Horseshoe vortex

The horseshoe vortex model is a simplified representation of the vortex system of a wing. In this model the wing vorticity is modelled by a bound vortex of constant circulation, travelling with the wing, and two trailing wingtip vortices, therefore having a shape vaguely reminiscent of a horseshoe.[1][2] A starting vortex is shed as the wing begins to move through the fluid, which dissipates under the action of viscosity,[3] as do the trailing vortices far behind the aircraft.

A horseshoe vortex caused by a (purely theoretical) uniform lift distribution over an aircraft’s wing
Any change in lift distribution sheds a new trailing vortex, according to the lifting-line theory
A realistic lift distribution causes the shedding of a complex vorticity pattern behind the aircraft.

The trailing wingtip vortices are responsible for the component of the downwash which creates induced drag.[4]

The horseshoe vortex model is unrealistic in that it implies uniform circulation (and hence, according to the Kutta–Joukowski theorem, uniform lift) at all sections on the wingspan. In a more realistic model, the lifting-line theory, the vortex strength varies along the wingspan, and the loss in vortex strength is shed as a vortex sheet all along the trailing edge, rather than as a single trail at the wing-tips.[5] Nevertheless, the simpler horseshoe vortex model used with a reduced effective wingspan but same mid-plane circulation provides an adequate model for the flows induced far from the aircraft.

The term horseshoe vortex is also used in wind engineering to describe the flow pattern created by strong winds around the base of a tall building. This effect is amplified by the presence of a low-rise building just upwind. This effect was studied at the UK Building Research Establishment between 1963 and 1973[6] and the cause of the effect is described in contemporary wind engineering text books.[7]

In hydrodynamics, a form of horseshoe vortex forms around bluff bodies in the flowing water, for instance around bridge piers.[8] They can cause scouring of bed materials from both upstream and downstream of the pier.

In nature, a horseshoe vortex can cause a horseshoe cloud to form.[9]

Notes
  1. Millikan, Clark B., Aerodynamics of the Airplane, Figure 1.35
  2. McCormick, Barnes W., Aerodynamics, Aeronautics, and Flight Mechanics, Chapter 3
  3. "Shed Vortex". NASA Glenn Research Center. Retrieved April 11, 2015.
  4. McCormick, Barnes W., Aerodynamics, Aeronautics, and Flight Mechanics, Chapter 4
  5. McCormick, Barnes W., Aerodynamics, Aeronautics, and Flight Mechanics, Figure 4.21
  6. Penwarden, AD. Wise, AFE. Wind environment around buildings, cover illustration
  7. Cook, NJ. The designer's guide to wind loading of building structures, Part 1, Figure 8.7
  8. Dargahi, Bijan (1989). "The turbulent flow field around a circular cylinder". Experiments in Fluids. 8: 1–12. doi:10.1007/BF00203058.
  9. "An incredibly rare 'horseshoe cloud' was spotted in Nevada and it kept the meme-makers busy". Independent.ie. 12 March 2018. Retrieved 12 March 2018.

References
  • Anderson, John D. (2007), Fundamentals of Aerodynamics, Section 5.3 (4th ed.), McGraw-Hill, New York NY. ISBN 978-0-07-295046-5
  • L. J. Clancy (1975), Aerodynamics, Section 8.10, Pitman Publishing Limited, London ISBN 0-273-01120-0
  • Cook, N.J. (1985), The designer's guide to wind loading of building structures, Part 1, Butterworths, London ISBN 0-408-00870-9
  • McCormick, Barnes W., (1979), Aerodynamics, Aeronautics, and Flight Mechanics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New York ISBN 0-471-03032-5
  • Millikan, Clark B., (1941), Aerodynamics of the Airplane, Section 1-6 John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York
  • Penwarden, A.D., Wise, A.F.E., (1975) Wind environment around buildings, HMSO, London ISBN 0-11-670533-7.
  • Piercy, N.A.V. (1944), Elementary Aerodynamics, Article 213, The English Universities Press Ltd., London.
  • Von Mises, Richard, (1959), Theory of Flight, Chapter IX - section 4, Dover Publications, Inc., New York ISBN 0-486-60541-8

See also
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