Howard Cary

Henry Cary (3 May 1908 – 20 December 1991) was an American engineer and the co-founder of the Applied Physics Corporation (later known as Cary Instruments), along with George W. Downs and William Miller. The Cary 14 UV-Vis-NIR and the Cary Model 81 Raman Spectrophotometer were particularly important contributions in scientific instrumentation and spectroscopy.[1] Before starting Applied Physics, Cary was employed by Beckman Instruments, where he worked on the design of several instruments including the ubiquitous DU spectrophotometer.[2][3] Howard Cary was a founder and the first president of the Optical Society of Southern California.

Henry Howard Cary
Graduation photo, 1930
Born(1908-05-03)May 3, 1908
Los Angeles, California
DiedDecember 20, 1991(1991-12-20) (aged 83)
Orange, California
NationalityAmerican
Alma materCalifornia Institute of Technology
AwardsDavid Richardson Medal
Scientific career
FieldsPhysical Chemistry
InstitutionsBeckman Instruments, Cary Instruments

Personal life

Henry Howard Cary was born on 3 May 1908 in Los Angeles, California to Henry Gardner Cary and Bessie (Brown) Cary.[4]:1[5]

The 1940 US Census listed Cary as married to Barbara (Ward) Cary from Washington state. His occupation was recorded as research engineer and industry as laboratory.[6]

In 1991, Cary died of pneumonia after a long illness at Orange, California.[7][8]

Education

In 1925, after graduating from Los Angeles High School, Cary entered the California Institute of Technology.[9] He missed one year due to illness,[4]:2 and graduated in 1930 with a B.S. degree in civil engineering. In sports, he was captain of the varsity tennis squad. During his first year he won the junior travel prize. Cary was a member of Sigma Xi.[10]

After receiving his degree, Cary went to work in his father's plumbing construction business, H. G. Cary Co. He held a variety of engineering and accounting positions with the company during the early years of the Great Depression.[4]:3–6

National Technical Laboratories

As of May 31, 1935, Cary was hired by Arnold Beckman of National Technical Laboratories (NTL) (later Beckman Instruments).[11] By 1937, Cary was the chief design engineer on Beckman's research team.[12]:140 Cary distinguished himself in work relating to pH meters and glass electrodes, and became vice-president of development.[12]:148–149 By 1940 Cary and Beckman were developing a quartz spectrophotometer. They presented a paper on this work in July 1941 at MIT's Summer Conference on Spectroscopy.[13] Cary made substantial contributions, including the design of a reliable ultraviolet phototube for the instrument.[12]:164 The DU spectrophotometer was the first easy-to-use single instrument containing both the optical and electronic components needed for ultraviolet-absorption spectrophotometry.[12]:153–154

During World War II, National Technical Laboratories worked on a number of then-secret projects, including one for the development of synthetic rubber. The Office of Rubber Reserve of the United States government contracted with NTL to produce an infrared spectrophotometer based on a single-beam design by Robert Brattain of Shell Development Company. The first Beckman IR-1 Spectrophotometer was shipped to Shell on September 18, 1942 barely six months after it was ordered. The IR-1 used a Littrow prism mounting featuring a single rock salt prism with a mirrored back, and an analog galvanometer for presenting results.[14][12]:160–169

Cary and Beckman adapted features from the pH meter and the DU spectrophotometer to improve the design of the IR-1 spectrophotometer.[12]:160–169 By 1945, the IR-2 spectrophotometer was in production, using an electronic vacuum tube amplifier instead of a galvanometer, and a thermocouple tube for the detection of infrared light.[12]:160–169

Cary Instruments

In January 1946, Cary left NTL to form his own company, Applied Physics Corporation (later known as Cary Instruments) in Pasadena, California, with George W. Downs, William Miller, and Russell E. Vaniman.[12]:160–169 Cary and his company developed a range of scientific instruments, particularly dual-beam spectrophotometers. The Applied Physics Corporation made its first delivery, a Cary 11 UV-Vis spectrophotometer, to Mellon Institute in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in April 1947. The Cary 11 was followed by the Cary 14 UV-Vis-NIR in 1954, the Cary 15 UV-Vis in 1961, the Cary 16 UV-Vis in 1964, and an expanded offering of instruments through the 70s, 80s, and 90s.[15][16]

The Cary 14 spectrophotometer used a double folded-z-configuration monochromator. Appearing on the market in 1954, it was the first commercial UV-VIS-NIR instrument to fully extend into the near-infrared spectrum.[17]

The Cary Model 81 Raman Spectrophotometer was an important contribution to high-performance Raman spectroscopy.[18] Described as "famous"[19] it gave the field of Raman spectrophotometry a "tremendous boost" in the United States.[20]

Other instruments included nondispersive infrared gas analyzers[21] electrometers such as the Cary Model 31 and 36 Electrometers which used a vibrating reed with an ionization chamber[22][23][24] and calorimeters[25] such as the Cary Model 41 Calorimeter.

  • Cary Model 11 Recording Spectrophotometer
  • Cary Model 14 Recording Spectrophotometer (back open)
  • Model 14B Recording Spectrophotometer (front)
  • Cary Model 81 Raman Spectrophotometer
  • Cary Model 31 Electrometer
  • Cary Model 41 Calorimeter

In 1966 the Applied Physics Corporation was one of a number of companies acquired by Varian Associates during a period of rapid expansion by Varian.[15][26] Applied Physics Corporation was renamed Cary Instruments as a subsidiary of Varian.[27] Also in 1966, groundbreaking for a new building for the company occurred in Monrovia, California.[28] In 1972 the company moved to Varian's facilities in Palo Alto, California. In 1982, it moved again, to Varian's Techtron facilities in Melbourne, Australia.[15]

Awards and honors

In 1959, Cary was the recipient of the American Chemical Society Division of Analytical Chemistry's Award in Chemical Instrumentation. Robert Brattain described Cary's approach to instrument design, when giving the award.[29]

First, he does not necessarily start from where others have left off. Rather, he goes back to the basic problem and gets it clearly enough in his mind that he can start his thinking and his theoretical development from a simple, logical statement of the problem. Second, he uses his very marked ability as a theoretician; an ability well known to his close associates but probably not as well known in general as it deserves to be, to develop a logical analysis based on the simple statement of the problem and exploring various methods of solution. Thirdly, Howard believes what a logical analysis of the problem tells him. Consequently, throughout the entire period of theoretical design, he avoids being trapped into blind acceptance of the folklore in a particular area and consequently, his designs consistently include new and original approaches.[30]

In 1969, Cary was awarded the David Richardson Medal by the Optical Society of America.[31][32] Cary was honored for: "his painstakingly careful and very valuable contributions to the design and production of highly precise instrumentation in areas which range from spectroscopy to chemical, medical and nuclear research."[33]

In 1977, Howard Cary received the Maurice F. Hasler Award[34] at Pittcon "for his pioneering leadership in the development of instrumentation for absorption and Raman spectroscopy".[35]

Patents

Cary is listed on a considerable number of patents for his work at National Technical Laboratories and Cary Instruments, often as "Henry H. Cary" or "H. H. Cary". They include:

  • "Automatic voltage and pH indicator", February 18, 1941, for the Beckman pH meter [36]
  • "Apparatus for amplifying direct current voltages and currents", February 18, 1941, for the Beckman pH meter[37]
  • "Method and apparatus for winding resistance elements", December 9, 1952, for the Beckman Helipot potentiometer[38]
  • "Infrared spectrophotometer", July 31, 1951, for the Beckman IR-2 spectrophotometer[39]
  • "Double folded-z-configuration monochromator".[40] This monochromator is the heart of the Cary Model 14 UV-VIS Spectrophotometer. The monochromator patent drawings also show the dual beam configuration with the optical chopper, etc. as an example.
  • "Raman spectrophotometer", June 14, 1960.[41]

Publications
  • Cary, H. H.; Beckman, Arnold O. (1 November 1941). "A Quartz Photoelectric Spectrophotometer*". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 31 (11): 682. doi:10.1364/JOSA.31.000682.
  • Cary, H. H. (1941). Operating Instructions for Beckman Spectrophotometer. Pasadena, California: National Technical Laboratories.
  • Cary, H. H. (1946). "New Instruments". Review of Scientific Instruments. 17 (12): 558. Bibcode:1946RScI...17..558W. doi:10.1063/1.1770432.
  • Cary, H. H. (1949). "The Effect of Optical Design and the Limit of Energy Detectable". OSU International Symposium on Molecular Spectroscopy. hdl:1811/21726.
  • Cary, H.; Hawes, R.; George, K.; Mann, A.; Rock, F. (1959). "Aids in Raman Spectroscopy". Spectrochimica Acta. 15 (3–4): 299.
  • Cary, Howard; Hawes, R. C.; Hooper, Paige B.; Duffield, J. J.; George, K. P. (1964). "A Recording Spectropolarimeter". Applied Optics. 3 (3): 329–337. Bibcode:1964ApOpt...3..329C. doi:10.1364/ao.3.000329.

Professional service

References
  1. Brock, David C.; Lukens, Rob (2004). "Foundation's Focus: Find the 50" (PDF). Today's Chemist at Work (December): 14–21. Retrieved 10 May 2017.
  2. Simoni, Robert D.; Hill, Robert L.; Vaughan, Martha; Tabor, Herbert (December 5, 2003). "A Classic Instrument: The Beckman DU Spectrophotometer and Its Inventor, Arnold O. Beckman". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (e1). Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  3. "Beckman DU Spectrophotometer". National Museum of American History. Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  4. "Autobiography of Howard Cary". Science History Institute. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  5. California Birth Index, 1905-1995. Database. FamilySearch. Henry H Cary, 03 May 1908. Citing Los Angeles, California, United States, Department of Health Services, Vital Statistics Department, Sacramento.
  6. United States Census, 1940. Database with images. FamilySearch. Henry Cary. Tract 474, South Pasadena, Pasadena Judicial Township, Los Angeles, California, United States. Citing enumeration district (ED) 19-509, sheet 65A, family 10, NARA digital publication T627 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 2012), roll 243.
  7. California Death Index, 1940-1997. Database. FamilySearch. Henry Howard Cary, 20 Dec 1991. Department of Public Health Services, Sacramento.
  8. Godfrey, Tom (1992). "Howard Cary. Fellows Profile". OSSC: Optical Society of Southern California, Fullerton, CA.
  9. "Bulletin of the California Institute of Technology" (PDF). XXXIV (109). California Institute of Technology. December 1925: 188. Retrieved 3 May 2017. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. Scott, F. S. (1930). "The Big T" (PDF). California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
  11. "Contract between Howard Cary and Arnold O. Beckman". Science History Institute. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  12. Thackray, Arnold; Myers, Jr., Minor (2000). Arnold O. Beckman : one hundred years of excellence. Philadelphia, Pa.: Chemical Heritage Foundation. ISBN 978-0-941901-23-9.
  13. Cary, H. H.; Beckman, Arnold O. (1941). "A Quartz Photoelectric Spectrophotometer". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 31 (11): 682–689. doi:10.1364/JOSA.31.000682.
  14. Beckman, A. O.; Gallaway, W. S.; Kaye, W.; Ulrich, W. F. (1977). "History of spectrophotometry at Beckman Instruments, Inc". Analytical Chemistry. 49 (3): 280A–300A. doi:10.1021/ac50011a001.
  15. "UV-VIS-NIR Varian Cary 100/300/400/500 Spectrophotometers" (PDF). Varian. p. 4. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
  16. Cary, Howard (1970). "Downs-Lauritsen Laboratory of Physics" (PDF). Engineering and Science. 33 (4): 28–29.
  17. Hind, Andrew R. (December 2002). "To improvements in spectrophotometry. . " (PDF). American Laboratory. 34: 32–35. Retrieved 27 April 2017.
  18. Oster, Gerald (October 22, 2013). Optical Techniques: Physical Techniques in Biological Research. Academic Press. p. 338. ISBN 9781483175997. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
  19. Califano, Salvatore (2012). Pathways to modern chemical physics. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer. p. 94. ISBN 9783642281792.
  20. Szymanski, Herman A. (1967). Raman Spectroscopy Theory and Practice. Boston, MA: Springer US. pp. 49, 60–80. ISBN 9781468430264. Retrieved 4 May 2017. The instrument which gave Raman spectroscopy a tremendous boost in the United States was the Cary Model 81 Raman Spectrophotometer.
  21. Patterson, W. A. (1951). "Non-Dispersive Types of Infrared Analyzers for Process Control". Applied Spectroscopy. 6 (5): 17–23. doi:10.1366/000370252774652389. S2CID 96547097.
  22. "Applied Physics Corporation". Analytical Chemistry. 28 (1): 46A. January 1956. doi:10.1021/ac60109a756.
  23. "Applied Physics Corporation". Analytical Chemistry. 36 (3): 125A. March 1964. doi:10.1021/ac60209a816.
  24. "Cary Vibrating Reed Electrometer with Ionization Chamber (late 1950s)". Oak Ridge Associated Universities. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  25. Industrial Research Laboratories of the United States. National Academies. 1960. p. 36. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  26. "Finding Aid to the Varian Associates Records, 1948-1998". OAC Online archive of California. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
  27. "Collection of Historical Scienctific Instruments: Name: Applied Physics Corporation". Harvard University. Retrieved 4 May 2017.
  28. "Personals" (PDF). Engineering and Science: 34. March 1966. 1930 HOWARD CARY, president of the Applied Physics Corp., recently took part in ground breaking ceremonies for the company's new research and corporate headquarters in Monrovia.
  29. "DAC Award in Chemical Instrumentation". American Chemical Society. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  30. Robert Brattain, April 23, 1959 "Introduction of Howard Cary as the Beckman Award Winner" (1959) ACS Presentation.
  31. "NEWS". Analytical Chemistry. 41 (6): 43A. 23 May 2012. doi:10.1021/ac60275a730.
  32. "David Richardson Medal". OSA.org. The Optical Society. 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
  33. Editor. (2015). David Richardson Medal. The Optical Society.
  34. "Maurice F. Hasler Award" (PDF). Pittcon 2014. p. 23.
  35. "Pittsburgh Conference: Cleveland Convention Center Cleveland, Ohio February 28 to March 4, 1977". Pittcon 1977.
  36. Cary, H. H. (February 18, 1941). Automatic voltage and pH indicator. U.S. Patent 2232211A. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Filed: December 6, 1938.
  37. Cary, Henry H. (February 18, 1941). Apparatus for amplifying direct current voltages and currents. U.S. Patent 2232212A. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Filed: January 17, 1940.
  38. Cary, Henry H. et al. (December 9, 1952). Method and apparatus for winding resistance elements. U.S. Patent 2620990A. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Filed: September 9, 1946.
  39. Cary, H. H. (July 31, 1951). Infrared spectrophotometer. U.S. Patent 2562525A. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Filed: January 14, 1947.
  40. Cary, Henry H. (July 5, 1966). Double folded-z-configuration monochromator. U.S. Patent RE26053E. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Filed: February 11, 1959.
  41. Cary, Henry H. (June 14, 1960). Raman spectrophotometer. U.S. Patent 2940355A. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Filed: March 2, 1956.
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