Hybrid electric vehicles in the United States

The fleet of hybrid electric vehicles in the United States, with over 5 million units sold through December 2019,[1] is the second largest in the world after Japan (7.51 million by March 2018).[2] American sales of hybrid electric vehicles represented about 36% of the global stock of hybrids sold worldwide through April 2016.[3]

Comparison of annual sales of passenger hybrid electric and plug-in electric vehicles in the U.S. through 2019.[1]

Sales of hybrid vehicles in the U.S. began to decline following the financial crisis of 2007–08, and after a short recovery, reached its peak in 2013 with a historical market share of 3.19%, but began to decline again in 2014 due to low gasoline prices and increased sales of plug-in electric cars.[4][5][3] The market share slightly recovered in 2019 to 2.4%.[1] Since their inception in 1999, a total of 5,374,000 hybrid electric automobiles and sport utility vehicles have been sold in the country through 2019.[1]

The top selling hybrid electric vehicle in the country is the conventional Toyota Prius, which has sold 1,643,000 units since 2000 through April 2016, representing a 40.8% market share of all hybrids sold in the U.S. since 1999.[3] Cumulative sales of the Prius nameplate totaled 1,932,805 units delivered through April 2016, representing a 48.0% market share of total hybrid sales in the U.S.[6][7][8][4][5][9][10]

California has been the state leading hybrid sales in the U.S.,[11][12][13] followed by New York and Florida.[11] In terms of new hybrids sold per capita, the District of Columbia was the leader.[11] From January to July 2013, the three cities with the highest electric drive car registrations, including hybrids, all-electric cars and plug-in hybrids, were all located in California: Atherton (19.4%) and Los Altos (16.1%) in the Silicon Valley, followed by Santa Monica (15.0%), located in Los Angeles County.[14][15]

Purchases from the Obama administration occurring for 25% of Ford and General Motors hybrid-electric vehicles sold between January 2009 and late 2010. During this period hybrids accounted for about 10% of the 145,473 vehicles bought by the U.S. General Services Administration.[16]

Markets and sales

HEV market share of new car sales in the U.S. between 1999 and 2019.[6][7][8][4][5][10][17][1]

The market of hybrid electric vehicles in the United States is the second largest in the world after Japan[3] with cumulative sales of 5.4 million units through December 2019.[1] American sales of hybrid electric vehicles represented about 36% of the stock of hybrids sold worldwide through April 2016.[3] Cumulative hybrid car sales in the American market passed the 1 million milestone in 2007, the 2 million mark in May 2011,[18] the 3 million milestone in October 2013,[19] and 4 million in April 2016, allowing the U.S. to rank as the world's second largest hybrid market after Japan.[3]

Sales of hybrid vehicles in the U.S. began to decline following the financial crisis of 2007–08, and after a short recovery, began to decline again in 2014 due to low gasoline prices, and had a small rebound in 2019.[3][5][1] Hybrid sales in the American market achieved its highest market share ever in 2013, capturing 3.19% of new carsales that year.[5][3] At the end of 2015 the hybrid take rate had fallen to 2.21%, dropped to 1.99% in 2016, slightly recovered to 2.4% in 2019.[3][9][1]

A total of 5,374,000 hybrid electric automobiles and sport utility vehicles (SUVs) have been sold in the country through December 2019.[1] Sales are led by the Toyota Prius, which passed the 1 million mark in April 2011,[20] and has sold 1,643,000 units since 2000 through April 2016, representing a 40.8% market share of all hybrids sold in the U.S. since their inception in 1999.[3] The Toyota Prius family is the market leader with 1,932,805 units sold through April 2016, representing a 48.0% market share of total hybrid sales in the U.S.[6][7][8][4][5][9][10] Out of the 9.0145 million hybrids sold worldwide by Toyota Motor Company through April 2016, the United States accounted for 44.7% of TMC global hybrid sales.[3][21]

The Toyota Prius is the top selling hybrid car in the U.S., with more than 1.6 million units sold since 2000 thru April 2016.[3][21]

Sales of Prius family vehicles in California represented 26% of all Prius purchases in the U.S. during 2012. With 60,688 units sold during this year, the Prius became the best selling nameplate in California, ahead of the previous leader, the Honda Civic (57,124 units) and the third ranked, the Toyota Camry (50,250 units).[22] Again in 2013, the Prius nameplate was the best selling vehicle in California with 69,728 units sold in the state, ahead of the Honda Civic (66,982) and the Honda Accord (63,194).[23][24] Nationwide, the best selling vehicle in 2013 was the Ford F-Series pickup, which has been the best selling vehicle for more than three decades.[25]

Historical trend of U.S. cumulative HEV sales from 1999 to 2014.[6][7][8][4][5]

As of April 2016, sales of the conventional Prius are followed by the Toyota Camry Hybrid, with 345,640 units sold since 2006, the Honda Civic Hybrid, with cumulative sales of 234,610 vehicles since 2002, the Ford Fusion Hybrid with 166,341 units since 2009, and the Toyota Prius c with 165,075 units since 2012.[3] Among the hybrids built by American manufacturers, the siblings Lincoln MKZ/Mercury Milan/Fusion Hybrids rank first, with combined sales of 200,899 units since 2009 through 2015, followed by the Ford Escape Hybrid and its sibling the Mercury Mariner Hybrid with combined sales of 130,803 vehicles between 2004 and 2012, when the hybrid lineup was discontinued. Ranking next is the Ford C-Max Hybrid, with 72,330 units sold since 2012 through 2015, and the Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid with 38,204 units since 2008.[6][7][8][4][5][10]

2012

A total of 434,498 hybrid electric vehicles were sold during 2012, and the hybrid market share of total new car sales in the country was 3.0%, up from 2.1% in 2011.[8] The top five selling hybrids during 2012 were the Toyota Prius liftback (147,503), the second generation Camry Hybrid (45,626), Prius v (1,669), Prius c (35,733), and the Hyundai Sonata Hybrid (20,754).[8] Toyota sold 223,905 Priuses among the various HEV family members in the U.S. in 2012, representing together a market share of 51.5% of all hybrid sold in the country that year.[8]

2013

During 2013 hybrid sales totaled 495,685 units, up 14.1% from 2012 and representing a market share of 3.19% of new car sales.[4] The top five selling hybrids during this period were the conventional Prius (145,172), second generation Camry Hybrid (44,448), Prius c (41,979), second generation Fusion Hybrid (37,270), and the Prius v (34,989).[4] Combined Prius family vehicles reached 222,140 units representing a market share of 44.8%, down from 51.5% in the year 2012,[8][4] while Ford Motor Company increased its market share of the conventional hybrid market from 7.5% in 2012 to 14.7% in 2013.[4][26]

Market share of U.S. top 10 selling HEV
models in 2014.[5]

Ford experienced record sales of its hybrids models in the U.S. during 2013, with 72,795 units sold, almost triple the 2012 total.[4][27] During the second quarter of 2013 Ford achieved its best hybrid sales quarter ever, up 517% over the same quarter of 2012.[28] In 2013 Toyota’s hybrid market share in the U.S. declined from 2012 totals due to new competition, particularly from Ford with the arrival of new products such as the C-Max Hybrid and the new styling of the Fusion. Except for the Prius c, sales of the other models of the Prius family and the Camry Hybrid suffered a decline from 2012, while the Fusion Hybrid experienced a 164.3% increased from 2012, and C-Max Hybrid sales climbed 156.6%.[4]

2014

Hybrid sales totaled 452,152 units, down 8.8% from the previous year. The hybrid market share was 2.75% of new car sales, down from 3.19% in 2013, and the lowest since 2011. The best selling Prius Liftback was down 15.4% from 2013, driving the decline in sales of the segment.[5] The top five selling hybrids in 2014 were the conventional Prius (122,776), Prius c (40,570), second generation Camry Hybrid (39,515), second generation Fusion Hybrid (35,405), and the Prius v (30,762), all down from the previous year.[5] Combined Prius family vehicles reached 194,108 units representing a market share of 42.9%, down from 44.8% the previous year.[4][5] Some of the few models with a significant growth in their year-to-year sales were the second generation Honda Accord, Infinti Q50 Hybrid, Nissan Pathfinder Hybrid, and the Chevrolet Impala eAssist.[5]

Geographical distribution

Historical evolution of the market share of sales of hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in electric cars in California (2011-2019).

California has been the state leading hybrid sales in the U.S. with 55,553 vehicles sold in 2009,[11] 74,932 in 2008,[12] and 91,417 in 2007.[13] In 2009 it was followed by New York (15,438) and Florida (14,949).[11] In terms of new hybrids sold per capita, the District of Columbia was the leader in 2009 with 3.79 hybrids per 1000 residents, followed by California (1.54) and Washington (1.53).[11] The top 5 U. S. metropolitan area markets for sales of hybrid electric vehicles in 2009 were Los Angeles (26,677), New York (21,193), San Francisco (15,799), Washington, D.C. (11,595), and Chicago (8,990).[11] From January to July 2013, the three cities with the highest electric drive car registrations, including hybrids, all-electric cars and plug-in hybrids, were all located in California: Atherton (19.4%) and Los Altos (16.1%) in the Silicon Valley, followed by Santa Monica (15.0%), located in Los Angeles County.[29][30]

The top 5 U. S. metropolitan area markets for sales of hybrid electric vehicles in 2009 were Los Angeles (26,677), New York (21,193), San Francisco (15,799), Washington, D.C. (11,595), and Chicago (8,990).[11] The following table summarizes the top metropolitan area markets in terms of new hybrids sold per capita.

Top U.S. metropolitan markets for hybrid electric vehicles in 2008-2009[11][31]
Rank 2009	Metropolitan Area	New registered hybrids per 1000 households (2009)	Rank 2008	Metropolitan Area	New registered hybrids per 1000 households (2008)
1	Portland, OR	8.8	1	Portland, OR	12.17
2	Helena, MT	6.7	2	San Francisco, CA	8.84
3	San Francisco, CA	6.7	3	Monterey, CA	7.16
4	Washington, DC	5.1	4	Santa Barbara, CA	6.94
5	Los Angeles, CA	4.8	5	San Diego, CA	6.57
6	San Diego, CA	4.7	6	Los Angeles, CA	6.08
7	Seattle, WA	4.7	7	Charlottesville, VA	5.42
8	Juneau, AK	4.6	8	Seattle, WA	4.90
9	Santa Barbara, CA	4.4	9	Washington, DC	4.85
10	Monterey, CA	4.3	10	Sacramento, CA	4.85
U.S. metropolitan area average		1.8	U.S. metropolitan area average		2.18

Considering hybrid sales between January 2010 through September 2011, the top selling metropolitan region was the San Francisco Bay Area, with 8.4% of all new cars sold during that period, followed by Monterey-Salinas with 6.9%, and Eugene, Oregon, with 6.1%. The following seven top selling markets are also on the West Coast, including Seattle-Tacoma and Los Angeles with 5.7%, San Diego with 5.6%, and Portland with 5.4%. The Washington D.C. Metro Area, with 4.2%, is the next best selling region out of the West Coast.[32]

Historical sales by model (1999-2014)

The following table presents historical hybrid sales figures by vehicle model in the United States since 1999 through December 30, 2014, in order of total historical sales from 1999 to 2014.[6][7][4][5] Family of vehicles sharing nameplate/marque (i.e. Toyota Prius) or exactly the same powertrain (i.e. Ford Fusion Hybrid and Lincoln MKZ Hybrid) are grouped together.

Annual hybrid electric vehicle sales in the United States by model between 1999 and 2014
Vehicle	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	Total 1999-2014
Toyota Prius Prius c Prius v		5,562	15,556	20,119	24,600	53,991	107,897	106,971	181,221	158,574	139,682	140,928	136,463^(2)	147,503	145,172	122,776	1,498,616
														35,733	41,979	40,570	118,282
														40,669	34,989	30,762	114,819
														223,905	222,140	194,108	1,731,717
Toyota Camry								31,341	54,477	46,272	22,887	14,587	9,241	45,656	44,448	39,515	308,424
Honda Civic				13,700	21,800	25,571	25,864	31,251	32,575	31,297	15,119	7,336	4,703	7,156	7,719	5,070	229,161
Ford Fusion Lincoln MKZ Mercury Milan											15,554 0 1,468	20,816 1,192 1,416	11,286 5,739 0	14,100 6,067 0	37,270 7,469 0	35,405 10,033 0	134,431 30,500 2,884
											17,022	23,424	17,025	20,167	44,739	45,438	167,815
Lexus RX400h/450h							20,674	20,161	17,291	15,200	14,464	15,119	10,723	12,223	11,307	9,351	146,513
Ford Escape Mercury Mariner						2,993 0	18,797 998	20,149 3,174	21,386 3,722	17,173 2,329	14,787 1,693	11,182 890	10,089 0	1,441 0	0 0	0 0	117,997 12,806
						2,993	19,795	23,323	25,108	19,502	16,480	12,072	10,089	1,441	0	0	130,803
Toyota Highlander							17,989	31,485	22,052	19,441	11,086	7,456	4,549	5,291	5,070	3,621	128,040
Hyundai Sonata Kia Optima													19,672^(2)	20,754	21,761	21,052	83,240
														10,084	13,919	13,776	37,779
														30,838	35,680	34,828	121,019
Honda Insight	17	3,788	4,726	2,216	1,200	583	666	722	0	0	20,572	20,962	15,549	5,846	4,802	3,965	85,614
Lexus CT 200h													14,381	17,671	15,071	17,673	64,796
Ford C-Max Hybrid														10,935	28,056	19,162	58,153
Honda Accord						1,061	16,826	5,598	3,405	196	0	0	0	0	979	13,977	42,042
Chevrolet Malibu										2,093	4,162	405	24	16,664	13,779	1,018	38,145
Nissan Altima									8,388	8,819	9,357	6,710	3,236	103	0	0	36,613
Lexus ES 300h														7,041	16,562	14,837	38,440
Toyota Avalon														747	16,468	17,048	34,263
Honda CR-Z												5,249	11,330	4,192	4,550	3,562	28,883
Buick LaCrosse eAssist													1,801	12,010	7,133	7,353	28,297
Lexus HS 250h											6,699	10,663	2,864	649	5	0	20,880
Chevy Tahoe GMC Yukon										3,745 1,610	3,300 1,933	1,426 1,221	519 598	533 560	376 288	65 31	9,964 6,241
										5,355	5,233	2,647	1,117	1,093	664	96	16,205
Saturn Vue									4,403	2,920	2,656	50	0	0	0	0	10,029
Subaru XV Crosstrek Hybrid																7,926	7,926
Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid														162	5,655	1,939	7,756
Lexus GS 450h								1,784	1,645	678	469	305	282	607	522	183	6,475
Chevrolet Silverado GMC Sierra											1,598 0	2,393 0	1,165 0	469 471	104 65		5,729 536
														940	169	30	6,295
Cadillac Escalade										801	1,958	1,210	819	708	372	41	5,909
Buick Regal eAssist													123	2,654	2,893	662	6,332
Porsche Cayenne												206	1,571	1,180	615	650	4,222
Infiniti Q50															307	3,456	3,763
Nissan Pathfinder Hybrid															334	2,480	2,814
Acura ILX														972	1,461	379	2,812
Lexus LS600hL									937	907	258	129	84	54	115	65	2,549
Infiniti QX60 Hybrid															676	1,678	2,354
Infiniti M35h/Q70													378	691	475	180	1,724
Saturn Aura									772	285	527	54	0	0	0	0	1,638
BMW ActiveHybrid 3														402	905	151	1,458
Audi Q5 Hybrid														270	854	283	1,407
Mercedes-Benz S400												801	309	121	64	10	1,305
Mazda Tribute												570	484	90	0	0	1,144
BMW ActiveHybrid 5														404	520	112	1,036
Volkswagen Touareg Hybrid													390	250	118	30	788
Porsche Panamera S													52	570	164	0	786
BMW ActiveHybrid 7												102	338	231	31	45	747
Mercedes-Benz ML450												627	1	20	11	20	679
Chevrolet Impala eAssist															56	565	621
Mercedes-Benz E400 Hybrid															282	158	440
Lexus NX Hybrid																354	354
BMW ActiveHybrid X6												205	43	4	0	0	252
Acura RLX Hybrid																133	133
Chrysler Aspen										46	33	0	0	0	0	0	79
Dodge Durango											9	0	0	0	0	0	9
All hybrids sold	17	9,350	20,282	36,035	47,600	84,199	209,711	252,636	352,274	312,386	290,271	274,210	268,752	434,498	495,771	452,152	3,540,199
New car sales (millions)[4][5][33][34]	16.043	15.869	14.646	15.067	14.754	15.012	14.966	14.264	13.819	13.195	10.402	11.589	12.734	14.442	15.531	16.435	228.766
Hybrid market share	0.0001%	0.06%	0.14%	0.24%	0.32%	0.56%	1.40%	1.77%	2.55%	2.37%	2.79%	2.37%	2.11%	3.01%	3.19%	2.75%	1.55%
Notes: (1) Sources: 2011, 2012 and 2013 HybridCars.com,[7][8][4] all other figures from Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Data Center (U.S. DoE).[6] (2) For 2011 Toyota reported consolidated figures for the Prius family, therefore during 2011, sales of the Toyota Prius v, which began sales by mid October 2011, were reported together with the conventional Prius liftback. The figure breaks down in 128,064 conventional Prius and 8,399 Prius v. During 2011, sales of the Kia Optima Hybrid were reported together with the Hyundai Sonata.[7][8]

Economical and environmental performance comparison

2016 Toyota Prius.

2012 Toyota Prius c

2010 Toyota Prius.

2014 Honda Accord.

2012 Honda Civic Hybrid.

2013 Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid

2016 Hyundai Sonata Hybrid SE.

2012 Toyota Camry Hybrid LE.

2013 Ford Fusion Hybrid.

2012 Toyota Prius v.

2011 Lexus CT 200h.

2012 Honda Insight.

2013 Lexus ES 300h.

2013 Ford C-Max Hybrid.

2013 Lincoln MKZ Hybrid

Economic and environmental performance comparison
among hybrid models sold in the U.S. (models 2009-2016)[35][36]

Vehicle	Year model	EPA City mileage (mpg)	EPA Highway mileage (mpg)	Tailpipe emissions (grams per mile CO2)	EPA Air Pollution Score^(1)	Annual Petroleum Use (barrel)
Ford Explorer Hybrid [37]	2020	27	29	322	6/10	11.8
Ford Escape Hybrid (4th gen)[38]	2020	44	37	224	9/10	8.2
Toyota Prius Eco (4th gen)[39]	2016	58	53	158	7/8^*	6.6
Toyota Prius (4th gen)[39]	2016	54	50	170	10^*	5.9
Toyota Prius c	2012/16	53	46	178	10^*	6.3
Toyota Prius (3rd gen)	2010/15	51	48	178	8/9^*	6.6
Honda Accord (2nd gen)	2014/15	50	45	188	NA	7.0
Toyota Prius (2nd gen)	2009	48	45	193	8/9^*	7.2
Honda Civic Hybrid (3rd gen)	2014/15	45	47	196	10/9	7.3
Honda Civic Hybrid (3rd gen)	2012/13	44	44	202	7/8	7.5
Volkswagen Jetta Hybrid	2013/16	42	48	200	9/9^*	7.3
Ford Fusion (2nd gen)	2013/16	44	41	209	7/9^*	7.8
Toyota Prius v	2012/16	44	40	212	7/8^*	7.8
Lexus CT 200h	2011/16	43	40	212	7/8^*	7.8
Honda Insight (2nd gen)	2012/14	41	44	212	7/8	7.8
	2010/11	40	43	217	7/8	8.0
Honda Civic Hybrid (2nd gen)	2011	40	43	217	8	8.0
	2009/10	40	45	212	9	7.8
Hyundai Sonata Hybrid SE	2016	40	44	215	9	7.8
Toyota Camry Hybrid LE (XV50) Toyota Camry Hybrid XLE (XV50)	2012/16	43	39	217	7/9^*	8.0
		40	38	222	7/9^*	8.2
Lexus ES 300h	2013/16	40	39	222	7/8^*	8.2
Toyota Avalon Hybrid	2013/16	40	39	224	7/8^*	8.2
Ford C-Max Hybrid	2013/16	42	37	225	7/9^*	8.2
Ford Fusion Hybrid Mercury Milan Hybrid Lincoln MKZ Hybrid	2010/12	41	36	228	7	8.4
	2010/11	41	36	228	7	8.4
	2011/12	41	36	228	7	8.4
Lincoln MKZ Hybrid (2nd gen)	2013/14	38	37	233	7/9	8.7
Acura ILX Hybrid	2013/14	39	38	234	7/9^*	8.7
Hyundai Sonata Hybrid Kia Optima Hybrid	2013/15	36	40	237	9	8.7
	2011/12	34	39	212	9	9.1
Hyundai Sonata Hybrid Limited Kia Optima Hybrid EX	2013/15	36	40	239	8	8.9
	2011/12	35	39	242	8	8.9
Honda CR-Z CVT	2013/15	36	39	238	8/9^*	8.9
	2011/12	35	39	240	8/9^*	8.9
Lexus HS 250h	2010/12	35	34	254	7/8^*	9.4
Honda CR-Z Manual 6 spd	2013/16	31	38	261	9/9^*	9.7
	2011/12	31	37	261	9/9^*	9.7
Nissan Altima Hybrid	2009/10	35	33	261	9.0^*	9.7
	2011	33	33	269	9^*	10.0
Toyota Camry Hybrid (XV40)	2009/10	33	34	261	7	9.7
	2011	31	35	269	7	10.0
Lexus NX 300h	2015/16	35	31	270	8	10.0
Toyota RAV4 Hybrid AWD	2016	34	31	270	8	10.0
Ford Escape Hybrid FWD^(2) Ford Escape Hybrid 4WD	2010/12	34	31	278	7	10.3
	2010/12	30	27	306	7	11.4
Infiniti Q50	2014/15	29	36	286	6	10.6
Lexus GS 450h	2013/16	29	34	283	8	10.6
Lexus RX 450h Lexus RX 450h AWD	2010/15	32	28	297	6	11
	2014/16	30	28	309	NA	11.4
Infiniti M35h Infiniti M35h AWD	2012/13	27	32	306	6	11.4
Chevrolet Malibu eAssist Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid	2013/14	25	37	305	5	11.4
	2009/10	26	34	306	5	11.4
Buick Regal eAssist Buick LaCrosse eAssist	2012/13	25	36	305	5	11.4
Buick Regal eAssist Buick LaCrosse eAssist	2014	25	36	308	5/8	11.4
Chevrolet Impala eAssist	2013/14	25	35	308	5/8	11.4
Toyota Highlander Hybrid 4WD	2011/16	28	28	317	8	11.8
	2009/10	27	25	342	8	12.7
Saturn Vue Hybrid 6 cyl, 3.6L Saturn Vue Hybrid 4 cyl, 2.4 L	2009	27	30	317	NA	11.8
	2009/10	25	32	317	6	11.8
BMW ActiveHybrid 3	2013/15	25	33	313	6	11.8
Mercedes-Benz E400 Hybrid	2013/15	24	30	336	9/9	12.7
Audi Q5 Hybrid	2013/16	24	30	337	6/6	12.7
BMW ActiveHybrid 5	2013/16	23	30	346	6	12.7
BMW ActiveHybrid 7/7L	2013/15	22	30	350	6	13.2
	2011/12	17	24	444	6	16.5
Porsche Panamera S Hybrid	2012/13	22	30	364	6	13.2
Lexus GS 450h	2009/11	22	25	386	7	14.3
Mercedes-Benz ML450	2010/11	20	24	404	8	15.0
Porsche Cayenne S Hybrid	2011/14	20	24	413	6	15.7
VW Touareg Hybrid	2011/15	20	24	413	6	15.7
Mercedes-Benz S400	2010/13	19	25	414	9	15.7
Cadillac Escalade Hybrid 2WD/4WD Cadillac Escalade Hybrid 2WD Cadillac Escalade Hybrid 2WD	2011 to 2013	20	23	415	6	15.7
	2010	21	22	404	NA	15.0
	2009	20	21	444	5	16.5
Dodge Durango HEV 4WD	2009	20	22	423	NA	15.7
Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid 2WD Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid 4WD Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid 2WD GMC Sierra Hybrid 2WD GMC Yukon Hybrid2WD Silverado/Tahoe/Sierra/Yukon 4WD	2009	21	22	423	5	15.7
	2009	20	20	444	5	16.5
	2010	21	22	404	5	15.0
	2011 to 2013	20	23	418	6	15.7
	2011 to 2013	20	23	423	6	15.7
Lexus LS 600h L	2009/10	20	22	423	8	15.7
	2011 to 2013	19	23	444	8	16.5
BMW ActiveHybrid X6	2011	17	19	494	5/6	18.3
Source: U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency[35] Notes: (1) All states except California and Northeastern states, * otherwise. (2) Performance is the same for the Mazda Tribute Hybrid 2WD and the Mercury Mariner Hybrid 2WD.

See also

• Alternative fuel vehicle
• Comparison of Toyota hybrids
• Electric car
• Flexible-fuel vehicles in the United States
• Green vehicle
• Government incentives for fuel efficient vehicles in the United States
• Hydrogen vehicle
• Plug-in electric vehicle
• Plug-in electric vehicles in California
• Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States
• Plug-in hybrid

References

1. Stacy C. Davis & Robert G. Boundy (April 2020). "Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 38.1" (PDF). Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved 2020-05-14. See Tables 6.1 (annual sales of HEVs and PHEVs) 6.2 for 2018 and 2019 HEV market shares (the complete historical series from 1999 to 2019 is available)
2. "Hybrids account for nearly 20 percent of cars in Japan, automobile association says". The Japan Times. 2018-10-27. Retrieved 2018-12-15.
3. Cobb, Jeff (2016-06-06). "Americans Buy Their Four-Millionth Hybrid Car". HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-06-06.
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5. Jeff Cobb (2015-01-06). "December 2014 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2015-01-22.
6. "U.S. HEV sales by Model (1999-2013)". Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Data Center (U.S. DoE). Retrieved 2015-01-18. Click on the graph to show sales by model and year total. Source: HybridCars.com)
7. "December 2011 Dashboard: Sales Still Climbing". HybridCARS.com. 2012-01-09. Archived from the original on 2012-01-12. Retrieved 2012-01-10.
8. Jeff Cobb (2013-04-22). "December 2012 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2013-09-10. See the section: December 2012 Hybrid Cars Numbers. A total of 434,498 hybrid electric vehicles were sold during 2012. Ford sold 32,543 hybrids in the U.S. during 2012, including 14,100 Ford Fusion Hybrids, 10,935 C-Max Hybrids, 6,067 Lincoln MKZ Hybrids, and 1,441 Ford Escape Hybrids.
9. Cobb, Jeff (2016-05-04). "April 2016 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2016-06-06.
10. Cobb, Jeff (2016-01-06). "December 2015 Dashboard". HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2016-06-05. Hybrid car sales totaled 384,404 units in 2015.
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24. California New Car Dealers Association (CNCDA) (February 2014). "California Auto Outlook: Fourth Quarter 2013". CNCDA. Archived from the original on 2014-02-17. Retrieved 2014-02-16.
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29. Greg Asciutto (2013-09-25). "Santa Monica a top city for electric vehicles". Santa Monica Daily Press. Retrieved 2013-09-29.
30. Jaclyn Trop (2013-09-20). "Santa Monica Bets on Electric Cars, but Consumers Are Slow to Switch". The New York Times. Retrieved 2013-09-29.
31. "December 2008 Dashboard: The Key Is Production Numbers". hybridCars.com. 2009-01-13. Archived from the original on 2009-03-01. Retrieved 2010-03-13.
32. Sara Carothers and Alyson Hurt. "Map: Hybrid And Electric Sales Across The Country". National Public Radiodate=2011-11-22. Retrieved 2012-02-02.
33. "BTS | Table 1-12: U.S. Sales or Deliveries of New Aircraft, Vehicles, Vessels, and Other Conveyances". Bts.gov. Archived from the original on 2006-09-24. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
34. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-19. Retrieved 2010-03-29.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
35. "Hybrid Vehicles: Compare side-by-side". U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2014-06-12. Click on 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 models. See also here
36. United States Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2015-12-18). "Model Year 2016 Fuel Economy Guide - Electric vehicles & Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles" (PDF). fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-18. See pp. 27-28 for all-electric vehicles and pp. 30-31 for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. The average 2016 vehicle gets 25 mpg
37. "2020 Ford Explorer HEV RWD". fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2020-08-13.
38. "2020 Ford Escape AWD HEV". fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2020-08-13.
39. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy (2015-12-18). "Compare Side-by-Side - 2015 Toyota Prius, 2016 Toyota Prius and 2016 Toyota Prius Eco". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-18.

External links

• 2013 VehicleTechnologies Market Report, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
• Clean Car Calculator (Institute for Energy Efficiency)
• Clean Cities - 2014 Vehicle Buyer's Guide, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), U.S. Department of Energy, December 2013.
• EPA Green Vehicle Guide
• EPA's hybrids' payback time comparison
• Every 2014 And 2015 Hybrid Car In The U.S.: Ultimate Guide, Green Car Reports, August 2014.
• Hybrid Analysis - Total Cost of Ownership for 2017 model year hybrids, Vincentric, August 2018.
• Light Duty Electric Drive Vehicles Monthly Sales Updates, Argonne National Laboratory
• Model Year 2017 Fuel Economy Guide, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy, July 2018 (see pp. 40-41 for hybrid models).
• Top Ten EPA-Rated Fuel Sippers (2018) - including BEVs and PHEVs
• UCS Hybrid Scorecard (Union of Concerned Scientists)
• U.S. HEV Sales by Model, Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Data Center, U.S. Department of Energy