iPhone
The iPhone is a line of smartphones designed and marketed by Apple Inc. that use Apple's iOS mobile operating system. The first-generation iPhone was announced by former Apple CEO Steve Jobs on January 9, 2007. Since then Apple has annually released new iPhone models and iOS updates. As of November 1, 2018, more than 2.2 billion iPhones had been sold.
 | |
 The front face of an iPhone 12 Pro in Gold | |
| Developer | Apple Inc. |
|---|---|
| Manufacturer | Foxconn, Pegatron, Wistron (contract manufacturers) |
| Type | Smartphone |
| Release date | June 29, 2007
|
| Units sold | 2.2 billion (as of November 1, 2018)[1] |
| Operating system | iOS |
| System on a chip | Chips used
|
| CPU | CPU
|
| Memory | Memory
|
| Storage | 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256 or 512 GB flash memory[7] |
| Display | Display
|
| Graphics | Graphics
|
| Sound |
|
| Connectivity |
GSM models also include:
CDMA model also includes:
|
| Power | Built-in rechargeable
lithium-ion battery
|
| Online services | |
| Dimensions | Dimensions
|
| Mass | Weight
|
| Related articles | |
| Website | apple |
| This article is part of a series on the |
| iPhone |
|---|
| List of iPhone models |
The iPhone has a user interface built around a multi-touch screen. It connects to cellular networks or Wi-Fi, and can make calls, browse the web, take pictures, play music and send and receive emails and text messages. Since the iPhone's launch further features have been added, including larger screen sizes, shooting video, waterproofing, the ability to install third-party mobile apps through an app store, and many accessibility features. Up to 2017, iPhones used a layout with a single button on the front panel that returns the user to the home screen. Since 2017, more expensive iPhone models have switched to a nearly bezel-less front screen design with app switching activated by gesture recognition.
The first-generation iPhone was described as "revolutionary" and a "game-changer" for the mobile phone industry and subsequent models have also garnered praise. The iPhone has been credited with popularizing the smartphone and slate form factor, and with creating a large market for smartphone apps, or "app economy". As of January 2017, Apple's App Store contained more than 2.2 million applications for the iPhone.
The iPhone is one of the two largest smartphone platforms in the world alongside Android, forming a large part of the luxury market. The iPhone has generated large profits for Apple, making it one of the world's most valuable publicly traded companies.
History and availability
Development of what was to become the iPhone began in 2004, when Apple started to gather a team of 1,000 employees led by hardware engineer Tony Fadell, software engineer Scott Forstall and design engineer Sir Jonathan Ive[15] to work on the highly confidential "Project Purple."[16][17]
Apple CEO Steve Jobs steered the original focus away from a tablet (which Apple eventually revisited in the form of the iPad) towards a phone.[18] Apple created the device during a secretive collaboration with Cingular Wireless (which became AT&T Mobility) at the time—at an estimated development cost of US$150 million over thirty months.[19]
According to Steve Jobs, the "i" word in "iMac" (and therefore "iPod", "iPhone" and "iPad") stands for internet, individual, instruct, inform, and inspire.[20][21]
Apple rejected the "design by committee" approach that had yielded the Motorola ROKR E1, a largely unsuccessful collaboration with Motorola. Among other deficiencies, the ROKR E1's firmware limited storage to only 100 iTunes songs to avoid competing with Apple's iPod nano.[22][23]
Cingular gave Apple the liberty to develop the iPhone's hardware and software in-house[24][25] and even paid Apple a fraction of its monthly service revenue (until the iPhone 3G),[26] in exchange for four years of exclusive U.S. sales, until 2011.[27]
Jobs unveiled the iPhone to the public on January 9, 2007, at the Macworld 2007 convention at the Moscone Center in San Francisco.[28] The two initial models, a 4 GB model priced at US$499 and an 8 GB model at US$599 (both requiring a two-year contract), went on sale in the United States on June 29, 2007, at 6:00 pm local time, while hundreds of customers lined up outside the stores nationwide.[29] The passionate reaction to the launch of the iPhone resulted in sections of the media dubbing it the 'Jesus phone'.[30][31] Following this successful release in the US, the first generation iPhone was made available in the UK, France, and Germany in November 2007, and Ireland and Austria in the spring of 2008.
| model | release(d) | discontinued | support | launch price | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| with OS | date | ended | final OS | lifespan | ||||||||||
| max | min | |||||||||||||
| iPhone | iPhone OS 1.0 | June 29, 2007 | June 9, 2008 | June 20, 2010 | iPhone OS 3.1.3 | 2 years, 11 months | 2 years | $499/$599* | ||||||
| iPhone 3G | iPhone OS 2.0 | July 11, 2008 | August 9, 2010 | March 3, 2011 | iOS 4.2.1 | 2 years, 7 months | 6 months | $199/$299* $599/$699 | ||||||
| iPhone 3GS | iPhone OS 3.0 | June 19, 2009 | September 12, 2012 | September 18, 2013 | iOS 6.1.6 | 4 years, 2 months | 1 year | $199/$299* $599/$699 | ||||||
| iPhone 4 | iOS 4.0 | June 24, 2010 | September 10, 2013 | September 17, 2014 | iOS 7.1.2 | 4 years, 2 months | 1 year | $199/$299* $599/$699 | ||||||
| iPhone 4S | iOS 5.0 | October 14, 2011 | September 9, 2014 | September 12, 2016 (late, single update: July 22, 2019) |
iOS 9.3.5 (9.3.6) |
4 years, 10 months | 2 years | $199/$299/$399* $649/$749/$849 | ||||||
| iPhone 5 | iOS 6.0 | September 21, 2012 | September 10, 2013 | September 18, 2017 (late, single update: July 22, 2019) |
iOS 10.3.3 (10.3.4) |
4 years, 11 months | 4 years | $199/$299/$399* $649/$749/$849 | ||||||
| iPhone 5C | iOS 7.0 | September 20, 2013 | September 9, 2015 | September 18, 2017 | iOS 10.3.3 | 3 years, 11 months | 2 years | $99/$199* $549/$649 | ||||||
| iPhone 5S | iOS 7.0 | September 20, 2013 | March 21, 2016 | September 18, 2019 (latest, exclusive update: January 11, 2021) |
iOS 12.4.1 (12.5.1) |
5 years, 11 months | 3 years, 5 months | $199/$299/$399* $649/$749/$849 | ||||||
| iPhone 6 / 6 Plus | iOS 8.0 | September 19, 2014 | September 7, 2016 | September 18, 2019 (latest, exclusive update: January 11, 2021) |
iOS 12.4.1 (12.5.1) |
4 years, 11 months | 3 years | $199/$299/$399* $649/$749/$849 Plus: $299/$399/$499* Plus: $749/$849/$949 | ||||||
| iPhone 6S / 6S Plus | iOS 9.0.1 | September 25, 2015 | September 12, 2018 | current | latest iOS | > 5 years, 4 months | > 2 years, 4 months | $199/$299/$399* $649/$749/$849 Plus: $299/$399/$499* Plus: $749/$849/$949 | ||||||
| iPhone SE (1st) | iOS 9.3 | March 31, 2016 | September 12, 2018 | current | latest iOS | > 4 years, 10 months | > 2 years, 4 months | $399/$499 | ||||||
| iPhone 7 / 7 Plus | iOS 10.0.1 | September 16, 2016 | September 10, 2019 | current | latest iOS | > 4 years, 4 months | > 1 year, 4 months | $199/$299/$399* $649/$749/$849 Plus: $319/$419/$519* Plus: $769/$869/$969 | ||||||
| iPhone 8 / 8 Plus | iOS 11.0 | September 22, 2017 | April 15, 2020 | current | latest iOS | > 3 years, 4 months | > 9 months | $699/$849 Plus: $799/$949 | ||||||
| iPhone X | iOS 11.0.1 | November 3, 2017 | September 12, 2018 | current | latest iOS | > 3 years, 3 months | > 2 years, 4 months | $549/$699* $999/$1149 | ||||||
| iPhone XS / XS Max | iOS 12.0 | September 21, 2018 | September 10, 2019 | current | latest iOS | > 2 years, 4 months | > 1 year, 4 months | $999/$1149/$1349 Max: $1099/$1249/$1449 | ||||||
| iPhone XR | iOS 12.0 | October 26, 2018 | current | latest iOS | > 2 years, 3 months | $749/$799/$899 | ||||||||
| iPhone 11 | iOS 13.0 | September 20, 2019 | current | latest iOS | > 1 year, 4 months | $699/$749/$849 | ||||||||
| iPhone 11 Pro / 11 Pro Max | iOS 13.0 | September 20, 2019 | October 13, 2020 | current | latest iOS | > 1 year, 4 months | $999/$1149/$1349 Max: $1099/$1249/$1449 | |||||||
| iPhone SE (2nd) | iOS 13.4 | April 24, 2020 | current | latest iOS | > 9 months | $399/$449/$549 | ||||||||
| iPhone 12 / 12 Mini | iOS 14.1 (12) / iOS 14.2 (12 Mini) | October 23, 2020 (12) / November 13, 2020 (12 Mini) | current | latest iOS | >0 months | $829/$879/$979**
Mini: $729/$779/$879** | ||||||||
| iPhone 12 Pro / 12 Pro Max | iOS 14.1 (12 Pro) / iOS 14.2 (12 Pro Max) | October 23, 2020 (12 Pro) / November 13, 2020 (12 Pro Max) | current | latest iOS | >0 months | $999/$1099/$1299
Max: $1099/$1199/$1399 | ||||||||
| ||||||||||||||
On July 11, 2008, Apple released the iPhone 3G in twenty-two countries, including the original six.[32] Apple released the iPhone 3G in upwards of eighty countries and territories.[33] Apple announced the iPhone 3GS on June 8, 2009, along with plans to release it later in June, July, and August, starting with the US, Canada and major European countries on June 19. Many would-be users objected to the iPhone's cost,[34] and 40% of users had household incomes over US$100,000.[35]
The back of the original first-generation iPhone was made of aluminum with a black plastic accent. The iPhone 3G and 3GS feature a full plastic back to increase the strength of the GSM signal.[36] The iPhone 3G was available in an 8 GB black model, or a black or white option for the 16 GB model. The iPhone 3GS was available in both colors, regardless of storage capacity.
The iPhone 4 has an aluminosilicate glass front and back with a stainless steel edge that serves as the antennas. It was at first available in black; the white version was announced, but not released until April 2011, 10 months later.
Users of the iPhone 4 reported dropped/disconnected telephone calls when holding their phones in a certain way. This became known as antennagate.[37]
On January 11, 2011, Verizon announced during a media event that it had reached an agreement with Apple and would begin selling a CDMA iPhone 4. Verizon said it would be available for pre-order on February 3, with a release set for February 10.[38][39] In February 2011, the Verizon iPhone accounted for 4.5% of all iPhone ad impressions in the U.S. on Millennial Media's mobile ad network.[40]
From 2007 to 2011, Apple spent $647 million on advertising for the iPhone in the US.[17]
On Tuesday, September 27, Apple sent invitations for a press event to be held October 4, 2011, at 10:00 am at the Cupertino headquarters to announce details of the next generation iPhone, which turned out to be iPhone 4S. Over 1 million 4S models were sold in the first 24 hours after its release in October 2011.[41] Due to large volumes of the iPhone being manufactured and its high selling price, Apple became the largest mobile handset vendor in the world by revenue, in 2011, surpassing long-time leader Nokia.[42] American carrier C Spire Wireless announced that it would be carrying the iPhone 4S on October 19, 2011.[43]
In January 2012, Apple reported its best quarterly earnings ever, with 53% of its revenue coming from the sale of 37 million iPhones, at an average selling price of nearly $660. The average selling price has remained fairly constant for most of the phone's lifespan, hovering between $622 and $660.[44] The production price of the iPhone 4S was estimated by IHS iSuppli, in October 2011, to be $188, $207 and $245, for the 16 GB, 32 GB and 64 GB models, respectively.[45] Labor costs are estimated at between $12.50 and $30 per unit, with workers on the iPhone assembly line making $1.78 an hour.[46]
In February 2012, ComScore reported that 12.4% of U.S. mobile subscribers used an iPhone.[47] Approximately 6.4 million iPhones are active in the U.S. alone.[35]
On September 12, 2012, Apple announced the iPhone 5. It has a 4 inches (100 mm) display, up from its predecessors' 3.5 inches (89 mm) screen. The device comes with the same 326 pixels per inch found in the iPhone 4 and 4S. The iPhone 5 has the SoC A6 processor, the chip is 22% smaller than the iPhone 4S' A5 and is twice as fast, doubling the graphics performance of its predecessor. The device is 18% thinner than the iPhone 4S, measuring 7.6 millimetres (0.3 in), and is 20% lighter at 112 grams (4 oz).
On July 6, 2013, it was reported that Apple was in talks with Korean mobile carrier SK Telecom to release the next generation iPhone with LTE Advanced technology.[48]
On July 22, 2013, the company's suppliers said that Apple is testing out larger screens for the iPhone and iPad. "Apple has asked for prototype smartphone screens larger than 4 inches (100 mm) and has also asked for screen designs for a new tablet device measuring slightly less than 13 inches (330 mm) diagonally, they said."[49]
On September 10, 2013, Apple unveiled two new iPhone models during a press event in Cupertino. The iPhone 5C, a mid-range-priced version of the handset that is designed to increase accessibility due to its price is available in five colors (green, blue, yellow, pink, and white) and is made of plastic. The iPhone 5S comes in three colors (black, white, and gold) and the home button is replaced with a fingerprint scanner (Touch ID). Both phones shipped on September 20, 2013.[50]
On September 9, 2014, Apple revealed the iPhone 6 and the iPhone 6 Plus at an event in Cupertino. Both devices had a larger screen than their predecessor, at 4.7 inches (120 mm) and 5.5 inches (140 mm) respectively.[51]
On September 7, 2016, Apple unveiled the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus, which added water and dust resistance, improved system and graphics performance, a new dual-camera setup on the Plus model, new color options, and featured the removal of the 3.5 mm headphone jack from the iPhone.[52]
On September 12, 2017, Apple officially unveiled the iPhone 8 and 8 Plus, which features a new glass design, camera improvements, a True Tone display, wireless charging, and improved system performance. It also unveiled the iPhone X, which features a near bezel-less design, a facial recognition feature dubbed "Face ID" with facial tracking used for Animojis, an OLED screen with the highest pixel density on an iPhone, a new telephoto lens which works better in low light conditions, and improved cameras for AR.[53]
On September 12, 2018, Apple officially unveiled the iPhone XS, XS Max[54] and XR[55] at the Steve Jobs theater at Apple Park. The XS and XS Max feature an improved Super Retina Display with Dolby Vision and HDR10 support with the XS Max featuring a larger 6.5 inches (170 mm) display, improved cameras with Smart HDR, and the A12 Bionic chip. The iPhone XS and XS Max are IP68 water, liquid, and dust resistant which allow the devices to be submerged in up to 2 meters for a duration of 30 minutes, while iPhone XR retained the IP67 certification found in the first-generation iPhone X and also features an IPS LCD display instead of the OLED displays found in the higher-end models. The iPhone XS/XS Max's IP68 certifications were tested using various liquids such as chlorinated-water, saltwater, tea, wine, beer, and juices. Apple also announced the fourth generation of Apple Watch, the Apple Watch Series 4.
On September 10, 2019, Apple officially unveiled the iPhone 11 at Steve Jobs Theater,[56][57][58] along with the iPhone 11 Pro and the iPhone 11 Pro Max.[59][60][58]
The iPhone 12 and 12 Pro series were virtually announced on October 13, 2020, featuring a refreshed design, Super Retina XDR Displays across all models, and 5G connectivity.[61]
Sales
Apple sold 6.1 million first generation iPhone units over five quarters.[62] Apple had achieved a 1.1% worldwide mobile phone share for the year 2008;[63] in the smartphone market it held an 8.2% share.[64] Sales in the fourth quarter of 2008 temporarily surpassed those of Research In Motion's (RIM) BlackBerry sales of 5.2 million units, which briefly made Apple the third largest mobile phone manufacturer by revenue, after Nokia and Samsung[65] (however, some of this income is deferred[66]). Numbers were lower in the first three quarters of 2009 until the fourth quarter surpassed sales of Q4 2008.[67] Recorded sales grew steadily thereafter, and by the end of fiscal year 2010, a total of 73.5 million iPhones had been sold.[68]
By 2010, the iPhone had a market share of barely 4% of all cell phones; however, Apple pulled in more than 50% of the total profit that global cellphone sales generated.[69] Apple sold 14.1 million iPhones in the third quarter of 2010, representing a 91% unit growth over the year-ago quarter, which was well ahead of IDC's latest published estimate of 64% growth for the global smartphone market in the September quarter. Apple's sales surpassed that of Research in Motion's 12.1 million BlackBerry units sold in their most recent quarter ended August 2010.[70] In the United States market alone for the third quarter of 2010, while there were 9.1 million Android-powered smartphones shipped for 43.6% of the market, Apple iOS was the number two phone operating system with 26.2% but the 5.5 million iPhones sold made it the most popular single device.[71]
On March 2, 2011, at the iPad 2 launch event, Apple announced that they had sold 100 million iPhones worldwide.[72] As a result of the success of the iPhone sales volume and high selling price, headlined by the iPhone 4S, Apple became the largest mobile handset vendor in the world by revenue in 2011, surpassing long-time leader Nokia.[42] While the Samsung Galaxy S II proved more popular than the iPhone 4S in parts of Europe, the iPhone 4S was dominant in the United States.[73] By 2012, the two-year-old iPhone 4 had outsold the original iPhone, iPhone 3G and iPhone 3GS models put together.[74]
In January 2012, Apple reported its best quarterly earnings ever, with 53% of its revenue coming from the sale of 37 million iPhones, at an average selling price of nearly $660. The average selling price has remained fairly constant for most of the phone's lifespan, hovering between $622 and $660.[44]
For the eight largest phone manufacturers in Q1 2012, according to Horace Dediu at Asymco, Apple and Samsung combined to take 99% of industry profits (HTC took the remaining 1%, while RIM, LG, Sony Ericsson, Motorola, and Nokia all suffered losses), with Apple earning 73 cents out of every dollar earned by the phone makers. As the industry profits grew from $5.3 billion in the first quarter of 2010 to $14.4 billion in the first quarter of 2012 (quadruple the profits in 2007),[75][76] Apple had managed to increase its share of these profits. This is due to increasing carrier subsidies and the high selling prices of the iPhone, which had a negative effect on the wireless carriers (AT&T Mobility, Verizon, and Sprint) who have seen their EBITDA service margins drop as they sold an increasing number of iPhones.[77][78][79]
In the fourth quarter of 2012, the iPhone 5 and iPhone 4S were the best-selling handsets with sales of 27.4 million (13% of smartphones worldwide) and 17.4 million units, respectively, with the Samsung Galaxy S III in third with 15.4 million. According to Strategy Analytics' data, this was "an impressive performance, given the iPhone portfolio's premium pricing", adding that the Galaxy S III's global popularity "appears to have peaked" (the Galaxy S III was touted as an iPhone-killer by some in the press when it was released[80][81]). While Samsung has led in worldwide sales of smartphones, Apple's iPhone line has still managed to top Samsung's smartphone offerings in the United States,[82] with 21.4% share and 37.8% in that market, respectively. iOS grew 3.5% to 37.8%, while Android slid 1.3% to fall to a 52.3% share.[83]
The continued top popularity of the iPhone despite growing Android competition was also attributed to Apple being able to deliver iOS updates over the air, while Android updates are frequently impeded by carrier testing requirements and hardware tailoring, forcing consumers to purchase a new Android smartphone to get the latest version of that OS.[84] However, by 2013, Apple's market share had fallen to 13.1%, due to the surging popularity of the Android offerings.[85]
Apple announced on September 1, 2013, that its iPhone trade-in program would be implemented at all of its 250 specialty stores in the US. For the program to become available, customers must have a valid contract and must purchase a new phone, rather than simply receive a credit to be used at a later date. A significant part of the program's goal is to increase the number of customers who purchase iPhones at Apple stores rather than carrier stores.[86]
On September 20, 2013, the sales date of the iPhone 5S and 5C models, the longest ever queue was observed at the New York City flagship Apple store, in addition to prominent queues in San Francisco, and Canada; however, locations throughout the world were identified for the anticipation of corresponding consumers.[87] Apple also increased production of the gold-colored iPhone 5S by an additional one-third due to the particularly strong demand that emerged.[88] Apple had decided to introduce a gold model after finding that gold was seen as a popular sign of a luxury product among Chinese customers.[89]
Apple released its opening weekend sales results for the 5C and 5S models, showing an all-time high for the product's sales figures, with nine million handsets sold—the previous record was set in 2012, when five million handsets were sold during the opening weekend of the 5 model. This was the first time that Apple has simultaneously launched two models and the inclusion of China in the list of markets contributed to the record sales result.[90] Apple also announced that, as of September 23, 2013, 200 million devices were running the iOS 7 update, making it the "fastest software upgrade in history."[91]
An Apple Store located at the Christiana Mall in Newark, Delaware, claimed the highest iPhones sales figures in November 2013. The store's high sales results are due to the absence of a sales tax in the state of Delaware.[92]
The finalization of a deal between Apple and China Mobile, the world's largest mobile network, was announced in late December 2013. The multi-year agreement provides iPhone access to over 760 million China Mobile subscribers.[93]
In the first quarter of 2014, Apple reported that it had sold 51 million iPhones, an all-time quarterly record, compared to 47.8 million in the year-ago quarter.[94][95]
iPhone Upgrade Program
The iPhone Upgrade Program is a 24-month program designed for consumers to be able to get the latest iPhone every year, without paying the whole price up-front. The program consists of "low monthly payments", where consumers will gradually pay for the iPhone they have over a 24-month period, with an opportunity to switch (upgrade) to the new iPhone after 12 months of payment have passed. Once 12 months have passed, consumers can trade their current iPhone with a new one, and the payments are transferred from the old device to the new device, and the program "restarts" with a new 24-month period.[96]
Additional features of the program include unlocked handsets, which means consumers are free to pick the network carrier they want, and two-year AppleCare+ protection, which includes "hardware repairs, software support, and coverage for up to two incidents of accidental damage".[96][97]
Criticism of the program includes the potential endless cycle of payments, with The Huffington Post's Damon Beres writing, "Complete the full 24-month payment cycle, and you're stuck with an outdated phone. Upgrade every 12 months, and you'll never stop owing Apple money for iPhones". Additionally, the program is limited to just the iPhone hardware; cell phone service from a network operator is not included.[98]
Legacy
Before the release of the iPhone, handset manufacturers such as Nokia and Motorola were enjoying record sales of cell phones based more on fashion and brand rather than technological innovation.[99] The smartphone market, dominated at the time by BlackBerry OS and Windows Mobile devices, was a "staid, corporate-led smartphone paradigm" focused on enterprise needs. Phones at the time were designed around carrier and business limits which were conservative with regards to bandwidth usage and battery life.[100][101] Phones were sold in a very large number of models, often segmented by marketing strategy, confusing customers and sapping engineering resources.[102][103] For example, phones marketed at business were often deliberately stripped of cameras or the ability to play music and games.[104] Apple's approach was to deliberately simplify its product line by offering just one model a year for all customers while making it an expensive, high-end product.
Apple's marketing, building on successful iPod campaigns, helped the phone become a mass-market product with many buyers on launch day. Some market research has found that, compared to other products, a greater proportion of iPhone users are female.[105] In 2012, Ars Technica wrote that Apple had avoided the kind of "patronizing" marketing that competitors used to sell low-quality, high-priced products to women.[106]
When then-CEO of Research in Motion Mike Lazaridis pried open an iPhone, his impression was of a Mac stuffed into a cellphone, as it used much more memory and processing power than the smartphones on the market at the time.[100][101] With its capacitive touchscreen and consumer-friendly design, the iPhone fundamentally changed the mobile industry; Steve Jobs proclaimed in 2007 that the phone was not just a communication tool but a way of life.[107]
The dominant mobile operating systems at the time such as Symbian, BlackBerry OS, and Windows Mobile were not designed to handle tasks beyond communication and basic functions. These operating systems never focused on applications and developers, and due to infighting among manufacturers as well as the complexity of developing on their low-memory hardware, they never developed a thriving ecosystem like Apple's App Store or Android's Google Play.[107][108] iPhone OS (renamed iOS in 2010) was designed with capabilities such as multitasking and graphics to meet future consumer demands.[104] Many services were provided by mobile carriers, who often extensively customized devices. Meanwhile, Apple's decision to base its OS on OS X had the unexpected benefit of allowing OS X developers to rapidly expand into iOS development.[109] Rival manufacturers have been forced to spend more on software and development costs to catch up to the iPhone. The iPhone's success has led to a decline in sales of high-end fashion phones and business-oriented smartphones such as Vertu and BlackBerry, as well as Nokia.[107][110] Nokia realised the limitations of its operating system Symbian and attempted to develop a more advanced system, Maemo, without success. It ultimately agreed to a technology-sharing deal and then a takeover from Microsoft.[111]
Before the iPhone, "Handsets were viewed largely as cheap, disposable lures, massively subsidized to snare subscribers and lock them into using the carriers' proprietary services." However, Wired wrote, "Apple retained complete control over the design, manufacturing, and marketing of the iPhone", meaning that it and not the carrier would control the software updates, and by extension security patches. By contrast, Google has allowed carriers and OEMs to dictate the "pace of upgrades and pre-load phones with their own software on top of Android". As a result, many Android OEMs often lag months behind Google's release of the next iteration of Android; although Nexus and Pixel devices are guaranteed two years of operating system updates and a third additional year for security. However, Apple has supported older iterations of iPhones for over four years.[27] Some of the newer generations of iPhone have hit six years of support.[112]
Production
Up to the iPhone 4, all iPhone models, as well as other iOS devices were manufactured exclusively by Foxconn, based in Taiwan. In 2011, after Tim Cook became CEO of the company, Apple changed its outsourcing strategy, for the first time increasing its supply partners. The iPhone 4s in 2012 was the first model to be manufactured simultaneously by two stand-alone companies: Foxconn and Pegatron, both based in Taiwan. Although Foxconn is still responsible for the larger share of production, Pegatron's orders have been slowly increased, with the company being tasked with producing a part of the iPhone 5C line in 2013, and 30% of the iPhone 6 devices in 2014. The 6 Plus model is being produced solely by Foxconn.[113] In 2019, there were reports stating that some of Foxconn's managers had used rejected parts to build iPhones, and that Apple was investigating the issue.[114] In India, Apple contracts Wistron, a Taiwan-based manufacturer with a plant located near Bangalore, to assemble iPhones to sell in the region.[115]
Hardware
Screen and input
The touchscreen on the first five generations is a 3.5 inches (90 mm) liquid crystal display with scratch-resistant glass; The one on the iPhone 5, 5C, 5S, and first generation SE is 4 inches (100 mm); The size of the iPhone 6, 6S, 7, 8, and second generation SE is 4.7 inches (120 mm); the iPhone 6 Plus, 6S Plus, 7 Plus, and 8 Plus is 5.5 inches (140 mm); The iPhone X, XS, and 11 Pro with 5.8 inches (150 mm); The iPhone XR, and 11 with 6.1 inches (150 mm); and the iPhone XS Max and 11 Pro Max with 6.5 inches (170 mm).[8] The capacitive touchscreen is designed for a bare finger, or multiple fingers for multi-touch sensing. The screens on the first three generations have a resolution of 320×480 (HVGA) at 163 ppi; those on the iPhone 4 and iPhone 4S have a resolution of 640×960 at 326 ppi; the 4 inches (100 mm) models, with 640×1136 at 326 ppi; the 4.7 inches (120 mm) models, with 750×1334 at 326 ppi; the 5.5 inches (140 mm) models, with 1080×1920 at 401 ppi; and the 5.8 inches (150 mm) model X, with 1125×2436 at 458 ppi. The initial models were using twisted-nematic (TN) LCDs. Starting with iPhone 4, the technology was changed to in-plane switching (IPS) LCDs. The iPhone 5 model's screen results in an aspect ratio of approximately 16:9. The iPhone X is the first iPhone to use an OLED display. It has a near bezel-less screen with a ≈19.5:9 aspect ratio.[116]
The touch and gesture features of the iPhone are based on technology originally developed by FingerWorks.[117] Most gloves and styli prevent the necessary electrical conductivity;[118][119][120][121] although capacitive styli can be used with iPhone's finger-touch screen. The iPhone 3GS and later also feature a fingerprint-resistant oleophobic coating.[122]
The iPhone has a minimal hardware user interface, with most models featuring five buttons. The only physical menu button is situated directly below the display and is called the "Home button" because its primary function is to close the active app and navigates to the home screen of the interface. Earlier models included a rounded square, reminiscent of the shape of icons on the home screen, however, new models which include Apple's fingerprint recognition feature Touch ID (which use the Home button as the fingerprint sensor) have no symbol. The iPhone X and later with the exception of the iPhone SE (2nd generation) don't have a Home button but instead Face ID, a facial recognition authentication method.[123]
A multi-function sleep/wake button is located on top of the device on earlier models. In the newer models starting with the iPhone 6, it is on right of the device. It serves as the unit's power button, and also controls phone calls. When a call is received, pressing the sleep/wake button once silences the ringtone, and when pressed twice transfers the call to voicemail. Situated on the left spine are the volume adjustment controls. The iPhone 4 has two separate circular buttons to increase and decrease the volume; all earlier models house two switches under a single plastic panel, known as a rocker switch, which could reasonably be counted as either one or two buttons.
Directly above the volume controls is a ring/silent switch that when engaged mutes telephone ringing, alert sounds from new & sent emails, text messages, and other push notifications, camera shutter sounds, Voice Memo sound effects, phone lock/unlock sounds, keyboard clicks, and spoken auto-corrections. This switch does not mute alarm sounds from the Clock application, and in some countries or regions it will not mute the camera shutter or Voice Memo sound effects.[124] All buttons except Home were made of plastic on the original first-generation iPhone and metal on all later models. The touchscreen furnishes the remainder of the user interface.
A software update in January 2008[125] allowed the first-generation iPhone to use cell tower and Wi-Fi network locations trilateration,[126] despite lacking GPS hardware. Since the iPhone 3G generation, the iPhone employs A-GPS operated by the United States. Since the iPhone 4S generation the device also supports the GLONASS global positioning system, which is operated by Russia. Since the iPhone 8 it supports Galileo.[127]
3D Touch and Haptic Touch
The iPhone 6S and 6S Plus, introduced in 2015, feature 3D Touch displays which allow the screen to recognize how hard it is being pressed using pressure-sensitive multi-touch technology, and a new Taptic Engine to provide haptic feedback.[128] In addition to visual cues, 3D Touch uses the Taptic Engine to provide a tactile sensation relative to the force being applied to the display to indicate to the user that a light or deep press action has been completed. An example of how this technology was used is lightly pressing the screen to preview a photograph and deeply pressing to open it, a feature dubbed 'Peek and Pop' by Apple.[129]
All iPhones starting with the iPhone 6s (with the exception of the first-generation iPhone SE and iPhone XR[130]) had this feature. Starting in 2019 however, 3D Touch was omitted on all iPhones starting with the iPhone 11/iPhone 11 Pro, and its software features were removed from iOS 13 and later in favour of Haptic Touch. Haptic Touch retains much of the functionality of 3D Touch but cannot detect pressure, as the display lacks integrated capacitive sensors. Actions that previously required a deep press now only require a long press, and the haptic feedback is no longer associated with the applied pressure but rather the touch duration. Due to the migration from 3D Touch to Haptic Touch, all iPad models that can update to iPadOS 13, along with the first-generation iPhone SE and seventh-generation iPod touch, which previously did not support 3D Touch, gained similar Haptic Touch functionality with the iOS 13 and iPadOS 13 updates, although without any haptic feedback.
Sensors
iPhones feature a number of sensors, which are used to adjust the screen based on operating conditions, enable motion-controlled games, location-based services, unlock the phone, and authenticate purchases with Apple Pay, among many other things.
Proximity sensor
A proximity sensor deactivates the display and touchscreen when the device is brought near the face during a call. This is done to save battery power and to prevent inadvertent inputs from the user's face and ears.[131]
Ambient light sensor
An ambient light sensor adjusts the display brightness which saves battery power and prevents the screen from being too bright or too dark.[132]
Accelerometer
A 3-axis accelerometer senses the orientation of the phone and changes the screen accordingly, allowing the user to easily switch between portrait and landscape mode.[133] Photo browsing, web browsing, and music playing support both upright and left or right widescreen orientations.[134] Unlike the iPad, the iPhone does not rotate the screen when turned upside-down, with the Home button above the screen, unless the running program has been specifically designed to do so. The 3.0 update added landscape support for still other applications, such as email, and introduced shaking the unit as a form of input (generally for undo functionality).[135][136] The accelerometer can also be used to control third-party apps, notably games. It is also used for fitness tracking purposes, primarily as a pedometer. Starting with the iPhone 5S, this functionality was included in the M7 Motion coprocessor and subsequent revisions of the embedded chip.
Magnetometer
A magnetometer is built-in since the iPhone 3GS, which is used to measure the strength and direction of the magnetic field in the vicinity of the device. Sometimes certain devices or radio signals can interfere with the magnetometer requiring users to either move away from the interference or re-calibrate by moving the device in a figure-eight motion. Since the iPhone 3GS, the iPhone also features a Compass app, which was unique at time of release, showing a compass that points in the direction of the magnetic field.
Gyroscopic sensor
Beginning with the iPhone 4, Apple's smartphones also include a gyroscopic sensor, enhancing its perception of how it is moved.[137]
Radio
Some previous iPhone models contained a chip capable of receiving radio signals;[138] however, Apple has the FM radio feature switched off because there was no antenna connected to the chip. Later iterations of the iPhone (starting with the iPhone 7), however, do not contain radio chips at all.[139] A campaign called "Free Radio On My Phone" was started to encourage cellphone manufacturers such as Apple to enable the radio on the phones they manufacture, reasons cited were that radio drains less power and is useful in an emergency such as the 2016 Fort McMurray Wildfire.[140]
Fingerprint sensor
Until 2017, iPhone models starting from iPhone 5S (excluding the iPhone 5C) featured Apple's fingerprint recognition sensor. It is used for unlocking the device and authenticating Apple Pay purchases (since the iPhone 6) using Touch ID. It is located in the home button. Touch ID has been replaced by Face ID (excluding the iPhone SE (2nd generation)), starting with the iPhone X.
Barometer
Included on the iPhone 6 and later (excluding the iPhone SE (1st generation)), a barometer is used to determine air pressure and elevation.[141]
Facial recognition sensor
Starting with the iPhone X, a facial recognition sensor, named the TrueDepth camera system, is featured. It is used for unlocking the device and for authenticating purchases using Face ID. It can also be used for Animojis and AR.
Audio and output
On the bottom of the iPhone, there is a speaker to the left of the dock connector and a microphone to the right. There is an additional loudspeaker above the screen that serves as an earpiece during phone calls. The iPhone 4 includes an additional microphone at the top of the unit for noise cancellation, and switches the placement of the microphone and speaker on the base on the unit—the speaker is on the right.[142] Volume controls are located on the left side of all iPhone models and as a slider in the iPod application.
The 3.5 mm TRRS connector for the headphones is located on the top left corner of the device for the first five generations (original through 4S), after which time it was moved to the bottom left corner.[143] The headphone socket on the first-generation iPhone is recessed into the casing, making it incompatible with most headsets without the use of an adapter.[144] Subsequent generations eliminated the problem by using a flush-mounted headphone socket. Cars equipped with an auxiliary jack allow handsfree use of the iPhone while driving as a substitute for Bluetooth. The iPhone 7 and later have no 3.5 mm headphone jack,[145] and instead headsets must connect to the iPhone by Bluetooth, use Apple's Lightning port (which has replaced the 3.5 mm headphone jack), or (for traditional headsets) use the Lightning to 3.5 mm headphone jack adapter, which is included with iPhone 7 up until iPhone X and plugs into the Lightning port. This adapter is available for purchase at several leading retailers.[146]
Apple's own headset has a multipurpose button near the microphone that can play or pause music, skip tracks, and answer or end phone calls without touching the iPhone. Some third-party headsets designed for the iPhone also include the microphone and control button.[147] The current headsets also provide volume controls, which are only compatible with more recent models.[148] A fourth ring in the audio jack carries this extra information.
The built-in Bluetooth 2.x+EDR supports wireless earpieces and headphones, which requires the HSP profile. Stereo audio was added in the 3.0 update for hardware that supports A2DP.[135][136] While non-sanctioned third-party solutions exist, the iPhone does not officially support the OBEX file transfer protocol.[149] The lack of these profiles prevents iPhone users from exchanging multimedia files, such as pictures, music and videos, with other Bluetooth-enabled cell phones.
Composite[150] or component[151] video at up to 576i and stereo audio can be output from the dock connector using an adapter sold by Apple. iPhone 4 also supports 1024×768 VGA output[152] without audio, and HDMI output,[153] with stereo audio, via dock adapters.
Battery
The iPhone features an internal rechargeable lithium-ion battery. Like an iPod, but unlike most other mobile phones at the time of its launch, the battery is not user-replaceable.[144][154] The iPhone can be charged when connected to a computer for syncing across the included USB to dock connector cable, similar to charging an iPod. Alternatively, a USB to AC adapter (or "wall charger", also included) can be connected to the cable to charge directly from an AC outlet. Some models of the iPhone support wireless charging.[155] A distinction to Android devices is that connecting an iPhone to a charger while powered off causes it to power on rather than showing a battery indicator without booting.[156][157]
Apple runs tests on preproduction units to determine battery life. Apple's website says that the battery life "is designed to retain up to 80% of its original capacity after 500 complete charge cycles".[158]
The battery life of early models of the iPhone has been criticized by several technology journalists as insufficient and less than Apple's claims.[159][160][161][162] This is also reflected by a J. D. Power and Associates customer satisfaction survey, which gave the "battery aspects" of the iPhone 3G its lowest rating of two out of five stars.[163][164]
If the battery malfunctions or dies prematurely, the phone can be returned to Apple and replaced for free while still under warranty.[165] The warranty lasts one year from purchase and can be extended to two years with AppleCare. The battery replacement service and its pricing was not made known to buyers until the day the product was launched;[166][167] it is similar to how Apple (and third parties) replace batteries for iPods. The Foundation for Taxpayer and Consumer Rights, a consumer advocate group, has sent a complaint to Apple and AT&T over the fee that consumers have to pay to have the battery replaced.[166]
Since iOS 10.2.1, Apple has instituted a policy of employing "performance management" techniques (including CPU throttling) on iPhone devices whose batteries are degraded, in order to maintain device stability and prolong their lifespan. These changes came in the wake of reported issues with unexpected shutdowns on certain iPhone models following the release of iOS 10.1.1. In response to criticism over the practice, including concerns over this being a form of planned obsolescence, Apple announced that it would offer discounted battery replacements for iPhone 6 and newer in 2018, and that it would add additional battery health information on a future version of iOS (iOS 11.3, which also allows users to disable this throttling).[168][169][170]
Since July 2007, third-party battery replacement kits have been available[171] at a much lower price than Apple's own battery replacement program. These kits often include a small screwdriver and an instruction leaflet, but as with many newer iPod models the battery in the first generation iPhone has been soldered in. Therefore, a soldering iron is required to install the new battery. The iPhone 3G uses a different battery fitted with a connector that is easier to replace.[172] The iPhone X features a different battery, with two battery cells, and the adhesive pull tabs are adhered to the sides instead of folded over the top, therefore making repairs a little more difficult than before.[173]
A patent filed by the corporation, published in late July 2013, revealed the development of a new iPhone battery system that uses location data in combination with data on the user's habits to moderate the handsets' power settings accordingly. Apple is working towards a power management system that will provide features such as the ability to estimate the length of time a user will be away from a power source to modify energy usage and a detection function that adjusts the charging rate to best suit the type of power source that is being used.[174]
Camera
The first-generation iPhone and iPhone 3G have a fixed-focus 2.0-megapixel camera on the back for digital photos. It has no optical zoom, flash or autofocus, and does not natively support video recording. Video recording is possible on the first-generation iPhone and iPhone 3G via a third-party app available on the App Store or through jailbreaking. iPhone OS 2.0 introduced geotagging for photos.
The iPhone 3GS has a 3.2-megapixel camera with autofocus, auto white balance, and auto macro (up to 10 cm). Manufactured by OmniVision, the camera can also capture 640×480 (VGA resolution) video at 30 frames per second.[175] The video can be cropped on the iPhone and directly uploaded to YouTube or other services.
The iPhone 4 introduced a 5.0-megapixel camera (2592×1936 pixels) that can record video at 720p resolution, considered high-definition. It also has a backside-illuminated sensor that can capture pictures in low light and an LED flash that can stay lit while recording video.[176] It is the first iPhone that can natively do high dynamic range photography.[177] The iPhone 4 also has a second camera on the front that can take VGA photos and record SD video. Saved recordings may be synced to the host computer, attached to email, or (where supported) sent by MMS.
The iPhone 4S' camera can shoot 8-MP stills and 1080p video can be accessed directly from the lock screen and can be triggered using the volume-up button as a shutter trigger. The built-in gyroscope can stabilize the image while recording video.
The iPhone 5 and iPhone 4S, running iOS 6 or later, can take panoramas using the built-in camera app,[178] and the iPhone 5 can also take still photos while recording video.[179]
The camera on the iPhone 5 reportedly shows purple haze when the light source is just out of frame,[180] although Consumer Reports said it "is no more prone to purple hazing on photos shot into a bright light source than its predecessor or than several Android phones with fine cameras..."[181]
On all five model generations, the phone can be configured to bring up the camera app by quickly pressing the home key twice.[182] On all iPhones running iOS 5, it can also be accessed from the lock screen directly.
The iPhone 5S features True Tone Flash, which has two LED lights, white and amber, that will improve white balance and will be adjusted in 1,000 combinations. Its image sensor is now 15 percent larger than its previous model. The iPhone 5C, however, has the same camera features as the iPhone 5.
The iPhone 6 and 6 Plus include phase detection autofocus, while the 6 Plus has Optical Image Stabilization. Both models can shoot 1080p videos at 60 frames per second.
With the release of iOS 8, the iPhone 4S and later models can now shoot time-lapse videos, with its capability to switch frame rates automatically as the recording increases its time.[183]
The iPhone 6S and 6S Plus are outfitted with a 12-megapixel camera, with 4K video capability at 30fps. The front-facing camera is upgraded to 5 megapixels. Other features added are Live Photos and Retina Flash, which turns the screen into a giant flash.[184] The user may change the resolution between 4K and 1080p in Settings.
The first-generation iPhone SE features the same 12 MP camera found on the iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus models, with the same 4K video capability, but its front camera only has 1.2 MP.
The iPhone 7 features optical image stabilization on its rear camera, a feature that was previously exclusive to the Plus models, and the 7 Plus is the first iPhone to feature dual-lens cameras (both 12 MP). Both models have a 7 MP front-facing camera. The second camera on the iPhone 7 Plus is a telephoto lens, which enables 2× optical zoom and up to 10× digital zoom. The rear cameras on the 7 and 7 Plus both have an f/1.8 aperture.[145] It also has a new quad-LED True Tone flash, which is brighter compared to its predecessors.
The iPhone 8 camera remains largely the same as its predecessor, but it features a larger sensor and a newer color filter. The camera can also now record 4K at 60 and 24 frames per second, and slow-mo at 1080p in 240 frames per second. The new camera system also enables Portrait Lighting, which defines the light in a scene. It also features a quad-LED True Tone flash with 2× better light uniformity and Slow Sync.[185]
The iPhone X camera is almost the same as the iPhone 8's camera, but the telephoto lens has an aperture of f/2.4 and optical image stabilization.[186] The front camera also has Portrait Mode and Portrait Lighting, due to the new TrueDepth camera system.[187]
The iPhone XS, XS Max, and XR have an updated 12MP (1/2.55") sensor size with a 1.4 μm pixel size. The XS series has a telephoto lens, while the lower end XR has only one lens. It also features Smart HDR, using the power of A12 Bionic chip, along with the Neural Engine, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and some advancements to provide better photos with improved dynamic range.[188]
The iPhone 11, 11 Pro and 11 Pro Max introduced an ultrawide lens; the latter two became the first triple-camera iPhones. The 11 has a dual-lens setup, lacking the telephoto lens of the 11 Pro and 11 Pro Max. The front camera is now capable of recording video at 4K as a result of a new 12 MP sensor, and can also capture slow-motion footage.
The second-generation iPhone SE's camera hardware is the same as the iPhone 8, but adds Portrait mode, Portrait lighting, Smart HDR, extended dynamic range for video up to 30 fps, stereo recording and cinematic video stabilization.
Storage
The iPhone was initially released with two options for internal storage size: 4 or 8 GB. On September 5, 2007, Apple discontinued the 4 GB models.[189] On February 5, 2008, Apple added a 16 GB model.[190]
The iPhone 3GS came in 16 and 32 GB variants and remained available in 8 GB until September 2012, more than three years after its launch.
The iPhone 4 was available in 16 and 32 GB variants, as well as an 8 GB variant, to be sold alongside the iPhone 4S at a reduced price point. The iPhone 4S was available in three sizes: 16, 32, and 64 GB.[191]
The iPhone 5 and 5S were available in the same three sizes as the iPhone 4S: 16, 32, and 64 GB.[192][193] The lower-cost iPhone 5C model was initially available in 16 and 32 GB models; an 8 GB model was added later.
The iPhone 6 and 6S were available in three sizes at launch: 16, 64, and 128 GB. The first-generation iPhone SE was available in 16 and 64 GB variants at launch.[194]
When the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus were released, Apple changed the base model storage capacity from 16 to 32 GB. Both the iPhone 7 and 7 Plus have configurations of 32, 128, and 256 GB storage.[195] Apple doubled the storage on the iPhone 6S and 6S Plus in two configurations (32 and 128 GB), as well as the first-generation iPhone SE six months later.
The iPhone 8, 8 Plus, and X have changed their base model capacity again to 64GB while retaining the 256GB storage option. In 2019, the 256GB storage option on the iPhone 8 and 8 Plus was discontinued and replaced by a 128GB option.
The iPhone XS and iPhone XS Max introduced a 512GB storage option, in addition to the existing 64 and 256GB options. The iPhone XR comes in three storage options: 64, 128, and 256GB. The 256GB model on the iPhone XR was discontinued in 2019 and remained with two remaining storage options.
The iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 11 Pro Max were available in the same three storage options as the iPhone XS and iPhone XS Max: 64, 256, and 512GB storage options. The iPhone 11 comes with the same storage options as the iPhone XR: 64, 128, and 256 GB.
The second-generation iPhone SE is available in the same storage options as the iPhone XR and iPhone 11: 64, 128 and 256GB configurations.
The iPhone 12 Pro and iPhone 12 Pro Max replaced the base 64 GB model with a 128 GB model, and have the same 256 GB and 512 GB options as the XS and 11 Pro. The iPhone 12 and iPhone 12 mini will come in 64, 128 and 256 GB configurations.
SIM card
GSM models of the iPhone use a SIM card to identify themselves to the GSM network. The SIM sits in a tray, which is inserted into a slot at the top of the device. The SIM tray can be ejected with a paper clip or the "SIM ejector tool" (a simple piece of die-cut sheet metal) included with the iPhone 3G and 3GS in the United States and with all models elsewhere in the world.[196][197] Some iPhone models shipped with a SIM ejector tool which was fabricated from an alloy dubbed "Liquidmetal".[198] In most countries, the iPhone is usually sold with a SIM lock, which prevents the iPhone from being used on a different mobile network.[199]
The GSM iPhone 4 features a MicroSIM card that is located in a slot on the right side of the device.[200]
The CDMA model of the iPhone 4, just the same as any other CDMA-only cell phone, does not use a SIM card or have a SIM card slot.
An iPhone 4S activated on a CDMA carrier, however, does have a SIM card slot but does not rely on a SIM card for activation on that CDMA network. A CDMA-activated iPhone 4S usually has a carrier-approved roaming SIM preloaded in its SIM slot at the time of purchase that is used for roaming on certain carrier-approved international GSM networks only. The SIM slot is locked to only use the roaming SIM card provided by the CDMA carrier.[201]
In the case of Verizon, for example, one can request that the SIM slot be unlocked for international use by calling their support number and requesting an international unlock if their account has been in good standing for the past 60 days.[202] This method only unlocks the iPhone 4S for use on international carriers. An iPhone 4S that has been unlocked in this way will reject any non-international SIM cards (AT&T Mobility or T-Mobile USA, for example).
The iPhone 5 and later iPhones use nano-SIM in order to save space internally. The iPhone XS and later iPhones added eSIM support in addition to nano-SIM, therefore they support Dual SIM functionality.
Liquid contact indicators
All iPhones (as well as many other devices by Apple) have a small disc at the bottom of the headphone jack that changes from white to red on contact with water; the iPhone 3G and later models also have a similar indicator at the bottom of the dock connector.[203] Because Apple warranties do not cover water damage, employees examine the indicators before approving warranty repair or replacement. However, with the adoption of water resistance as a feature of the iPhone, this practice is no longer in use by Apple.
The iPhone's indicators are more exposed than those in some mobile phones from other manufacturers, which carry them in a more protected location, such as beneath the battery behind a battery cover. These indicators can be triggered during routine use, by an owner's sweat,[204] steam in a bathroom, and other light environmental moisture.[205] Criticism led Apple to change its water damage policy for iPhones and similar products, allowing customers to request further internal inspection of the phone to verify if internal liquid damage sensors were triggered.[206]
Included items
All iPhone models include written documentation, and a dock connector to USB cable. The first generation and 3G iPhones also came with a cleaning cloth. The first generation iPhone includes a stereo headset (earbuds and a microphone) and a plastic dock to hold the unit upright while charging and syncing. The iPhone 3G includes a similar headset plus a SIM eject tool (the first generation model requires a paperclip). The iPhone 3GS includes the SIM eject tool and a revised headset, which adds volume buttons (not functional with previous iPhone versions).[148][207]
The iPhone 3G and 3GS are compatible with the same dock, sold separately, but not the first generation model's dock.[208] All versions include a USB power adapter, or "wall charger", which allows the iPhone to charge from an AC outlet. The iPhone 3G and iPhone 3GS sold in North America, Japan, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru[209][210] include an ultracompact USB power adapter.
In October 2020 at the iPhone 12 virtual event, Apple announced that they will be removing the power adapter and EarPods from iPhone packaging.[211]
Payments
In September 2014, with the launch of the iPhone 6, Apple announced Apple Pay, a mobile payment system. The feature, aimed to "revolutionize" the way users pay, uses an NFC chip, Touch ID fingerprint scanner (Face ID on iPhone X and later), Apple's Wallet app, and a dedicated "Secure Element" chip for encrypted payment information to make purchases at participating stores, both physical and online.[212]
Taptic Engine
All iPhone models have a haptic engine to vibrate when a notification or alert, incoming call, etc. iPhone models before the iPhone 4S use an eccentric rotating mass motor. The iPhone 4S uses a linear resonant actuator vibrator, which usually uses less power and creates a quieter vibration.[213] However, the iPhone 5, 5C, and 5S uses an eccentric rotating mass motor. It is unsure as to why Apple decided to switch back. However, the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus uses a linear resonant actuator vibrator.
iPhone 6S and after uses taptic engine for vibration and haptic feedback, which works similar to the eccentric rotating mass motor.[214]
Software
The iPhone runs an operating system known as iOS (formerly iPhone OS).[215] It is a variant of the Darwin operating system core found in macOS. Also included is the "Core Animation" software component from Mac OS X v10.5 Leopard. Together with the graphics hardware (and on the iPhone 3GS, OpenGL ES 2.0), it is responsible for the interface's motion graphics. The iPhone comes with a set of bundled applications developed by Apple,[216] and supports downloading third-party applications through the App Store.[217]
Apple provides free[218] updates to the operating system for the iPhone either wirelessly or through iTunes.[219] Major new updates have historically accompanied new models.[220][221]
The size of the operating system depends on the version. While iOS 8 required over 4.5 GB, its successor required only 1.3 GB.[222]
Interface
The interface is based around the home screen, a graphical list of available applications. iPhone applications normally run one at a time. Starting with the iPhone 4, a primitive version of multitasking came into play. Users could double click the home button to select recently opened applications.[223] However, the apps never ran in the background. Starting with iOS 7, though, apps can truly multitask, and each open application runs in the background when not in use, although most functionality is still available when making a call or listening to music. The home screen can be accessed by a hardware button below the screen on the iPhone 8 and earlier. iPhone X and later models, with the exception of the second-generation iPhone SE, instead use touch-based gestures.
The original iPhone contained the following apps: Messages (SMS and MMS messaging), Calendar, Photos, Camera, YouTube, Stocks, Maps (Google Maps), Weather, Voice Memos, Notes, Clock, Calculator, Settings and iTunes (store). The App Store was introduced in iPhone OS 2 for the original iPhone and iPhone 3G. Compass was added in iPhone OS 3 for the iPhone 3GS. FaceTime and Game Center were added in iOS 4 and 4.1 respectively. In iOS 5, Reminders and Newsstand were added, and the iPod application was split into separate Music and Videos applications. iOS 6 added Passbook as well as a new version of Maps called Apple Maps that relies on data provided by TomTom as well as other sources, and YouTube no longer came as a pre-installed application starting from that version. iOS 7 introduced a modern flat design for the interface and added a motion-based parallax feature to give the device a quasi-3D effect. iOS 8 added Health app. iOS 9 replaced Newsstand and Passbook with News and Wallet. iOS 10 introduced Home and dedicated a page on the home screen for the widgets. iOS 11 added Files. iOS 12 introduced Measure, an app that uses AR technology to measure objects and things. It is available on devices with an A9 chip or newer.
Docked at the base of the screen, four icons for Phone, Mail, Safari (Internet), and Music delineate the iPhone's main purposes.[224] On January 15, 2008, Apple released software update 1.1.3, allowing users to create "Web Clips", home screen icons that resemble apps that open a user-defined page in Safari. After the update, iPhone users can rearrange and place icons (by holding down on any icon and moving it to the desired location once they start shaking) on up to nine other adjacent home screens, accessed by a horizontal swipe.[125]
Users can also add and delete icons from the dock, which is the same on every home screen. The dock holds up to four icons and is located at the bottom section of the screen. Each home screen holds up to twenty icons for the first-generation iPhone, 3G, 3GS, 4 and 4S; The iPhone 5, 5C, 5S, and first-generation iPhone SE hold up to twenty-four icons; while the iPhone 6 and later iPhone models support up to twenty-eight icons. Users can delete Web Clips and third-party applications at any time and may select only certain applications for transfer from iTunes. Apple's default programs could only be removed since the iOS 10 update. The 3.0 update added a system-wide search, known as Spotlight, to the left of the first home screen.[135][136]
Almost all input is given through the touch screen, which understands complex gestures using multi-touch. The iPhone's interaction techniques enable the user to move the content up or down by a touch-drag motion of the finger. For example, zooming in and out of web pages and photos is done by placing two fingers on the screen and spreading them farther apart or bringing them closer together, a gesture known as "pinching".
Scrolling through a long list or menu is achieved by sliding a finger over the display from bottom to top, or vice versa to go back. In either case, the list moves as if it is pasted on the outer surface of a wheel, slowly decelerating as if affected by friction. In this way, the interface simulates the physics of a real object. Unlike previous scrollable views, in which the user pressed a "down" control to move the view "downwards", on iOS the user pushes upwards, as if moving a "plank of wood floating on the water", creating the impression that the user is directly manipulating the content displayed on the screen.[225][226]
Other user-centered interactive effects include horizontally sliding sub-selection, the vertically sliding keyboard and bookmarks menu, and widgets that turn around to allow settings to be configured on the other side. Menu bars are found at the top and bottom of the screen when necessary. Their options vary by program but always follow a consistent style motif. In menu hierarchies, a "back" button in the top-left corner of the screen displays the name of the parent folder.
Phone
The iPhone allows audio conferencing, call holding, call merging, caller ID, and integration with other cellular network features and iPhone functions. For example, if music is playing when a call is received, the music fades out and fades back in when the call has ended.
The proximity sensor shuts off the screen and touch-sensitive circuitry when the iPhone is brought close to the face, both to save battery and prevent unintentional touches. The iPhone does not support video calling or videoconferencing on versions prior to the fourth generation, as there is only one camera on the opposite side of the screen.[227]
The iPhone 4 supports video calling using either the front or back camera over Wi-Fi, a feature Apple calls FaceTime.[228] Voice control, introduced in the iPhone 3GS, allows users to say a contact's name or number and the iPhone will dial it.[229] The first two models only support voice dialing through third-party applications.[230]
The iPhone includes a visual voicemail (in some countries)[231] feature allowing users to view a list of current voicemail messages on-screen without having to call into their voicemail. Unlike most other systems, messages can be listened to and deleted in a non-chronological order by choosing any message from an on-screen list.
A music ringtone feature was introduced in the United States on September 5, 2007. Users can create custom ringtones from songs purchased from the iTunes Store for a small additional fee. The ringtones can be three to 30 seconds long from any part of a song, can fade in and out, pause from half a second to five seconds when looped, or loop continuously. All customizing can be done in iTunes,[232] or with Apple's GarageBand software 4.1.1 or later (available only on Mac OS X)[233] or third-party tools.[234]
With the release of iOS 6, which was released on September 19, 2012, Apple added features that enable the user to have options to decline a phone call when a person is calling them. The user can reply with a message, or set a reminder to call them back at a later time.[235]
Multimedia
The layout of the music library is similar to that of an iPod. The iPhone can sort its media library by songs, artists, albums, videos, playlists, genres, composers, podcasts, audiobooks, and compilations. Options are presented alphabetically, except in playlists, which retain their order from iTunes. The iPhone uses a large font that allows users plenty of room to touch their selection.
Users can rotate their device horizontally to landscape mode to access Cover Flow. Like on iTunes, this feature shows the different album covers in a scroll-through photo library. Scrolling is achieved by swiping a finger across the screen. Alternatively, headset controls can be used to pause, play, skip, and repeat tracks. On the iPhone 3GS, the volume can be changed with the included Apple Earphones, and the Voice Control feature can be used to identify a track, play songs in a playlist or by a specific artist, or create a Genius playlist.[229]
The iPhone supports gapless playback.[236] Like the fifth-generation iPods introduced in 2005, the iPhone can play digital video, allowing users to watch TV shows and movies in widescreen. Double-tapping switches between widescreen and fullscreen video playback.
The iPhone allows users to purchase and download songs from the iTunes Store directly to their iPhone. The feature originally required a Wi-Fi network, but since 2012, it can be used on a cellular data network.[237]
The iPhone includes software that allows the user to upload, view, and email photos taken with the camera. The user zooms in and out of photos by sliding two fingers further apart or closer together, much like Safari. The camera application also lets users view the camera roll, the pictures that have been taken with the iPhone's camera. Those pictures are also available in the Photos application, along with any transferred from iPhoto or Aperture on a Mac, or Photoshop on a Windows PC.
The iPhone did not support voice recording until the 3.0 software update.[135][136]
Internet connectivity
Internet access is available when the iPhone is connected to a local area Wi-Fi or a wide area GSM or EDGE network, both second-generation (2G) wireless data standards. Networks accessible from iPhone models include 1xRTT (represented by a 1× on the status bar) and GPRS (shown as GPRS on the status bar), EDGE (shown as a capital E on the status bar), UMTS and EV-DO (shown as 3G), a faster version of UMTS and 4G (shown as a 4G symbol on the status bar), and LTE (shown as LTE on the status bar).[238] The iPhone 3G introduced support for third-generation UMTS and HSDPA 3.6,[239] the iPhone 4S introduced support for HSUPA networks (14.4 Mbit/s), and support for HSDPA 7.2 was introduced in the iPhone 3GS.[240] and the iPhone 5 introduced support for 4G LTE. 5G Evolution is now supported on AT&T in areas where implemented and stylized as a larger 5G and reduced size capital E.[241] 5GE uses the 4x4 MIMO doubling the number of antennas, 256-QAM, and three-way carrier aggregation. True 5G support was added starting with the iPhone 12 series in fall 2020. All iPhone 12 models support sub-6Ghz frequencies, but only models purchased in the United States support mmWave.[242]
AT&T introduced 3G in July 2004,[243] but as late as 2007, Steve Jobs stated that it was still not widespread enough in the US, and the chipsets not energy efficient enough, to be included in the iPhone.[119][244] Support for 802.1X, an authentication system commonly used by university and corporate Wi-Fi networks, was added in the 2.0 version update.[245]
By default, the iPhone will ask to join newly discovered Wi-Fi networks and prompt for the password when required. Alternatively, it can join closed Wi-Fi networks manually.[246] The iPhone will automatically choose the strongest network, connecting to Wi-Fi instead of EDGE when it is available.[247] Similarly, the iPhone 3G and onwards prefer 3G to 2G, and Wi-Fi to either.[248]
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and 3G (on the iPhone 3G onwards) can all be deactivated individually. Airplane mode disables all wireless connections at once, overriding other preferences. However, once in Airplane mode, one can explicitly enable Wi-Fi and/or Bluetooth modes to join and continue to operate over one or both of those networks while the cellular network transceivers remain off.
Safari is the iPhone's native web browser, and it displays pages similar to its Mac and Windows counterparts. Web pages may be viewed in portrait or landscape mode and the device supports automatic zooming by pinching together or spreading apart fingertips on the screen, or by double-tapping text or images.[249][250] Safari does not allow file downloads except for predefined extensions.
The iPhone does not support Flash, which was still popular when the iPhone was introduced.[251] Consequently, the UK's Advertising Standards Authority adjudicated that an advertisement claiming the iPhone could access "all parts of the internet" should be withdrawn in its current form, on grounds of false advertising. In a rare public letter in April 2010, Apple CEO Steve Jobs outlined the reasoning behind the absence of Flash on the iPhone (and iPad).[252] The iPhone supports SVG, CSS, HTML Canvas, and Bonjour.[253] Google Chrome was introduced to the iOS on June 26, 2012, and Opera mini is also available.
The Maps application can access Google Maps in map, satellite, or hybrid form. It can also generate directions between two locations, while providing optional real-time traffic information. During the iPhone's announcement, Jobs demonstrated this feature by searching for nearby Starbucks locations and then placing a prank call to one with a single tap.[254][255] Support for walking directions, public transit, and street view was added in the version 2.2 software update, but no voice-guided navigation.[256]
The iPhone 3GS and iPhone 4 can orient the map with its digital compass.[257] Apple also developed a separate application to view YouTube videos on the iPhone, which streams videos after encoding them using the H.264 codec. Simple weather and stock quotes applications also tap into the Internet.
iPhone users can and do access the Internet frequently, and in a variety of places. According to Google, in 2008, the iPhone generated 50 times more search requests than any other mobile handset.[258] According to Deutsche Telekom CEO René Obermann, "The average Internet usage for an iPhone customer is more than 100 megabytes. This is 30 times the use for our average contract-based consumer customers."[259] Nielsen found that 98% of iPhone users use data services, and 88% use the internet.[35] In China, the iPhone 3G and iPhone 3GS were built and distributed without Wi-Fi.[260]
With the introduction of the Verizon iPhone in January 2011, the issue of using the internet while on the phone was brought to the public's attention. Under the two U.S. carriers, internet and phone could be used simultaneously on AT&T networks, whereas Verizon networks only support the use of each separately.[261] However, in 2014, Verizon announced that the iPhone 6 and 6 Plus would allow simultaneous voice and data over its LTE Network.[262] T-Mobile and Sprint have enabled calls over Wi-Fi, with Verizon and AT&T soon doing the same.[263]
Text input
For text input, the iPhone implements a virtual keyboard on the touchscreen. It has automatic spell checking and correction, predictive word capabilities, and a dynamic dictionary that learns new words. The keyboard can predict what word the user is typing and complete it, and correct for the accidental pressing of keys near the presumed desired key.[264]
The keys are somewhat larger and spaced farther apart when in landscape mode, which is supported by only a limited number of applications. Touching a section of text for a brief time brings up a magnifying glass, allowing users to place the cursor in the middle of existing text. The virtual keyboard can accommodate 21 languages, including character recognition for Chinese.[265]
Alternative characters with accents (for example, letters from the alphabets of other languages) and emoji can be typed from the keyboard by pressing the letter for two seconds and selecting the alternative character from the popup.[266] The 3.0 update brought support for cut, copy, or pasting text, as well as landscape keyboards in more applications.[135][136] On iPhone 4S and above, Siri allows dictation.
Since iOS 8, third party keyboards, distributed through the App Store, are allowed. Previously, they were only available on jailbroken iPhones.[267]
Email and text messages
The iPhone also features an email program that supports HTML email, which enables the user to embed photos in an email message. PDF, Word, Excel, and PowerPoint attachments to mail messages can be viewed on the phone.[268] Yahoo! offers a free push-email service for the iPhone. IMAP (although not Push-IMAP) and POP3 mail standards are also supported, including Microsoft Exchange[269] and Kerio Connect.[270]
In the first versions of the iPhone firmware, this was accomplished by opening up IMAP on the Exchange server. Apple has also licensed Microsoft ActiveSync and supports the platform (including push email) with the release of iPhone 2.0 firmware.[271][272] The iPhone will sync email account settings over from Apple's own Mail application, Microsoft Outlook, and Microsoft Entourage, or it can be manually configured on the device itself. The email program can access almost any IMAP or POP3 account.[273]
Text messages are presented chronologically in a mailbox format similar to Mail, which places all text from recipients together with replies. Text messages are displayed in speech bubbles (similar to iChat) under each recipient's name. The iPhone has built-in support for email message forwarding, drafts, and direct internal camera-to-email picture sending. Support for multi-recipient SMS was added in the 1.1.3 software update.[274] Support for MMS was added in the 3.0 update, but not for the original first generation iPhone[135][136] and not in the U.S. until September 25, 2009.[275][276]
Third-party applications
At WWDC 2007 on June 11, 2007, Apple announced that the iPhone would support third-party web applications using Ajax that share the look and feel of the iPhone interface.[277] On October 17, 2007, Steve Jobs, in an open letter posted to Apple's "Hot News" weblog, announced that a software development kit (SDK) would be made available to third-party developers in February 2008.[278] The iPhone SDK was officially announced and released on March 6, 2008, at the Apple Town Hall facility.[279]
It is a free download, with an Apple registration, that allows developers to develop native applications for the iPhone and iPod Touch, then test them in an "iPhone simulator". However, loading an application onto a real device is only possible after paying an Apple Developer Connection membership fee. Developers are free to set any price for their applications to be distributed through the App Store, of which they will receive a 70% share.[280]
Developers can also opt to release the application for free and will not pay any costs to release or distribute the application beyond the membership fee. The App Store was launched with the release of iPhone OS 2.0, on July 11, 2008.[272] The update was free for iPhone users; owners of older iPod Touches were required to pay US$10 for it.[281]
Once a developer has submitted an application to the App Store, Apple holds firm control over its distribution. Apple can halt the distribution of applications it deems inappropriate, for example, I Am Rich, a US$1000 program that simply demonstrated the wealth of its user, and Send Me To Heaven, a game that encouraged users to throw their phones in the air.[282][283] Apple has been criticized for banning third-party applications that enable a functionality that Apple does not want the iPhone to have: In 2008, Apple rejected Podcaster, which allowed iPhone users to download podcasts directly to the iPhone claiming it duplicated the functionality of iTunes.[284] Apple has since released a software update that grants this capability.[256]
NetShare, another rejected app, would have enabled users to tether their iPhone to a laptop or desktop, using its cellular network to load data for the computer.[285] Many carriers of the iPhone later globally allowed tethering before Apple officially supported it with the upgrade to the iPhone OS 3.0, with AT&T Mobility being a relative latecomer in the United States.[286] In most cases, the carrier charges extra for tethering an iPhone.
Before the SDK was released, third parties were permitted to design "Web Apps" that would run through Safari.[287] Unsigned native applications are also available for "jailbroken" phones.[288] The ability to install native applications onto the iPhone outside of the App Store is not supported by Apple, the stated reason being that such native applications could be broken by any software update, but Apple has stated it will not design software updates specifically to break native applications other than those that perform SIM unlocking.[289]
As of October 2013, Apple has passed 60 billion app downloads.[290] As of September 2016, there have been over 140 billion app downloads from the App Store.[291]
As of January 2017, the App Store has over 2.2 million apps for the iPhone.[292][293]
Reception
The original iPhone has been described as "revolutionary",[294] a "game-changer" for the mobile phone industry,[295][296][297][298] and has been credited with helping to make Apple one of the world's most valuable publicly traded companies by 2011.[299] Newer iterations have also received praise, such as being called "the best phone",[300] although in more recent years this has often not been the case.[301]
The iPhone attracts users of all ages,[35] and besides consumer use, the iPhone has also been adopted for business purposes.[302]
Research has shown that iPhones are commonly associated with wealth, and that the average iPhone user has 40% more annual income than the average Android user.[303][304] Women are more likely than men to own an iPhone.[305]
Accessibility features
Starting with the iPhone 4S, Apple added an accessibility feature to optimize the function of the iPhone with hearing aids.[306] Apple released a program of Made for iPhone Hearing Aids.[307] These hearing aids deliver a power-efficient, high-quality digital audio experience and allow the user to manage the hearing aid right from the iPhone. Made for iPhone hearing aids also feature Live Listen. With Live Listen the iPhone acts as a remote microphone that sends sound to a Made for iPhone hearing aid. Live Listen can help the user hear a conversation in a noisy room or hear someone speaking across the room.[308]
The Braille Displays for the iOS program was announced by Apple coinciding with the release of the iPhone 3GS, iPad and iPod Touch (3rd Generation). This program added support for more than 50 Bluetooth wireless braille displays that work with iOS out of the box. The user only needs to pair the keyboard to the device to start using it to navigate the iOS device with VoiceOver without any additional software. iOS supports braille tables for more than 25 languages.[309]
iPhone lets the user know when an alert is sent to it, in a variety of notice methods. It delivers both visual and vibrating alerts for incoming phone and FaceTime calls, new text messages, new and sent mail, and calendar events. Users can set an LED light flash for incoming calls and alerts or have incoming calls display a photo of the caller. Users can choose from different vibration patterns or even create their own.[310]
The iPhone can enlarge text to make it more accessible for vision-impaired users,[311] and can accommodate hearing-impaired users with closed captioning and external TTY devices.[312] The iPhone 3GS also features white on black mode, VoiceOver (a screen reader), and zooming for impaired vision, and mono audio for limited hearing in one ear.[313] Apple regularly publishes Voluntary Product Accessibility Templates which explicitly state compliance with the U.S. regulation "Section 508".[314]
With the release of iOS 9 for all iPhones, users have the ability to choose between two different screen view options. The user can choose to have a standard view or zoomed view. When the iPhone is placed in a standard view setting, the icons are normal size and the text remains the same. With a zoomed view option, the icons on the screen and the text become slightly larger. This enables the user to have a more customized appearance and it can potentially help some users read the screen easier.
AssistiveTouch helps to adapt the Multi-Touch screen of an iOS device to a user's unique physical needs. This can be of great assistance to those who have difficulty with some gestures, like pinch, one can make them accessible with just a tap of a finger. The user can create their own gestures and customize the layout of the AssistiveTouch menu. If the user has trouble pressing the Home button, it can be set so that it can be activated with an onscreen tap. Gestures, like rotate and shake, are available even when if the iOS device is mounted on a wheelchair.[310]
Guided Access helps people with autism or other attention and sensory challenges stay focused on the task (or app) at hand. With Guided Access, a parent, teacher, or therapist can limit an iOS device to stay on one app by disabling the Home button and limit the amount of time spent in an app. The user can restrict access to the keyboard or touch input on certain areas of the screen.
In 2019 Apple began developing satellites so that the iPhone could skip wireless carriers.[315]
Models
29 different iPhone models have been produced. The models in bold are devices of the latest generation:
Current devices
|
Past devices
|
|
Intellectual property
Apple has filed more than 200 patent applications related to the technology behind the iPhone.[317][318]
LG Electronics claimed the design of the iPhone was copied from the LG Prada. Woo-Young Kwak, head of LG Mobile Handset R&D Center, said at a press conference: "we consider that Apple copied Prada phone after the design was unveiled when it was presented in the iF Design Award and won the prize in September 2006."[319] Conversely, the iPhone has also inspired its own share of high-tech clones.[320]
On September 3, 1993, Infogear filed for the U.S. trademark "I PHONE"[321] and on March 20, 1996, applied for the trademark "IPhone".[322] "I Phone" was registered in March 1998,[321] and "IPhone" was registered in 1999.[322] Since then, the I PHONE mark had been abandoned.[321] Infogear trademarks cover "communications terminals comprising computer hardware and software providing integrated telephone, data communications and personal computer functions" (1993 filing),[321] and "computer hardware and software for providing integrated telephone communication with computerized global information networks" (1996 filing).[323]
In 2000, Infogear filed an infringement claim against the owners of the iPhones.com domain name.[324] The owners of the iPhones.com domain name challenged the infringement claim in the Northern District Court of California. In June 2000, Cisco Systems acquired Infogear, including the iPhone trademark.[325] In September 2000, Cisco Systems settled with the owners of iPhones.com and allowed the owners to keep the iPhones.com domain name along with intellectual property rights to use any designation of the iPhones.com domain name for the sale of cellular phones, cellular phones with Internet access (WAP PHONES), handheld PDAs, storage devices, computer equipment (hardware/software), and digital cameras (hardware/software). The intellectual property rights were granted to the owners of the iPhones.com domain name by Cisco Systems in September 2000.
In October 2002, Apple applied for the "iPhone" trademark in the United Kingdom, Australia, Singapore, and the European Union. A Canadian application followed in October 2004, and a New Zealand application in September 2006. As of October 2006, only the Singapore and Australian applications had been granted.
In September 2006, a company called Ocean Telecom Services applied for an "iPhone" trademark in the United States, United Kingdom, and Hong Kong, following a filing in Trinidad and Tobago.[326] As the Ocean Telecom trademark applications use exactly the same wording as the New Zealand application of Apple, it is assumed that Ocean Telecom is applying on behalf of Apple.[327] The Canadian application was opposed in August 2005, by a Canadian company called Comwave who themselves applied for the trademark three months later. Comwave has been selling VoIP devices called iPhone since 2004.[325]
Shortly after Steve Jobs' January 9, 2007 announcement that Apple would be selling a product called iPhone in June 2007, Cisco issued a statement that it had been negotiating trademark licensing with Apple and expected Apple to agree to the final documents that had been submitted the night before.[328] On January 10, 2007, Cisco announced it had filed a lawsuit against Apple over the infringement of the trademark iPhone, seeking an injunction in federal court to prohibit Apple from using the name.[329] In February 2007, Cisco claimed that the trademark lawsuit was a "minor skirmish" that was not about money, but about interoperability.[330]
On February 2, 2007, Apple and Cisco announced that they had agreed to temporarily suspend litigation while they held settlement talks,[331] and subsequently announced on February 20, 2007, that they had reached an agreement. Both companies will be allowed to use the "iPhone" name[332] in exchange for "exploring interoperability" between their security, consumer, and business communications products.[333]
On October 22, 2009, Nokia filed a lawsuit against Apple for infringement of its GSM, UMTS and WLAN patents. Nokia alleges that Apple has been violating ten Nokia patents since the iPhone initial release.[334]
In December 2010, Reuters reported that some iPhone and iPad users were suing Apple Inc. because some applications were passing user information to third-party advertisers without permission. Some makers of the applications such as Textplus4, Paper Toss, The Weather Channel, Dictionary.com, Talking Tom Cat and Pumpkin Maker have also been named as co-defendants in the lawsuit.[335]
In August 2012, Apple won a smartphone patent lawsuit in the U.S. against Samsung, the world's largest maker of smartphones;[336] however, on December 6, 2016, SCOTUS reversed the decision that awarded nearly $400 million to Apple and returned the case to Federal Circuit court to define the appropriate legal standard to define "article of manufacture" because it is not the smartphone itself but could be just the case and screen to which the design patents relate.[337]
In March 2013, an Apple patent for a wraparound display was revealed.[338]
Location tracking controversies
Around April 20, 2011, a hidden unencrypted file on the iPhone and other iOS devices was widely discussed in the media.[339][340] It was alleged that the file, labeled "consolidated.db", constantly stores the iPhone user's movement by approximating geographic locations calculated by triangulating nearby cell phone towers, a technology proven to be inaccurate at times.[341] The file was released with the June 2010 update of Apple iOS4 and may contain almost a year's worth of data. Previous versions of iOS stored similar information in a file called "h-cells.plist".[342]
F-Secure discovered that the data is transmitted to Apple twice a day and postulate that Apple is using the information to construct their global location database similar to the ones constructed by Google and Skyhook through wardriving.[343] Nevertheless, unlike the Google "Latitude" application, which performs a similar task on Android phones, the file is not dependent upon signing a specific EULA or even the user's knowledge, but it is stated in the 15,200 word-long terms and conditions of the iPhone that "Apple and [their] partners and licensees may collect, use, and share precise location data, including the real-time geographic location of [the user's] Apple computer or device".[344]
The file is also automatically copied onto the user's computer once synchronized with the iPhone. An open-source application named "iPhoneTracker", which turns the data stored in the file into a visual map, was made available to the public in April 2011.[345] While the file cannot be erased without jailbreaking the phone, it can be encrypted.[346]
Apple gave an official response on their web site on April 27, 2011,[347] after questions were submitted by users, the Associated Press and others. Apple clarified that the data is a small portion of their crowd-sourced location database cache of Wi-Fi hotspots and cell towers which is downloaded from Apple into the iPhone for making location services faster than with only GPS, therefore the data does not represent the locations of the iPhone. The volume of data retained was an error. Apple issued an update for iOS (version 4.3.3, or 4.2.8 for the CDMA iPhone 4) which reduced the size of the cache, stopped it being backed up to iTunes, and erased it entirely whenever location services were turned off.[347] The upload to Apple can also be selectively disabled from "System services", "Cell Network Search." Regardless, in July 2014, a report on state-owned China Central Television labeled the iPhone a "national security concern."[348]
The "Frequent Locations" feature found in "Settings" under "Location Services" stores commonly visited locations locally on the device.[349] This feature is said to help the accuracy of the GPS and Apple Maps since it can log information about the locations the user has frequently visited. However, this feature also keeps track of the number of times that the user has been to that location, the dates, and the exact times. Media outlets have publicized instructions on how this can be disabled for concerned users.[350]
Transmission of private and technical data
A privacy experiment conducted by the Washington Post determined that the iPhone transmitted a host of personal data without the user's knowledge or consent, including phone number, email, exact location, device model and IP address, to "a dozen marketing companies, research firms and other personal data guzzlers" via 5,400 hidden app trackers.[351] Some of the information shared with third parties was found to be in violation of the apps' own privacy regulations.[352]
Encryption and intelligence agency access
It was revealed as a part of the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures that the American and British intelligence agencies, the National Security Agency (NSA) and the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) have access to the user data in iPhones, BlackBerrys, and Android phones, respectively. They can read almost all smartphone information, including SMS, location, emails, and notes.[353]
According to an article in The New York Times titled "Signaling Post-Snowden Era, New iPhone Locks Out N.S.A.", Apple has developed a new encryption method for iOS 8, described as "so deep that Apple could no longer comply with government warrants asking for customer information to be extracted from devices."[354]
Throughout 2015, prosecutors in the United States argued for the U.S. government to be able to compel decryption of iPhone contents.[355][356][357][358] After the 2015 San Bernardino attack, the FBI recovered an iPhone 5C that was issued to one of the shooters by his employer, and iCloud backups of that phone from a month and a half before the shooting. (The shooters had destroyed their personal phones.) The U.S. government attempted to obtain a court order under the All Writs Act compelling Apple to produce an IPSW file that would allow investigators to brute force the device passcode.[359][360][361] Tim Cook responded on the company's website, outlining a need for encryption, arguing that if they produce a backdoor for one device, it would inevitably be used to compromise the privacy of other iPhone users.[362] On February 19, Apple communicated to journalists that the password for the Apple ID for the iPhone had been changed within a day of the government obtaining it, preventing Apple from producing a workaround that would only target older devices.[363] See FBI–Apple encryption dispute.
The GrayKey, manufactured by Grayshift, can unlock iPhones, even if they are disabled.[364][365] As a countermeasure, Apple implemented USB Restricted Mode.[366]
As of April 2016, Apple's privacy policy addresses requests from government agencies for access to customers' data: "Apple has never worked with any government agency from any country to create a 'backdoor' in any of our products or services. We have also never allowed any government access to our servers. And we never will."[367] In 2015 the Electronic Frontier Foundation awarded Apple five out of five stars "commend[ing] Apple for its strong stance regarding user rights, transparency, and privacy."[368]
Apple iOS in combination with their specific hardware uses crypto-shredding when activating the "Erase all content and settings" by obliterating all the keys in 'effaceable storage'. This renderes all user data on the device cryptographically inaccessible.[369]
Restrictions
Apple tightly controls certain aspects of the iPhone. According to Jonathan Zittrain, the emergence of closed devices like the iPhone have made computing more proprietary than early versions of Microsoft Windows.[370]
The hacker community has found many workarounds, most of which are disallowed by Apple and make it difficult or impossible to obtain warranty service.[371] "Jailbreaking" allows users to install apps not available on the App Store or modify basic functionality. SIM unlocking allows the iPhone to be used on a different carrier's network.[372] However, in the United States, Apple cannot void an iPhone's warranty unless it can show that a problem or component failure is linked to the installation or placement of an after-market item such as unauthorized applications, because of the Federal Trade Commission's Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act of 1975.[373]
Users can set restrictions or parental controls[374] on apps that can be downloaded or used within the iPhone. The restrictions area requires a password.[375]
Activation
The iPhone normally prevents access to its media player and web features unless it has also been activated as a phone with an authorized carrier. On July 3, 2007, Jon Lech Johansen reported on his blog that he had successfully bypassed this requirement and unlocked the iPhone's other features with a combination of custom software and modification of the iTunes binary. He published the software and offsets for others to use.[376]
Unlike the first generation iPhone, the iPhone 3G must be activated in the store in most countries.[377] This makes the iPhone 3G more difficult, but not impossible, to hack. The need for in-store activation, as well as the huge number of first-generation iPhone and iPod Touch users upgrading to iPhone OS 2.0, caused a worldwide overload of Apple's servers on July 11, 2008, the day on which both the iPhone 3G and iPhone OS 2.0 updates as well as MobileMe were released. After the update, devices were required to connect to Apple's servers to authenticate it, causing many devices to be temporarily unusable.[378]
Users on the O2 network in the United Kingdom, however, can buy the phone online and activate it via iTunes as with the previous model.[379] Even where not required, vendors usually offer activation for the buyer's convenience. In the US, Apple has begun to offer free shipping on both the iPhone 3G and the iPhone 3GS (when available), reversing the in-store activation requirement. Best Buy and Walmart will also sell the iPhone.[380]
Unapproved third-party software and jailbreaking
The iPhone's operating system is designed to only run software that has an Apple-approved cryptographic signature. This restriction can be overcome by "jailbreaking" the phone,[381] which involves replacing the iPhone's firmware with a slightly modified version that does not enforce the signature check. Doing so may be a circumvention of Apple's technical protection measures.[382] Apple, in a statement to the United States Copyright Office in response to Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) lobbying for a DMCA exception for this kind of hacking, claimed that jailbreaking the iPhone would be copyright infringement due to the necessary modification of system software.[383] However, in 2010, Jailbreaking was declared officially legal in the United States by the DMCA.[384] Jailbroken iPhones may be susceptible to computer viruses, but few such incidents have been reported.[385][386]
iOS and Android 2.3.3 'Gingerbread' may be set up to dual boot on a jailbroken iPhone with the help of OpeniBoot or iDroid.[387][388]
In 2007, 2010, and 2011, developers released a series of tools called JailbreakMe that used security vulnerabilities in Mobile Safari rendering to jailbreak the device (which allows users to install any compatible software on the device instead of only App Store apps).[389][390][391] Each of these exploits were quickly fixed by iOS updates from Apple. Theoretically these flaws could have also been used for malicious purposes.[392]
In July 2011, Apple released iOS 4.3.5 (4.2.10 for CDMA iPhone) to fix a security vulnerability with certificate validation.[393]
Following the release of the iPhone 5S model, a group of German hackers called the Chaos Computer Club announced on September 21, 2013, that they had bypassed Apple's new Touch ID fingerprint sensor by using "easy everyday means." The group explained that the security system had been defeated by photographing a fingerprint from a glass surface and using that captured image as verification. The spokesman for the group stated: "We hope that this finally puts to rest the illusions people have about fingerprint biometrics. It is plain stupid to use something that you can't change and that you leave everywhere every day as a security token."[394][395]
United States
Most iPhones were and are still sold with a SIM lock, which restricts the use of the phone to one particular carrier, a common practice with subsidized GSM phones. Unlike most GSM phones, however, the phone cannot be officially unlocked by entering a code. The locked/unlocked state is maintained on Apple's servers per IMEI and is set when the iPhone is activated.[396]
While the iPhone was initially sold in the U.S. only on the AT&T network with a SIM lock in place, various hackers have found methods to "unlock" the phone from a specific network.[397] Although AT&T, Sprint, T-Mobile and Verizon are the only authorized iPhone carriers in the United States, unlocked iPhones can be used with other carriers.[398] For example, an unlocked iPhone may be used on the T-Mobile network in the U.S. but, while an unlocked iPhone is compatible with T-Mobile's voice network, it may not be able to make use of 3G or 4G functionality (i.e. no mobile web or e-mail, etc.).[399] More than a quarter of the original first generation iPhones sold in the U.S. were not registered with AT&T. Apple speculates that they were likely shipped overseas and unlocked, a lucrative market before the iPhone 3G's worldwide release.[34][400]
On March 26, 2009, AT&T in the United States began selling the iPhone without a contract, though still SIM-locked to their network.[401] The up-front purchase price of such iPhone units is often twice as expensive as those bundled with contracts.[402]
Outside of the United States, policies differ, especially in U.S. territories and insular areas like Guam; GTA Teleguam was the exclusive carrier for the iPhone since its introduction, as none of the four U.S. carriers (AT&T, Sprint, T-Mobile, and Verizon) have a presence in the area.[403] Since 2013, Docomo Pacific ended GTA's exclusivity starting with the iPhone 5.[404]
Beginning April 8, 2012, AT&T began offering a factory SIM unlock option (which Apple calls a "whitelisting", allowing it to be used on any carrier the phone supports) for iPhone owners.[405]
It has been reported that all of the Verizon 4G LTE phones come factory unlocked. After such discovery, Verizon announced that all of their 4G LTE phones, including iPhones, would remain unlocked. This is due to the regulations that the FCC has placed on the 700 MHz C-Block spectrum, which is used by Verizon.[406] Apple loses more money than it makes on repair services in the US.[407]
United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, O2, EE, 3, Vodafone, and Tesco Mobile sell the device under subsidized contracts, or for use on a pay as you go. They are locked to the network initially, though they can usually be unlocked either after a certain period of contract length has passed, or for a small fee (with the exception of the 3 network, which will unlock the device at any time for no charge).[408] However, all current versions of iPhone are available for purchase SIM-free from the Apple Store or Apple's Online Store, consequently, they are unlocked for use on any GSM network too.[409]
Canada
All iPhones purchased for full retail price at an Apple Store or online at apple.com come unlocked which allows customer selection of carriers.
iPhones sold in Canada purchased through mobile carries such as TELUS, Rogers, or Bell were locked to their respective networks and unlocking required visiting a carrier store and paying an unlocking fee. Third-party methods to unlock iPhones existed but were highly unreliable and sometimes rendered phones unusable. However, in 2017 the CRTC abolished SIM-locking and required that all mobile devices sold after December 1, 2017, come unlocked.[410] The CRTC also mandated that carriers must offer unlocking services of existing devices for free to consumers, regardless of whether or not they had purchased the phone themselves.
Australia
Three major carriers in Australia (Optus, Telstra and Vodafone)[411] offer legitimate unlocking, now at no cost for all iPhone devices, both current and prior models.
Other countries
Internationally, policies vary, but many carriers sell the iPhone unlocked for full retail price.[199]
Legal battles over brand name
Mexico
In 2003, four years before the iPhone was officially introduced, the trademark iFone was registered in Mexico by a communications systems and services company, iFone.[412] Apple tried to gain control over its brand name, but a Mexican court denied the request. The case began in 2009, when the Mexican firm sued Apple. The Supreme Court of Mexico upheld that iFone is the rightful owner and held that Apple iPhone is a trademark violation.[413]
Brazil
In Brazil, the brand IPHONE was registered in 2000 by the company then called Gradiente Eletrônica S.A., now IGB Eletrônica S.A. According to the filing, Gradiente foresaw the revolution in the convergence of voice and data over the Internet at the time.[414]
In Brazil, the final battle over the brand name concluded in 2008. On December 18, 2012, IGB launched its own line of Android smartphones under the tradename to which it has exclusive rights in the local market.[414] In February 2013, the Brazilian Patent and Trademark Office (known as "Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial") issued a ruling that Gradiente Eletrônica, not Apple, owned the "iPhone" mark in Brazil. The "iPhone" term was registered by Gradiente in 2000, 7 years before Apple's release of its first iPhone. This decision came three months after Gradiente Eletrônica launched a lower-cost smartphone using the iPhone brand.[415]
In June 2014, Apple won, for the second time, the right to use the brand name in Brazil. The court ruling determined that the Gradiente's registration does not own exclusive rights on the brand. Although Gradiente intended to appeal, with the decision Apple can use freely the brand without paying royalties to the Brazilian company.[416]
Philippines
In the Philippines, Solid Group launched the MyPhone brand in 2007. Stylized as "my|phone", Solid Broadband filed a trademark application of that brand. Apple later filed a trademark case at the Intellectual Property Office of the Philippines (IPOPHL) against Solid Broadband's MyPhone for "confusingly similar" to the iPhone and that it may likely "deceive" or "cause confusion" among consumers.
Apple lost the trademark battle to Solid Group in a 2015 decision made by IPO director Nathaniel Arevalo, who also reportedly said that it was unlikely that consumers would be confused between the "iPhone" and the "MyPhone". "This is a case of a giant trying to claim more territory than what it is entitled to, to the great prejudice of a local 'Pinoy Phone' merchant who has managed to obtain a significant foothold in the mobile phone market through the marketing and sale of innovative products under a very distinctive trademark", Arevalo later added.[417][418]
See also
- History of the iPhone
- Newton (platform), an early personal digital assistant and the first tablet platform developed by Apple
- Pocket-sized computer
References
- "How Many iPhones have been sold". Lifewire. Retrieved July 27, 2019.
- "Under the Hood: The iPhone's Gaming Mettle". Touch Arcade. June 14, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
- "The iPhone 3GS Hardware Exposed & Analyzed". AnandTech. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
- "iPhone 4 Teardown – Page 2". iFixit. June 24, 2010. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
- Toor, Amar (October 11, 2011). "Benchmarks clock iPhone 4S' A5 CPU at 800MHz, show major GPU upgrade over iPhone 4". Engadget. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- "iPhone 7 & 7 Plus". GSMArena. Retrieved January 14, 2017.
- "iPhone 5 – View all the technical specifications". Apple Inc. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
- "iPhone Delivers Up to Eight Hours of Talk Time" (Press release). Apple Inc. June 18, 2007. Archived from the original on May 21, 2011.
- Slivka, Eric (June 10, 2009). "More WWDC Tidbits: iPhone 3G S Oleophobic Screen, "Find My iPhone" Live lLP". Mac Rumors. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
- Po-Han Lin. "iPhone Secrets and iPad Secrets and iPod Touch Secrets". Technology Depot. Retrieved December 8, 2011.
- "Update: UK graphics specialist confirms that iPhone design win". EE Times. Archived from the original on June 6, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2007.
- Shimpi, Anand (June 10, 2009). "The iPhone 3GS Hardware Exposed & Analyzed". AnandTech. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
Sorrel, Charlie (June 10, 2009). "Gadget Lab Hardware News and Reviews T-Mobile Accidentally Posts Secret iPhone 3G S Specs". Wired. Retrieved June 14, 2009. - "Apple A4 Teardown". ifixit.com. June 10, 2009. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
- "A9's GPU: Imagination PowerVR GT7600 – The Apple iPhone 6s and iPhone 6s Plus Review". AnandTech. November 2, 2015. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
- Gladwell, Malcolm (November 14, 2011). "The Tweaker: The real genius of Steve Jobs." The New Yorker. p. 2
- "The Secret Origin Story of the IPHONE. An exclusive excerpt from the book "The One Device: The secret history of the iPhone"". The Verge. 2017.
- Rowinski, Dan (August 7, 2012). "4 Real Secrets We've Learned So Far About Apple". Readwriteweb.com. Archived from the original on August 8, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
- Murtazin, Eldar (June 20, 2010). "Apple's Phone: From 1980s' Sketches to iPhone. Part 3". Mobile-review. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
- "The Untold Story: How the iPhone Blew Up the Wireless Industry". Wired. January 9, 2008. Archived from the original on February 13, 2015.
- "iPhone: What the "i" in Apple's handset names for". Andrew Griffin. The Independent. February 18, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
- Wei, Will (September 7, 2016). "The meaning of the 'i' in 'iPhone' — as explained by Steve Jobs". Business Insider. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
- Andreescu, Alex (September 27, 2005). "iPod nano: The End of the Motorola-Apple Story – Ed Zander, Motorola CEO: "Screw the nano"". Softpedia. Retrieved June 5, 2010.
- Rojas, Peter (September 8, 2005). "It's official: ROKR E1 iTunes phone can only store max. 100 tracks". Engadget. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Lewis, Peter (January 12, 2007). "How Apple kept its iPhone secrets". CNN. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
- Vogelstein, Fred (January 9, 2008). "The Untold Story: How the iPhone Blew Up the Wireless Industry". Wired. Retrieved January 10, 2008.
- Cheng, Jacqui (June 9, 2008). "AT&T remains sole iPhone carrier in US, revenue sharing axed (Updated)". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Brodkin, Jon (June 29, 2017). "With iPhone, Apple showed AT&T and Verizon who's boss". Ars Technica.
- Farber, Dan (January 9, 2014). "When iPhone met world, 7 years ago today". CNET. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- "Apple Inc. Q3 2007 Unaudited Summary Data" (PDF) (Press release). Apple Inc. July 25, 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 29, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
Consists of iPhones and Apple-branded and third-party iPhone accessories.
- Mackenzie, Iain (January 26, 2010). "Speculation that Apple may launch touchscreen 'iSlate'". BBC. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
- "Where would Jesus queue?". The Economist. July 5, 2007. Retrieved September 27, 2011.
- Costello, Sam. "Initial iPhone 3G Country Availability List". about.com. Retrieved January 11, 2009.
- "iPhone 3G Coming to countries everywhere". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on July 21, 2008. Retrieved April 12, 2009.
- "iPhone 3G Price Decrease Addresses Key Reason Consumers Exhibit Purchase Resistance". NPD Group. June 22, 2009. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
- "iPhone Users Watch More Video... and are Older than You Think". Nielsen Media Research. June 10, 2009. Archived from the original on June 14, 2009. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
- "Apple, AT&T mum on iPhone 3G issues". CNET. August 19, 2008. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Ionescu, Daniel. (July 17, 2010) Apple's iPhone 4 Antennagate Timeline. PCWorld. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
- "Liveblog: The Verizon iPhone". The Washington Post.
- Raice, Shayndi (January 12, 2011). "Verizon Unwraps iPhone". The Wall Street Journal.
- Hardawar, Devindra (March 18, 2011). "Report: Verizon iPhone snagged 4.5% of iPhone mobile ad impressions in February". Venturebeat.com. Retrieved March 24, 2011.
- Press Info – iPhone 4S Pre-Orders Top One Million in First 24 Hours. Apple (October 10, 2011). Retrieved November 6, 2011.
- "Strategy Analytics: Apple Becomes World's Largest Handset Vendor by Revenue in the first quarter of 2011" (Press release). April 21, 2011. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012.
- Goldman, David (October 19, 2011). "Tiny regional carrier C Spire lands iPhone 4S". CNN. Retrieved October 18, 2011.
- Jordan, Golson (January 26, 2012). "iPhone Average Selling Price Remains Steady Even With Free 3GS Offer". MacRumors. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
- Hesseldahl, Arik (October 19, 2011). "Apple's iPhone 4S Cracked Open, Money Spills Out". AllThingsD. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
- Mack, Eric (February 22, 2012). "iPhone manufacturing costs revealed?". CNET. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- "comScore Reports December 2011 US Mobile Subscriber Market Share". February 2, 2012.
- "iPhone 5S Release Date Rumors: New Phone Will Have 4G LTE Advanced Capabilities : Tech : Headlines & Global News". Hngn.com. July 5, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
- Etherington, Darrell (July 22, 2013). "Apple Reportedly Testing Bigger iPhone And iPad Screens, Starting Production On New 9.7" iPad". TechCrunch. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- "Apple unveils 2 new iPhones including cheaper model". CBC News. September 10, 2013. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
- Rushe, Dominic; Hern, Alex; Gibbs, Samuel; Dredge, Stuart (September 9, 2014). "The Apple Watch, iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus – as it happened". The Guardian. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Seifert, Dan (September 7, 2016). "iPhone 7 and 7 Plus announced with water resistance, dual cameras, and no headphone jack". The Verge. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- "The future is here: iPhone X". Apple Inc. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
- "iPhone Xs and iPhone Xs Max bring the best and biggest displays to iPhone". Apple Inc. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
- "Apple introduces iPhone XR". Apple Inc. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
- "Apple will unveil the next iPhone September 10". TechCrunch. Retrieved August 29, 2019.
- "Apple introduces dual camera iPhone 11". Apple Inc. (Press release). September 10, 2019. Retrieved September 15, 2019.
- "Highlights from Apple's keynote event". Apple Inc. (Press release). September 10, 2019. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
- "Apple's new iPhone 11 is $50 cheaper than last year's model, despite Trump's planned tariffs on Chinese imports". Business Insider. September 11, 2019.
- "iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 11 Pro Max: the most powerful and advanced smartphones". Apple Inc. (Press release). September 10, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
- "Apple announces iPhone 12 and iPhone 12 mini: A new era for iPhone with 5G". Apple Newsroom. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
- "Apple Reports First Quarter Results" (Press release). Apple Inc. January 21, 2009. Archived from the original on June 23, 2009.
- Foresman, Chris (January 30, 2009). "iPhone passes 1 percent goal for 2008, looking good for 2009". Ars Technica.
- "Gartner: iPhone Sales Double in 2009 as Apple Claims Third Place in Smartphone Sales". MacRumors.
- "Apple iPhone 3G sales surpass RIM's Blackberry". AppleInsider. October 21, 2008.
- "Apple Reports Second Quarter Results" (Press release). Apple Inc. April 22, 2009. Archived from the original on May 21, 2011. For additional sales information, see the table of quarterly sales.
- https://www.engadget.com/2009/10/19/apple-reports-fiscal-q4-earnings-1-67b-profit-mac-sales-way-u
- Kumparak, Greg (October 18, 2010). "Apple sold 14.1 million iPhones last quarter, over 70 million since launch". MobileCrunch. Retrieved October 18, 2010.
- The Economist (February 10, 2011). "Nokia at the crossroads: Blazing platforms". Retrieved February 18, 2011.
- Ng, Gary (October 18, 2010). "Apple 2010 Q4 Results: 14.1M iPhone Sold, Jobs Blasts RIM". iPhone in Canada.
- Chen, Brian X. (November 1, 2010). "iPhone Wins Phone Popularity Contest, Android Dominates OS". Wired. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
- "Apple: 100 Million iPhones Sold". Mashable. March 2, 2011.
- Virki, Tarmo (December 22, 2011). "New iPhone? No thanks, say cash-conscious Europeans". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
- "Analyst: Apple will sell more than 263 million of next iPhone". Macworld. August 7, 2012.
- Cooper, Daniel (May 4, 2012). "Visualized: Apple and Samsung occupy the 99 percent... of phone profits". Engadget. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Blagdon, Jeff (May 4, 2012). "Apple and Samsung scoop up 99 percent of handset profits". The Verge. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Goldman, David. (February 8, 2012) Apple's subsidy makes iPhone a nightmare for carriers – Feb. 8, 2012. Money.cnn.com. Retrieved on July 10, 2013.
- Sprint Nextel: Apple drinks the juice. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved on July 10, 2013.
- Gustin, Sam. (February 8, 2012) How Apple's iPhone Actually Hurts AT&T, Verizon and Sprint | TIME.com. Business.time.com. Retrieved on July 10, 2013.
- Is Samsung Galaxy S3 an Apple iPhone killer? | FP Tech Desk | Financial Post. Business.financialpost.com (June 26, 2012). Retrieved on July 10, 2013.
- Everything you need to know about the Samsung Galaxy S4. Fox News (March 11, 2013). Retrieved on July 10, 2013.
- With 18M iPhones sold during Q4, Apple outsells Samsung in U.S. – Tech News and Analysis. Gigaom.com (February 1, 2013). Retrieved on July 10, 2013.
- Comscore: Android still top US smartphone OS, but iPhone top smartphone and iOS gaining – Tech News and Analysis. Gigaom.com (March 6, 2013). Retrieved on July 10, 2013.
- Lomas, Natasha (February 20, 2013). "iPhone Brand Outshines Samsung's Galaxy As iPhone 5 Becomes Best-Selling Smartphone Globally In Q4, iPhone 4S 2nd – Analyst". TechCrunch. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- "Apple's smartphone market share slips". USA Today. July 26, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Fiegerman, Seth (September 1, 2013). "Apple Rolls Out iPhone Trade-In Program Nationwide". Mashable. Mashable. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
- Etherington, Darrell (September 20, 2013). "Apple's iPhone 5s And 5c Launch Draws Big Crowds, Including Biggest Ever Line At NYC Flagship Store". TechCrunch. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Osawa, Juro; Lorraine Luk (September 19, 2013). "Apple Suppliers to Boost Gold iPhone Production". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
- Chan & Chen (June 22, 2015). "Cook Says Chinese Tastes Considered in Apple Product Designs". Bloomberg News. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
- Gupta, Poornima; Jennifer Saba (September 23, 2013). "Apple polishes forecast after selling 9 million new iPhones". Reuters. Retrieved September 24, 2013.
- Etherington, Darrell (September 23, 2013). "Apple's iPhone 5s And iPhone 5c Sell 9M Units Over Opening Weekend, Topping 5M For iPhone 5 Last Year". TechCrunch. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Rodriguez, Salvador (November 14, 2013). "Why an Apple store in Delaware is No. 1 in iPhone sales". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 21, 2013.
- "Apple signs deal to open connection between iPhones and China Mobile". The Guardian. December 22, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Etherington, Darrell (January 27, 2014). "Apple's 51M iPhones, 26M iPads And 4.8M Macs In Q1 2014 Set A Record, But Growth Slows". TechCrunch. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
- Cunningham, Andrew (January 27, 2014). "Apple breaks revenue, iPhone, and iPad records in Q1 of 2014". Ars Technica. Retrieved June 30, 2017.
- "iPhone Upgrade Program". Apple Inc. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
- Cole, Lauren Lyons (October 26, 2017). "Apple's iPhone X starts at $999 — and there's a smarter way to buy it". Business Insider. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
- Beres, Damon (September 16, 2015). "Apple Could Trap You Forever With Its New 'Upgrade Program'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
- Peter Burrows; Olga Kharif (March 4, 2013). "Apple's Planned 'IWatch' Could Be More Profitable Than TV". Bloomberg News. Retrieved February 8, 2016.
- Sean Silcoff, Jacquie Mcnish And Steve Ladurantaye (November 6, 2013). "How BlackBerry blew it: The inside story". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
- Hicks, Jesse (February 21, 2012). "Research, no motion: How the BlackBerry CEOs lost an empire". The Verge. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Orlowski, Andrew. "When Dilbert came to Nokia". The Register. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
- Orlowski, Andrew (October 1, 2007). "Why I want the iPhone to succeed".
I've seen the established players become lazy and complacent, go down blind alleys, or standardize on horrible designs and feature sets. So the iPhone should focus minds wonderfully – it should raise the bar for everyone.
- "RIM's long road to reinvent the BlackBerry". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. January 28, 2013. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
- Williams, Rhiannon (January 9, 2015). "Women more likely to own an iPhone than men". Daily Telegraph. London. Retrieved August 15, 2015.
- Johnston, Casey (March 13, 2012). "Does this smartphone make me look stupid? Meet the "ladyphones"". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- "Why does Symbian collapse?". Pixelstech.net. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
- Streitfeld, David (November 17, 2012). "As Boom Lures App Creators, Tough Part Is Making a Living". The New York Times. Retrieved April 2, 2013.
- Siracusa, John (July 2, 2007). "Let a million iPhones bloom". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- "The iPhone's Impact on Rivals". Businessweek. June 16, 2008. Retrieved June 13, 2013.
- Malkavaara, Lauri (October 9, 2013). "This is how a Helsingin Sanomat journalist tried to save Nokia". Helsingin Sanomat. Retrieved December 2, 2015.
- "These Are the iPhones That Can Upgrade to iOS 14". Gadget Hacks. Retrieved June 12, 2020.
- "Taiwan's Pegatron to get most iPhone 6S orders in 2015: brokerage". Focus Taiwan. Retrieved December 9, 2014.
- Lovejoy, Ben (December 18, 2019). "$43M fraud by Foxconn managers selling iPhones made from rejected parts". 9to5Mac.
- "Arrests as Indian workers ransack iPhone plant over wages". BBC News. December 14, 2020.
- "iPhone X – Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
- Fingerworks, Inc. (2003). "iGesture Game Mode Guide". fingerworks.com. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
- Wilson, Tracy (June 20, 2007). "How the iPhone Works". HowStuffWorks. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- Pogue, David (January 11, 2007). "The Ultimate iPhone Frequently Asked Questions". The New York Times. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- Pogue, David (January 13, 2007). "Ultimate iPhone FAQs list, Part 2". The New York Times. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- "How the iPhone's touchscreen Works". How Stuff Works. June 20, 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- Slivka, Eric (June 10, 2009). "More WWDC Tidbits: iPhone 3G S Oleophobic Screen, "Find My iPhone" Live". Mac Rumors. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
- Gibbs, Samuel (September 12, 2017). "iPhone X: new Apple smartphone dumps home button for all-screen design". The Guardian. Retrieved September 12, 2017.
- manuals.info.apple.com/en_US/iphone_user_guide.pdf Archived March 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. (PDF). Retrieved November 6, 2011.
- "Apple Enhances Revolutionary iPhone with Software Update" (Press release). Apple Inc. January 15, 2008. Archived from the original on December 15, 2008. Retrieved December 13, 2008.
- XFF; et al. (June 13, 2008). "Memo: iPhone does not use triangulation". HowardForums. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
- "Is your phone using Galileo? | GALILEO". Retrieved August 16, 2019.
- Betters, Elyse (March 11, 2015). "What is Force Touch? Apple's haptic feedback technology explained - Pocket-lint". Pocket-lint. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
- "iPhone 6s - 3D Touch - Apple". web.archive.org. December 4, 2015. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- "Does the iPhone XR have 3D Touch? | The iPhone FAQ". www.iphonefaq.org.
- John, Steven (August 20, 2019). "How to fix or reset the proximity sensor on your iPhone if it's not working properly". Business Insider. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
- Costello, Sam (September 12, 2019). "All About the Sensors That Make the iPhone So Cool". Lifewire. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
- Johnson, R. Collin (July 9, 2007). "There's more to MEMS than meets the iPhone". EE Times. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- "iPod touch – A Guided Tour". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on May 14, 2008. Retrieved September 23, 2008.
- "The most advanced mobile OS. Now even more advanced". Apple Inc. March 17, 2009. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
- Cohen, Peter (March 17, 2009). "Cut and paste, MMS highlight iPhone 3.0 improvements". Macworld. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
- "All the Sensors in Your Smartphone, and How They Work". Gizmodo. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
- Glaser, April (July 8, 2016). "Your Phone Has an FM Chip. So Why Can't You Listen to the Radio?". Wired.
- "Apple says iPhone 7 and iPhone 8 do not contain FM radio chips or antennas, in response to FCC request". 9to5Mac. September 28, 2017. Retrieved November 17, 2017.
- Harris, Sophia (May 15, 2016). "Broadcasters push for unlocked radio on smartphones that won't drain your data". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
- "iPhone 6 Barometer Sensor Features | iPhoneTricks.org". www.iphonetricks.org. Retrieved February 19, 2017.
- "Apple – iPhone 4 – Size, weight, battery life, and other specs". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on July 1, 2010. Retrieved July 1, 2010.
- "tip and ring". The Computer Language Company Inc. Retrieved March 15, 2009.
- German, Kent; Bell, Donald (June 30, 2007). "Apple iPhone review". CNET. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- "iPhone 7 – Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
- Miller, Chance (September 7, 2016). "Apple to sell replacement Lightning to 3.5mm headphone adapter for $9".
- Frakes, Dan (May 14, 2008). "Review: iPhone headsets". Macworld. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
- "Apple Earphones with Remote and Mic". Apple Store. Retrieved May 19, 2009.
- Sadun, Erica (January 26, 2009). "iBluetooth team achieves OBEX file transfer". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- "Apple Composite AV Cable". Apple Inc. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
- "Apple Component AV Cable". Apple Inc. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
- "Apple VGA Adapter". Apple Inc. April 3, 2011. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
- "Apple Digital AV Adapter". Apple Inc. March 11, 2011. Archived from the original on August 7, 2011. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
- Oryl, Michael (July 3, 2007). "Review: Apple iPhone, In-Depth". Mobile Burn. Archived from the original on January 6, 2010. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
- "How to wirelessly charge your iPhone X, iPhone 8, or iPhone 8 Plus". Apple Inc. December 7, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
- "charger - Why does my iPhone turn on when I plug it in to charge?". Ask Different.
- "Is there a way to charge my iPhone while it is turned off? | The iPhone FAQ". www.iphonefaq.org.
- "Batteries - Service and Recycling". Apple. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- Cheng, Jacqui (July 14, 2008). "The Second Coming: Ars goes in-depth with the iPhone 3G". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Lam, Brian (July 11, 2008). "iPhone 3G Review". Gizmodo. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
- Kramer, Staci D. (July 9, 2008). "First iPhone 3G Reviews: Mossberg: Battery 'Significant Problem'; Pogue: Limited 3G, Good Audio". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
- Mossberg, Walt (July 8, 2008). "Newer, Faster, Cheaper iPhone 3G". All Things Digital. Retrieved June 23, 2009.
- "2008 Business Wireless Smartphone Customer Satisfaction Study". J. D. Power and Associates. November 6, 2008. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- Krazit, Tom (November 6, 2008). "Apple's iPhone wins J.D. Power award". CNET. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- "iPhone Service Frequently Asked Questions". Apple Inc. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- Lee, Ellen (July 11, 2007). "Will a Cheaper iPhone click before Christmas?". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- Wong, May (July 8, 2007). "Apple Issues Battery Program for IPhone". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 8, 2007.
- Smith, Jake. "Apple: Some older iPhones slowed to prevent battery issues". ZDNet. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
- Patel, Nilay (December 27, 2019). "Apple apologizes for iPhone slowdown drama, will offer $29 battery replacements for a year". The Verge. Retrieved September 9, 2019.
- Byford, Sam (February 7, 2018). "How to turn off iPhone throttling in iOS 11.3". The Verge. Retrieved January 9, 2020.
- Topolsky, Joshua (July 31, 2007). "iPhone's first sketchy battery replacement kit appears". Engadget. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Wilson, Mark (July 10, 2008). "The iPhone 3G Battery Is Quasi-Replaceable". Gizmodo. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
- "iPhone X Teardown". iFixit. November 3, 2017. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
- Etherington, Darrell (July 25, 2013). "Apple Working On Location-Aware Battery Management For iPhone". TechCrunch. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- "Apple – iPhone 3Gs – Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
- "Apple — iPhone 4 — Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. Retrieved June 21, 2010.
- Foresman, Chris (September 13, 2010). "HDR photography with iPhone 4 and iOS 4.1: how good is it?". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- "What's New in iOS 6". Apple Inc. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
- "iPhone 5 Features". Apple Inc. Retrieved October 7, 2012.
- "iPhone 5 Camera Problem". Archived from the original on January 31, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
- "Our tests find 'purple haze' effect isn't limited just to the iPhone 5". Consumer Reports. October 10, 2012. Archived from the original on October 28, 2012. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
- Neues iPhone 4S, by Der Spiegel, 05.10.2011 (Translation by Google)
- "The Secret behind the time-lapse function in the iOS 8 Camera app". 9to5mac. October 1, 2014. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
- "How Apple's new Retina Flash — 5 years in the making — brightens up selfies on the iPhone 6s". Apple Insider. September 10, 2015. Retrieved April 24, 2020.
- "Apple iPhone 8 Plus – Full phone specifications". www.gsmarena.com. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
- "Apple iPhone X – Full phone specifications". www.gsmarena.com. Retrieved November 16, 2017.
- "How Apple's iPhone X TrueDepth Camera Works". ExtremeTech. September 14, 2017. Retrieved December 30, 2017.
- idownloadblog. September 18, 2018 https://www.idownloadblog.com/2018/09/19/about-smart-hdr/. Retrieved April 24, 2020. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - "Apple kills 4 GB iPhone, cuts 8 GB price to $399". iPhone Atlas. September 5, 2007.
- "Apple offers 16 GB iPhone, 32 GB iPod touch". Macworld. February 6, 2008.
- "Apple Launches iPhone 4S, iOS 5 & iCloud" (Press release). Apple Inc. Retrieved August 19, 2019.
- "Apple Introduces iPhone 5" (Press release). Apple Inc. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
- "Apple Announces iPhone 5s" (Press release). Apple Inc. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
- Hodgkins, Kelly (March 24, 2016). "16GB or 64GB — Which iPhone SE Storage Capacity Should You Buy?". iPhone Hacks. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
- "What iPhone 7 storage size should you get: 32GB vs. 128GB vs. 256GB?". iMore. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
- "Removing SIM card". Apple Inc. July 10, 2008. Retrieved June 11, 2009.
- Diaz, Jesus (June 9, 2008). "iPhone 3G's New SIM Ejector Tool Makes It Instant Must-Buy". Gizmodo. Retrieved June 24, 2008.
- Hughes, Neil (August 17, 2010). "Liquidmetal created SIM ejector tool for Apple's iPhone, iPad". AppleInsider. Retrieved January 1, 2012.
- "Wireless carrier support and features for iPhone". Apple Inc. December 23, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
- Apple Inc. "iPhone 4 – Size, weight, battery life, and other specs". Apple Inc. Retrieved June 23, 2010.
- Slivka, Eric. "Sprint Offers Clarification on iPhone 4S International Micro-SIM Unlocking". MacRumors. Retrieved July 13, 2012.
- Miller, Matthew. "International travelers: Here is how to SIM unlock your Verizon Apple iPhone 4S". ZDNet. Retrieved July 13, 2012.
- "iPhone and iPod: Liquid damage is not covered by warranty". Apple Inc. August 27, 2010. Retrieved December 25, 2010.
- Martin, David (April 19, 2009). "Sweaty workouts killing iPhones?". CNET. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Respers, Lisa (April 14, 2009). "Moisture, cold irritate some smart phone users". CNN. Retrieved November 5, 2009.
- Epstein, Zach (November 9, 2010). "Apple Amends Internal iPod Water Damage Policy". Boy Genius Report. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
- "Apple Earphones with Remote and Mic". Apple Inc. Retrieved January 26, 2011.
- "Apple iPhone 3G Dock". Apple Store. Retrieved June 14, 2009.
- "Apple – Support – Apple Ultracompact USB Power Adapter Exchange Program". Apple Inc. Retrieved January 9, 2009.
- "Apple – Support – Apple Ultracompact USB Power Adapter Exchange Program – Latin American Countries". Apple Inc. Retrieved January 9, 2009.
- "Apple announces iPhone 12 and iPhone 12 mini: A new era for iPhone with 5G". Apple Newsroom.
- Jeffries, Adrianne (September 9, 2014). "Apple Pay allows you to pay at the counter with your iPhone 6". The Verge. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
- Ye, Shen (April 8, 2015). "The science behind Force Touch and the Taptic Engine". iMore. Retrieved November 19, 2018.
- Wuerthele, Mike. "Inside the iPhone 7: Apple's Taptic Engine, explained". AppleInsider.
- Patel, Nilay (June 7, 2010). "iPhone OS 4 renamed iOS 4, launching June 21 with 1500 new features". Engadget. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Frommer, Dan (June 14, 2016). "Here's how to remove Apple's built-in system apps in iOS 10". Recode. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
- Miller, Paul (March 6, 2008). "Apple announces App Store for iPhone, iPod touch". Engadget. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
- "iOS 9 Available as a Free Update for iPhone, iPad & iPod touch Users September 16" (Press release). Apple Inc. September 9, 2015. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
- "Update your iPhone, iPad, or iPod touch". Apple Support. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
- Painter, Lewis. "Which iPhones & iPads are compatible with iOS 11?". Macworld. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
- "Apple releases iOS 11 for iPhone and iPad, here's everything new". 9to5Mac. September 19, 2017. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
- Gil, Lory; Bader, Daniel; Caldwell, Serenity; Ritchie, Rene (September 7, 2016). "iOS 10 FAQ: Everything you need to know". iMore. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
- applications
- "iPhone Applications". Apple Inc. July 11, 2007. Archived from the original on March 11, 2008. Retrieved November 4, 2007.
- Siracusa, John. "The Frontier". Ars Technica. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
- Agger, Michael. "Apple's Mousetrap". Slate. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
- Melanson, Donald (August 13, 2007). "Mirror-based video conferencing developed for iPhone". Engadget. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- "Apple – iPhone 4 – One-tap video calling with FaceTime on iPhone 43". Retrieved June 11, 2010.
- "iPhone: Make calls and play music using voice control". Apple Inc. June 10, 2009. Archived from the original on June 10, 2009. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- Tessler, Franklin (December 12, 2008). "Review: iPhone voice dialers". Macworld. Retrieved May 9, 2009.
- Starrett, Charles (June 11, 2008). "iPhone 3G carriers, Apple vary on Visual Voicemail". iLounge. Retrieved May 24, 2009.
- "Apple Unveils the iTunes Wi-Fi Music Store" (Press release). Apple Inc. November 5, 2007. Archived from the original on April 23, 2009. Retrieved May 24, 2009.
- "How to create custom ringtones in GarageBand 4.1.1". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on December 15, 2007. Retrieved December 15, 2007.
- Gilbertson, Scott (September 12, 2007). "How to Make Custom IPhone Ringtones Without Paying Apple $2". Wired. Archived from the original on May 16, 2008. Retrieved March 8, 2008.
- "iOS 6 Preview". Apple Inc. Retrieved June 11, 2012.
- "What is Gapless Playback?". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on May 8, 2008. Retrieved May 13, 2008.
- Gruber, John (September 30, 2007). "The Reason It's Called the Wi-Fi Music Store". Daring Fireball. Retrieved January 6, 2008.
- "iOS: Understanding cellular data networks". Support.apple.com. September 24, 2013. Retrieved February 3, 2014.
- "Apple's Joswiak: iPhone 3G Runs Fast HSDPA 3.6, Not Slower 1.8". Gearlog. Archived from the original on October 4, 2008. Retrieved October 12, 2008.
- Michaels, Philip; Jason Snell (June 8, 2009). "iPhone 3GS offers speed boost, video capture". Macworld. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
- "5G Evolution: What it Means for You". AT&T. Retrieved August 6, 2019.
- Tibken, Shara. "iPhone 12 and 5G: All the answers to your questions about the super-fast connectivity". CNET. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- Rojas, Peter (July 20, 2004). "AT&T Wireless introduces 3G wireless". Engadget. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- "Jobs: battery life issues delaying 3G iPhone". MacNN. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- "Apple – iPhone – Enterprise". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on July 21, 2008. Retrieved June 11, 2008.
- "iPhone: About Connections Settings". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on October 19, 2007. Retrieved November 4, 2007.
- "iPhone: Connecting to the Internet with EDGE or Wi-Fi". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on October 11, 2007. Retrieved November 4, 2007.
- "Apple – iPhone – Features – 3G". Apple Inc. 2008. Retrieved December 14, 2008.
- "iPhone: Zooming In to See a Page More easily". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on December 25, 2007. Retrieved November 4, 2007.
- Walter S. Mossberg; Katherine Boehret (June 26, 2007). "The iPhone Is a Breakthrough Handheld Computer". The Mossberg Solution.
The iPhone is the first smartphone we've tested with a real, computer-grade Web browser, a version of Apple's Safari. It displays entire Web pages, in their real layouts, and allows you to zoom in quickly by either tapping or pinching with your finger.
- Chartier, David (June 12, 2007). "It's official: No Flash support on the iPhone (yet)". The Unofficial Apple Weblog. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- Jobs, Steve (April 2010). "Thoughts on Flash". Apple Inc. Retrieved May 1, 2010.
- Wilson, Ben (December 5, 2008). "iPhone OS 2.0 will include Bonjour, full-screen Safari mode, more". CNET. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Cohen, Peter (January 9, 2007). "Macworld Expo Keynote Live Update". Macworld. Retrieved February 1, 2007.
- Block, Ryan (January 9, 2007). "Live from Macworld 2007: Steve Jobs keynote". Engadget. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Snell, Jason (November 21, 2008). "Apple releases iPhone 2.2 update". Macworld. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- "Apple — iPhone — Get directions with GPS maps and a new compass". Apple Inc. June 8, 2009. Archived from the original on June 12, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
- Lane, Slash (February 14, 2008). "Google iPhone usage shocks search giant". AppleInsider. Retrieved February 18, 2008.
- "iPhone Data Booms at T-Mobile". Unstrung. January 30, 2008. Retrieved February 18, 2008.
- Chen, Brian X. (August 28, 2009). "iPhone Goes to China Without Wi-Fi". Wired.
- Sande, Steven (January 11, 2011). "Verizon iPhone Can't Handle Data and Voice Simultaneously". The Unofficial Apple Weblog.
- "You can finally talk and use data simultaneously on new Verizon iPhones". The Verge. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
- Van Allen, Fox (December 2014). "Here's When Your Carrier will Support the iPhone 6's Wi-Fi Calling".
- Markoff, John (June 13, 2007). "That iPhone Has a Keyboard, but It's Not Mechanical". The New York Times. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- "Apple – iPhone – Features – Keyboard". Apple Inc. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
- "Apple – iPhone – Tips and Tricks". Apple Inc. Retrieved November 11, 2011.
- "iOS 8 supports third-party keyboards". Retrieved January 25, 2018.
- "Apple – iPhone – Technical Specifications". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on June 12, 2009. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- "Apple – iPhone – Enterprise". Apple Inc. Retrieved May 16, 2009.
- Frausto-Robledo, Anthony (July 24, 2007). "Analysis: Kerio MailServer delivers email to Apple iPhone". Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- "iPhone to support Exchange". TechTraderDaily. March 6, 2008.
- "Apple Introduces the New iPhone 3G" (Press release). Apple Inc. June 9, 2008. Archived from the original on May 1, 2011.
iPhone 2.0 software will be available on July 11 as a free software update via iTunes 7.7 or later for all iPhone customers
- "iPhone – Features – Mail". Apple Inc. Retrieved May 16, 2009.
- Moren, Dan (January 16, 2008). "First Look: iPhone 1.1.3". Macworld. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- Mies, Ginny (June 9, 2009). "AT&T tight-lipped on MMS, tethering". Macworld. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- "AT&T slates iPhone MMS launch for Friday". ComputerWorld. September 24, 2009. Retrieved September 25, 2009.
- "iPhone to Support Third-Party Web 2.0 Applications" (Press release). Apple Inc. June 11, 2007. Archived from the original on December 15, 2008. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
- "Hot News". Apple. Archived from the original on October 18, 2007. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
- Block, Ryan (March 6, 2008). "Live from Apple's iPhone SDK press conference". Engadget. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Quinn, Michelle (July 10, 2008). "Apple will open App Store in bid to boost iPhone sales". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
- Breen, Christopher (July 15, 2008). "Is the iPod touch 2.0 update worth $10?". Macworld. Retrieved May 16, 2009.
- Wingfield, Nick (August 11, 2008). "IPhone Software Sales Take Off: Apple's Jobs". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 8, 2009. Retrieved September 3, 2008. Alt URL
- LeJacq, Yannick (August 5, 2013). "Smartphone game may destroy your smartphone". NBC News. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
- "Podcasting app rejected from App Store". Macworld. September 12, 2008. Retrieved January 23, 2009.
- Raphael, JR (September 15, 2008). "Apple App Store Ban: Android, Here's Your Chance". PC World. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved December 13, 2008.
- Previous post Next post (June 2, 2010). "AT&T Adds iPhone Tethering, Kills Unlimited Data for iPad, Smartphones". Wired. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
- "Apple – Web apps". Apple Inc. Archived from the original on March 19, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2009.
- Healey, Jon (August 6, 2007). "Hacking the iPhone". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- "Apple's Joswiak: We Do not Hate iPhone Coders". gearlog.com. September 2007. Archived from the original on September 14, 2007.
- Perton, Marc (October 22, 2013). "Apple App Store hits 60 billion cumulative downloads". Engadget. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Perez, Sarah (September 7, 2016). "App Store sees 140 billion downloads, 106% year-over-year growth". TechCrunch. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Goode, Lauren (January 5, 2017). "Apple's App Store just had the most successful month of sales ever". The Verge. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
- "App Store shatters records on New Year's Day" (Press release). Apple Inc. January 5, 2017. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
- Pogue, David (June 27, 2007). "The iPhone Matches Most of Its Hype". The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Farber, Dan (January 9, 2014). "When iPhone met world, 7 years ago today". CNET. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
- Elgan, Mike (July 2, 2011). "How iPhone Changed the World". Cult of Mac. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
- Goode, Lauren (January 16, 2017). "The original iPhone changed phones as we knew them, but iPhone 4S was a game-changer, too". The Verge. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
- Gruman, Galen (January 10, 2012). "5 years of iPhone: Evolution of a game-changer". Networkworld. International Data Group. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
- Satariano, Adam (August 10, 2011). "Apple Surpasses Exxon as World's Most Valuable Company Before Retreating". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on August 10, 2011. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
- Patel, Nilay (September 22, 2015). "iPhone 6S Review". The Verge. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- "Apple shouldn't be praised for doing the bare minimum". Android Authority. September 12, 2019.
- "Early Signs Of iPhone Adoption In Business - InformationWeek". InformationWeek. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
- "iPhone Users Earn Higher Income, Engage More on Apps than Android Users". Comscore, Inc.
- "Want to Appear Rich? Buy an iPhone". Gizmodo.
- Williams, Rhiannon (January 9, 2015). "Women more likely to own an iPhone than men". The Daily Telegraph.
- "About Hearing Aid Compatibility (HAC) requirements for iPhone". Apple Inc. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
- "Use Made for iPhone hearing aids". Apple Inc. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
- "Use Live Listen with Made for iPhone hearing aids". Apple Inc. Retrieved April 3, 2016.
- "Accessibility – iOS – Braille Displays". Apple Inc. Retrieved April 5, 2016.
- "Accessibility – iOS". Apple Inc. Retrieved April 5, 2016.
- "Apple — Accessibility — iPhone — Vision". Apple Inc. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
- "Apple – Accessibility – iPhone – Hearing". Apple Inc. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
- "Apple – iPhone – Accessibility". Apple Inc. June 8, 2009. Retrieved June 8, 2009.
- "Apple – Voluntary Product Accessibility Templates". Apple Inc. July 18, 2009. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
- Axon, Samuel (December 20, 2019). "Report: Apple is developing satellites so the iPhone can skip wireless carriers". Ars Technica. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
- Apple Inc. (2007–2020). iPhone News - Newsroom Archive. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
- Ishimaru, Heather (January 9, 2007). "Apple Options Not An Issue At Macworld". abc7news.com. Archived from the original on February 6, 2009. Retrieved January 11, 2007.
- "iPhone – Features – High Technology". Apple Inc. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- Wright, Aaron (February 20, 2007). "The iPhone Lawsuits". Apple Matters. Retrieved June 25, 2007.
- Gikas, Mike (April 8, 2008). "Send in the iClones". Consumer Reports. Archived from the original on June 9, 2009. Retrieved June 10, 2009.
- "Trademark Applications and Registrations Retrieval, serial number 74431935 (I PHONE)". United States Patent and Trademark Office. January 12, 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- Berlind, David (January 7, 2007). "On the eve of a new phone, Apple appears to want in on the Cisco "iPhone" trademark". Archived from the original on February 10, 2007. Retrieved January 10, 2009.
- "Trademark Applications and Registrations Retrieval, serial number 75076573 (IPHONE)". United States Patent and Trademark Office. July 31, 2006. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- "InfoGear Technology Corporation v iPhones". National Arbitration Forum. April 13, 2000. Archived from the original on August 17, 2000. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- Kawamoto, Dawn (January 26, 2007). "Cisco faces iPhone trademark challenge in Canada". ZDNet. Archived from the original on April 24, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- "Case details for Community Trade Mark E5341301". UK Intellectual Property Office. Archived from the original on September 11, 2008. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- "Apple filing for iPhone trademarks worldwide". 10layers.com. October 17, 2006. Archived from the original on January 13, 2007. Retrieved January 28, 2007.
- Thomas, Owen (January 9, 2007). "Apple: Hello, iPhone". CNN. Retrieved January 27, 2007.
- "Cisco Sues Apple for Trademark Infringement" (Press release). Cisco Systems. January 10, 2007. Archived from the original on January 12, 2007. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- "Report: Cisco CEO calls iPhone suit 'minor skirmish'". CNET. February 24, 2007. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Wong, May (February 2, 2007). "Cisco, Apple decide to talk over iPhone". The Seattle Times. Associated Press. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- Wingfield, Nick (February 22, 2007). "Apple, Cisco Reach Accord Over iPhone". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- "Cisco and Apple Reach Agreement on iPhone Trademark" (Press release). Apple Inc. February 21, 2007. Archived from the original on March 25, 2008. Retrieved April 1, 2008.
- "Nokia sues Apple in Delaware District Court for infringement of Nokia GSM, UMTS and WLAN patents". Nokia. October 22, 2009. Retrieved October 24, 2009.
- "IPhone and iPad users sue Apple over privacy issues". Reuters. December 28, 2010. Retrieved December 28, 2010.
- Chen, Brian X. (August 24, 2012). "A Verdict That Alters an Industry". The New York Times.
- Mann, Ronald. "Opinion analysis: Justices tread narrow path in rejecting $400 million award for Samsung's infringement of Apple's cellphone design patents". SCOTUS Blog. Retrieved December 14, 2016.
- "Apple seeks patent for wraparound displayl". 3 News NZ. April 2, 2013. Archived from the original on July 30, 2013. Retrieved April 1, 2013.
- Vance, Christopher (April 20, 2011). "Consolidated.db: Final Thoughts". Archived from the original on April 24, 2011. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
- Chen, Brian X. (April 20, 2011). "iPhone Tracks Your Every Move, and There's a Map for That". Wired. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
- Warden, Pete (April 24, 2011). "Additional iPhone tracking research". O'Reilly Media. Retrieved April 25, 2011.
- Levinson, Alex (April 21, 2011). "3 Major Issues with the Latest iPhone Tracking "Discovery"". Retrieved April 25, 2011.
- Hyppönen, Mikko (April 21, 2011). "Actually, iPhone sends your location to Apple twice a day". Retrieved April 25, 2011.
- Arthur, Charles (April 20, 2011). "iPhone keeps record of everywhere you go". The Guardian. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Allan, Alasdair; Warden, Pete. "iPhone Tracker". GitHub. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
- Aamoth, Doug (April 22, 2011). "How to Encrypt The Location Data of your iPhone (Consolidated.db)". Time. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
- "Apple Q&A on Location Data" (Press release). Apple Inc. April 27, 2011. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
- "Influential China TV alleges iPhone exposing 'state secrets'". Beijing News.Net. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
- "About privacy and Location Services in iOS 8 and later". Apple. Retrieved September 4, 2018.
- "Your iPhone Knows Exactly Where You've Been And This Is How To See It". BuzzFeed. Retrieved October 27, 2015.
- Fowler, Geoffrey A. "Perspective | It's the middle of the night. Do you know who your iPhone is talking to?". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
- Lakshmanan, Ravie (May 29, 2019). "Your iPhone is leaking personal info to tracking companies". The Next Web. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
- "Privacy Scandal: NSA Can Spy on Smart Phone Data". September 7, 2013. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
- David E Sanger; Brian X Chen (September 27, 2014). "Signaling Post-Snowden Era, New iPhone Locks Out N.S.A." The New York Times. Retrieved September 27, 2014.
- "Manhattan DA: iPhone Crypto Locked Out Cops 74 Times". Wired. July 8, 2015.
- Zakrzewski, Cat (October 12, 2015). "Encrypted Smartphones Challenge Investigators". The Wall Street Journal.
- "Prosecutors press on with 'think of the children' campaign against encryption in iOS, Android". AppleInsider. August 12, 2015.
- Tiffany Kary; Chris Dolmetsch (November 18, 2015). "Apple, Google Urged to Crack Encrypted Phones in Terror Probes". Bloomberg News.
- Michael Riley; Jordan Robertson (February 19, 2016). "Secret Memo Details U.S.'s Broader Strategy to Crack Phones". Bloomberg News.
- Farivar, Cyrus (February 17, 2016). "Judge: Apple must help FBI unlock San Bernardino shooter's iPhone". Ars Technica. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Blankstein, Andrew (February 16, 2016). "Judge Forces Apple to Help Unlock San Bernardino Shooter iPhone". NBC News.
- Tim Cook. "A Message to Our Customers". Archived from the original on February 17, 2016.
The United States government has demanded that Apple take an unprecedented step which threatens the security of our customers. We oppose this order, which has implications far beyond the legal case at hand.
- Novet, Jordan. "Apple vs. FBI: A timeline of the iPhone encryption case". VentureBeat. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
- "GrayKey iPhone unlocker device". Retrieved March 15, 2018.
- Cox, Joseph (July 5, 2018). "Leaked Emails Show Cops Trying to Hide Emails About Phone Hacking Tools". Vice Media.
Leaked emails from one of these communities showed how some members were confident that Grayshift, the company behind the GrayKey product, had already found a workaround to a new security feature from Apple called USB Restricted Mode.
- "Grayshift usb restricted mode solution". Retrieved September 21, 2018.
- "Privacy – Government Information Requests". Apple Inc. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
- "Who Has Your Back? Government Data Requests 2015". Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
- "Data Sanitization | University IT". uit.stanford.edu.
- Braiker, Brian (May 2, 2008). "A Killer Product: Will closed devices like Apple's iPhone murder the Web?". Retrieved June 16, 2009.
Through historical accident, we've ended up with a global network that pretty much allows anybody to communicate with anyone else at any time. Devices could be reprogrammed by them at any time, including code written by other people, so you don't have to be a nerd to get the benefits of reprogramming it. [But] this is a historical accident. Now, I see a movement away from that framework—even though it doesn't feel like a movement away. [For example,] an iPhone can only be changed by Steve Jobs or soon, with the software development kit, by programmers that he personally approves that go through his iPhone apps store. Or whimsical applications that run on the Facebook platform or the new Google apps. These are controllable by their vendors in ways that Bill Gates never dreamed of controlling Windows applications. [...] That's the ironic thing. Bill Gates is Mr. Proprietary. But for my purposes, even under the standard Windows operating system from 1990, 1991, you write the code, you can hand it to somebody else and they can run it. Bill Gates has nothing to say about it. So it's funny to think that by moving in Steve Jobs's direction it actually ends up far more proprietary.
- Johnston, Michael (October 20, 2007). "Do iPhone Hacks Void Your Warranty?". iPhone Alley. Archived from the original on June 7, 2010. Retrieved May 14, 2009.
- Moren, Dan (May 28, 2008). "iPhone hackers look to an uncertain future". Macworld. Retrieved May 25, 2009.
- FAQ Details. Eshop.macsales.com (March 27, 2013). Retrieved on July 30, 2013.
- "How to use parental controls on your child's iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch". Apple Support. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
- "IOS Understanding Restrictions". Apple Inc. Retrieved September 26, 2012.
- Johansen, Jon Lech (July 3, 2007). "iPhone Independence Day". nanocr.eu. Retrieved June 6, 2008.
- Baldwin, Roberto (June 9, 2008). "iPhone 3G – In-Store Activation Only". MacLife. Retrieved June 13, 2008.
- Markoff, John (July 12, 2008). "iPhone Users Plagued by Software Problems". The New York Times. Retrieved July 13, 2008.
- "iPhone 3G". Apple Store (UK). Retrieved May 14, 2009.
- "Apple – iPhone – Buy iPhone 3G". Apple Inc. Retrieved June 14, 2009.
- Krazit, Tom (October 29, 2007). "iPhone jailbreak for the masses released". CNET. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Granick, Jennifer (August 28, 2007). "Legal or Not, IPhone Hacks Might Spur Revolution". Wired. Retrieved May 14, 2009.
- Krazit, Tom (February 13, 2009). "Apple: iPhone jailbreaking violates our copyright". CNET. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Feed !, Tweet Subscribe to our RSS (July 26, 2010). "Jailbreaking and Unlocking is Now Officially Legal in United States".
- Australian admits creating first iPhone virus, Brigid Andersen, ABC Online, November 9, 2009. Retrieved November 10, 2009.
- Keizer, Gregg (November 9, 2009). "Jailbreaking puts iPhone owners at risk, says researcher". Computerworld.
- Wang, David (May 19, 2010). "How to Install Android on Your iPhone". PC World.
- "iDroid Project Wiki". Idroidproject.org. Archived from the original on July 14, 2011. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
- Wilson, Ben (December 5, 2008). "One-step method for adding third-party apps to iPhone 1.1.1, iPod Touch debuts". CNET. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Hollister, Sean (August 1, 2010). "Official: iPhone 4 jailbreak hits from iPhone Dev Team (updated with video)". Engadget. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Mathew J. Schwartz (July 7, 2011). "Apple iOS Zero-Day PDF Vulnerability Exposed". InformationWeek. Archived from the original on July 10, 2011. Retrieved October 23, 2011.
- Robertson, Jordan (July 8, 2011). "Security holes discovered in iPhones, iPads". News & Record. Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 11, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
- Friedman, Lex (July 25, 2011). "Apple releases iOS 4.3.5 to fix certificate validation". Macworld. Retrieved January 19, 2017.
- Musil, Steven (September 22, 2013). "Hackers claim to have defeated Apple's Touch ID print sensor". CNET. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- Frank (September 21, 2013). "Chaos Computer Club breaks Apple TouchID". Chaos Computer Club. Retrieved December 31, 2017.
- "How to unlock your iPhone". Apple Inc. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
- Farivar, Cyrus (November 14, 2007). "Unlocking an iPhone". Macworld. Retrieved May 25, 2009.
- Kharif, Olga (September 2, 2008). "What's Hot: Used Apple iPhones: After the iPhone 3G launch, consumers want the original, hackable iPhone, and vendors are springing up to sell them—for a premium". BusinessWeek. Archived from the original on September 4, 2008. Retrieved March 17, 2009.
- T-Mobile CEO says frequency band issue is 'key reason' for lack of iPhone. Appleinsider.com. Retrieved January 19, 2012.
- "Quarter of US iPhones 'unlocked'". BBC News. January 28, 2008.
- Krazit, Tom (March 19, 2009). "AT&T: No-contract iPhones coming next week". CNET. Retrieved March 23, 2017.
- "Orange to sell iPhone SIM-free for €749". PC Retail Magazine. November 29, 2007. Archived from the original on January 17, 2008. Retrieved January 6, 2008.
- iPhone overview from GTA TeleGuam
- "iPhone overview". Docomo Pacific. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
- "AT&T Customer Service & Support - AT&T Official Site". AT&T.
- Verizon Wireless says iPhone 5 won't be 'relocked' . NBC Nnws.com (September 24, 2012). Retrieved on July 10, 2013.
- "Apple 'loses money on phone repairs'". November 21, 2019. Retrieved November 25, 2019.
- "Mobile phone locking and unlocking". Ofcom. December 12, 2019.
- "Buy iPhone 4 and iPhone 3GS". Apple Inc. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
- Harris, Sophia Harris (June 16, 2017). "CRTC bans cellphone unlocking fees, orders all new devices be unlocked". CBC. Retrieved December 16, 2018.
- "iPhone 3G & iPhone 3GS – Apple Store (Australia)". Apple Inc. Retrieved May 19, 2010.
- Author, AppAdvice Staff (November 2, 2012). "Apple Losing The Battle Over The iPhone Brand Name In Mexico". AppAdvice. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
- "Mexican Supreme Court upholds iFone ruling". WIPR. March 19, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2013.(subscription required)
- "STXNEWS LATAM-Brazil's IGB says registered brand 'IPHONE' in Brazil-filing". Reuters. December 18, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
- Vergara del Carril, Marcos; Sheppard, Mullin, Richter & Hampton LLP (October 11, 2013). "Apple is Fighting Back in Brazilian Courts to Get its iPhone Trademark". National Law Review. Retrieved November 6, 2013.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- "Apple volta a vencer Gradiente em ação pela marca iPhone (English: Apple defeats Gradiente again in lawsuit for the iPhone brand)". Veja. Archived from the original on April 14, 2015. Retrieved August 27, 2015.
- Beltran, Sam (June 3, 2015). "iPhone vs. MyPhone: Apple Loses in Trademark Case". When In Manila. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
- Gonzales, Yuji (June 2, 2015). "Apple Loses Trademark Case vs PH's MyPhone". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
External links
- iPhone – Official Site, Apple
- Technical specifications (all models) at Apple Inc.
- Video of Jobs launching the iPhone at Macworld 2007 on YouTube
- Digging for rare earths: The mines where iPhones are born at CNET News, September 26, 2012
- Evolution of iPhone at TechEngage, February 03, 2021
iOS and iOS-based products | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hardware | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Software |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Services |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Other |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Products |
|  | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Services |
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Companies |
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Related | |||||||||||||||||||
| People |
| ||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||
Authority control  |
|---|