Hoeffding's lemma

In probability theory, Hoeffding's lemma is an inequality that bounds the moment-generating function of any bounded random variable.[1] It is named after the Finnish–American mathematical statistician Wassily Hoeffding.

The proof of Hoeffding's lemma uses Taylor's theorem and Jensen's inequality. Hoeffding's lemma is itself used in the proof of McDiarmid's inequality.

Statement of the lemma

Let X be any real-valued random variable with expected value ${\displaystyle \mathbb {E} [X]=\eta }$, such that ${\displaystyle a\leq X\leq b}$ almost surely, i.e. with probability one. Then, for all ${\displaystyle \lambda \in \mathbb {R} }$,

${\displaystyle \mathbb {E} \left[e^{\lambda X}\right]\leq \exp {\Big (}\lambda \eta +{\frac {\lambda ^{2}(b-a)^{2}}{8}}{\Big )}.}$

Note that the proof below is based on the assumption that the random variable ${\displaystyle X}$ has zero expectation (i.e. assuming that ${\displaystyle \eta =0}$), hence the ${\displaystyle a}$ and ${\displaystyle b}$ in the lemma must satisfy ${\displaystyle a\leq 0\leq b}$. For any random variable, which do not obey this assumption we can define ${\displaystyle {\tilde {X}}\triangleq X-\eta }$, which obey the assumptions and apply the proof on ${\displaystyle {\tilde {X}}}$.

A brief proof of the lemma

Since ${\displaystyle e^{\lambda x}}$ is a convex function of ${\displaystyle x}$, we have

${\displaystyle e^{\lambda x}\leq {\frac {b-x}{b-a}}e^{\lambda a}+{\frac {x-a}{b-a}}e^{\lambda b}\qquad \forall a\leq x\leq b}$

So, ${\displaystyle \mathbb {E} \left[e^{\lambda X}\right]\leq {\frac {b-\mathbb {E} [X]}{b-a}}e^{\lambda a}+{\frac {\mathbb {E} [X]-a}{b-a}}e^{\lambda b}.}$

Let ${\displaystyle h=\lambda (b-a)}$, ${\displaystyle p={\frac {-a}{b-a}}}$ and ${\displaystyle L(h)=-hp+\ln(1-p+pe^{h})}$

Then, ${\displaystyle {\frac {b-\mathbb {E} [X]}{b-a}}e^{\lambda a}+{\frac {\mathbb {E} [X]-a}{b-a}}e^{\lambda b}=e^{L(h)}}$ since ${\displaystyle \mathbb {E} [X]=0}$

Taking derivative of ${\displaystyle L(h)}$,

${\displaystyle L(0)=L^{'}(0)=0{\text{ and }}L^{''}(h)\leq {\frac {1}{4}}}$ for all h.

By Taylor's expansion,

${\displaystyle L(h)\leq {\frac {1}{8}}h^{2}={\frac {1}{8}}\lambda ^{2}(b-a)^{2}}$

Hence, ${\displaystyle \mathbb {E} \left[e^{\lambda X}\right]\leq e^{{\frac {1}{8}}\lambda ^{2}(b-a)^{2}}}$

(The proof below is the same proof with more explanation.)

More detailed proof

First note that if one of ${\displaystyle a}$ or ${\displaystyle b}$ is zero, then ${\displaystyle \textstyle \mathbb {P} \left(X=0\right)=1}$ and the inequality follows. If both are nonzero, then ${\displaystyle a}$ must be negative and ${\displaystyle b}$ must be positive.

Next, recall that ${\displaystyle e^{sx}}$ is a convex function on the real line:

${\displaystyle \forall x\in [a,b]:\qquad e^{sx}\leq {\frac {b-x}{b-a}}e^{sa}+{\frac {x-a}{b-a}}e^{sb}.}$

Applying ${\displaystyle \mathbb {E} }$ to both sides of the above inequality gives us:

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\mathbb {E} \left[e^{sX}\right]&\leq {\frac {b-\mathbb {E} [X]}{b-a}}e^{sa}+{\frac {\mathbb {E} [X]-a}{b-a}}e^{sb}\\&={\frac {b}{b-a}}e^{sa}+{\frac {-a}{b-a}}e^{sb}&&\mathbb {E} (X)=0\\&=(1-\theta )e^{sa}+\theta e^{sb}&&\theta =-{\frac {a}{b-a}}>0\\&=e^{sa}\left(1-\theta +\theta e^{s(b-a)}\right)\\&=\left(1-\theta +\theta e^{s(b-a)}\right)e^{-s\theta (b-a)}\\\end{aligned}}}$

Let ${\displaystyle u=s(b-a)}$ and define:

${\displaystyle {\begin{cases}\varphi$ :\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {R} \\\varphi (u)=-\theta u+\log \left(1-\theta +\theta e^{u}\right)\end{cases}}}

${\displaystyle \varphi }$ is well defined on ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }$, to see this we calculate:

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}1-\theta +\theta e^{u}&=\theta \left({\frac {1}{\theta }}-1+e^{u}\right)\\&=\theta \left(-{\frac {b}{a}}+e^{u}\right)\\&>0&&\theta >0,\quad {\frac {b}{a}}<0\end{aligned}}}$

The definition of ${\displaystyle \varphi }$ implies

${\displaystyle \mathbb {E} \left[e^{sX}\right]\leq e^{\varphi (u)}.}$

By Taylor's theorem, for every real ${\displaystyle u}$ there exists a ${\displaystyle v}$ between ${\displaystyle 0}$ and ${\displaystyle u}$ such that

${\displaystyle \varphi (u)=\varphi (0)+u\varphi '(0)+{\tfrac {1}{2}}u^{2}\varphi ''(v).}$

Note that:

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\varphi (0)&=0\\\varphi '(0)&=-\theta +\left.{\frac {\theta e^{u}}{1-\theta +\theta e^{u}}}\right|_{u=0}\\&=0\\[6pt]\varphi ''(v)&={\frac {\theta e^{v}\left(1-\theta +\theta e^{v}\right)-\theta ^{2}e^{2v}}{\left(1-\theta +\theta e^{v}\right)^{2}}}\\[6pt]&={\frac {\theta e^{v}}{1-\theta +\theta e^{v}}}\left(1-{\frac {\theta e^{v}}{1-\theta +\theta e^{v}}}\right)\\[6pt]&=t(1-t)&&t={\frac {\theta e^{v}}{1-\theta +\theta e^{v}}}\\&\leq {\tfrac {1}{4}}&&t>0\end{aligned}}}$

Therefore,

${\displaystyle \varphi (u)\leq 0+u\cdot 0+{\tfrac {1}{2}}u^{2}\cdot {\tfrac {1}{4}}={\tfrac {1}{8}}u^{2}={\tfrac {1}{8}}s^{2}(b-a)^{2}.}$

This implies

${\displaystyle \mathbb {E} \left[e^{sX}\right]\leq \exp \left({\tfrac {1}{8}}s^{2}(b-a)^{2}\right).}$

See also

• Hoeffding's inequality
• Bennett's inequality

Notes

1. Pascal Massart (26 April 2007). Concentration Inequalities and Model Selection: Ecole d'Eté de Probabilités de Saint-Flour XXXIII - 2003. Springer. p. 21. ISBN 978-3-540-48503-2.