted cannon. Other references indicate Canceaux carried 8 cannon, and Halifax carried 6.
3. "Paul Revere's Other Ride". J. Dennis Robinson. Archived from the original on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
4. "Ede's and Gill's Boston-gazette". The Library Company of Philadelphia. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
5. Goold, William The Burning of Portland 19 February 1873
6. "AMERICAN MARITIME UNITS AND VESSELS AND THEIR SUPPORTERS DURING THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR, 1775-1783)". American War of Independence at Sea. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
7. Leamon, James S. Revolution Downeast: The War for American Independence in Maine (1995) University of Massachusetts Press pp.69-70
8. "The Penobscot Expedition Archaeological Project" (PDF). United States Navy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 September 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
9. Symmetry may have carried guns, because other references indicate she fired during the Battle of Bunker Hill; but Goold describes her as a magazine for the bomb sloop during this engagement. As a safety measure to prevent loss of a ship through accidental ignition of unfired incendiary carcasses, carcasses were transferred by lighter from a non-firing ship to the bomb sloop as needed.
10. "October, 1775". J. Dennis Robinson. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
11. "THE SIEGE OF PENOBSCOT". Saint Croix Courier. Retrieved 2 February 2011.

Further reading

• Cornwell, Bernard (2010). The Fort. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 9780007331727. Retrieved 1 September 2018. A historical novel depicting the Penobscot Expedition, with a non-fiction "Historical Note" (pp. 451–468) on sources and key details.