Interactionism (nature versus nurture)

In the context of the nature-nurture debate, interactionism is the view that all human behavioral traits develop from the interaction of both "nature" and "nurture", that is, from both genetic and environmental factors. This view further holds that genetic and environmental influences on organismal development are so closely interdependent that they are inseparable from one another.[1] Historically, it has often been confused with the statistical concept of gene-environment interaction.[2] Historically, interactionism has presented a limited view of the manner in which behavioral traits develop, and has simply demonstrated that "nature" and "nurture" are both necessary.[3] Among the first biologists to propose an interactionist theory of development was Daniel Lehrman.[4] Since then, numerous interactionist perspectives have been proposed, and the contradictions between many of these perspectives has led to much controversy in evolutionary psychology and behavioral genetics.[5][6] Proponents of various forms of interactionist perspectives include Philip Kitcher, who refers to his view as "causal democracy", and Susan Oyama, who describes her perspective as "constructive interactionism".[7] Critics of interactionism include major figures in behavioral genetics such as Robert Plomin, and philosopher Neven Sesardic.[6][8][9]

See also

References
  1. Lerner, Richard M. (1978). "Nature, Nurture, and Dynamic Interactionism". Human Development. 21 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1159/000271572. ISSN 1423-0054.
  2. Tabery, James (September 2007). "Biometric and developmental gene–environment interactions: Looking back, moving forward". Development and Psychopathology. 19 (4): 961–976. doi:10.1017/S0954579407000478. ISSN 0954-5794. PMID 17931428.
  3. Laland, K. N. (June 20, 2003). "HUMAN BEHAVIOR: The New Interactionism". Science. 300 (5627): 1879–1880. doi:10.1126/science.1086519. ISSN 0036-8075. S2CID 142559410.
  4. Johnston, Timothy D. (December 1988). "Developmental explanation and the ontogeny of birdsong: Nature/nurture redux" (PDF). Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 11 (4): 617–630. doi:10.1017/S0140525X0005370X. ISSN 0140-525X.
  5. Horvath, Christopher D. (June 2000). "Interactionism and Innateness in the Evolutionary Study of Human Nature". Biology & Philosophy. 15 (3): 321–337. doi:10.1023/A:1006717316436. ISSN 0169-3867. S2CID 141154082.
  6. Sesardic, Neven (2005). Making Sense of Heritability. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511487378. ISBN 9780511487378.
  7. Oyama, Susan (September 2000). "Causal Democracy and Causal Contributions in Developmental Systems Theory". Philosophy of Science. 67: S332–S347. doi:10.1086/392830. ISSN 0031-8248.
  8. Plomin, Robert; DeFries, J. C.; Knopik, Valerie S.; Neiderhiser, Jenae M. (2012-09-24). Behavioral genetics: a primer (6th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. ISBN 9781429242158. OCLC 827527503.
  9. Beam, Christopher R.; Turkheimer, Eric (2017), Tolan, Patrick H.; Leventhal, Bennett L. (eds.), "Gene–Environment Correlation as a Source of Stability and Diversity in Development", Gene-Environment Transactions in Developmental Psychopathology, Springer International Publishing, pp. 111–130, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-49227-8_6, ISBN 9783319492254
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