Investigatory Powers Tribunal

In the United Kingdom, the Investigatory Powers Tribunal (IPT) is a judicial body, independent of the British government, which hears complaints about surveillance by public bodies—in fact, "the only Tribunal to whom complaints about the Intelligence Services can be directed".[1]

AbbreviationIPT
Formation2000
PurposeCourt which investigates and determines complaints about covert techniques used by public authorities.
President
Lord Justice Singh
Vice President
Lord Boyd of Duncansby
Websitewww.ipt-uk.com

History

It was established in 2000 by the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (RIPA) and replaced the Interception of Communications Tribunal, the Security Service Tribunal, and the Intelligence Services Tribunal.

The IPT does not disclose its address; it uses a PO box in Nine Elms, London, close to the Secret Intelligence Building. Its website was created in 2003 by Tricorn Media, which has worked extensively for the police and Home Office.[2][3] The IPT and its shortcomings were discussed in a BBC Radio 4 File on 4 programme in September 2013.[4]

Certain European Court of Human Rights judgments said the IPT offers no human rights remedy on surveillance questions, in particular Burden v United Kingdom (2008) 47 EHRR 38 and Malik v United Kingdom (Application no.32968/11) [2013] ECHR 794 (28 May 2013).

Jurisdiction

The tribunal has jurisdiction to consider complaints about the use of surveillance by any organisation with powers under the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act. It is also the only judicial body with the power to investigate the conduct of the Security Service (MI5), the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) and the Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ).[5][6]

Organisations under the IPT's jurisdiction must provide details to the IPT of any activity that is being complained about.[7] The IPT will only decide whether any surveillance that is being carried out is lawful—i.e., that it has been appropriately authorised and is being conducted in accordance with the applicable rules. If it investigates a complaint and finds that surveillance is being carried out but is lawful, it will not confirm to the complainant that they are under surveillance, merely state that their complaint has not been upheld. The IPT is exempt from the Freedom of Information Act 2000 so information made available to it in the course of considering a complaint cannot be obtained under a freedom of information request.[8][9]

Complaints may be dealt with on paper or by oral hearing, at the IPT's discretion.[7]

A complaint about surveillance being conducted by a private person or a company cannot be heard by the IPT.[8]

The legislation originally provided for no avenue to appeal, other than to take the case to the European Court of Human Rights.[10] However, despite legislation in the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 that sought to prevent any appeal or questioning of a judgement, the Supreme Court found in R (Privacy International) v Investigatory Powers Tribunal that errors in law made by the court may be subject to judicial review.[11] Further legislation was subsequently introduced in the Investigatory Powers Act 2016 to codify in law the findings and allow for appeals on a point of law to the Court of Appeal in England and Wales or the Court of Session.[12][13]

Members

The IPT's ten members are appointed by the Queen for five-year terms, after which they may "stand down or declare themselves available for reappointment".[14] The President and Vice President must both hold or have previously held senior judicial posts. The current President is Sir Rabinder Singh, a Lord Justice of Appeal who was appointed to the IPT in 2016 and became president on 27 September 2018.[15] All the other members must be experienced barristers or solicitors.[16]

As of November 2019, they are:[15]

Cases

Only select IPT rulings are published. Statistics concerning complaints dealt with by the IPT are published each year in the Annual Report of the Interception of Communications Commissioner. Those statistics shows that very few complaints about surveillance have been upheld; from 2000 to 2009, five out of at least 956 complaints have been upheld, as shown in the table below.

IPT Complaints vs Complaints Upheld 2001-2008
YearTotal complaintsComplaints upheldSource
2000/011020[17]
20021300[18]
20031090[19]
2004900[20]
2005801[21]
2006860[22]
2007660[23]
20081362[24]
20091571[25]
20101646[26]
20111800[27]
2012168-[28]
Total1,46810

One of the IPT's few published rulings concerns the high-profile case of a family who were placed under surveillance by Poole Borough Council in order to investigate claims that the family were not living in the school catchment area which they claimed. The IPT ruled that the use of covert surveillance by the council was not appropriate.[29][30]

In 2010, the IPT produced an annual report for the first time. The report provided statistics relating to the outcomes of complaints. It was stated that 210 complaints were considered in 2010 (including some carried over from the previous year) but 105 (50%) of these cases were inadmissible and were not investigated. This includes cases which were withdrawn, malformed, out of time, out of jurisdiction or, most commonly, "frivolous or vexatious". Sixty-five cases were considered by the IPT to be frivolous or vexatious—generally either obviously unsustainable or repeats of previous complaints.[31]

In 2012, the IPT provided statistics relating to the number of new complaints received and those considered over the course of the year, but did not specify whether any had been upheld.[32]

Following the global surveillance disclosures by Edward Snowden in 2013, the British government submitted documents to the tribunal which showed for the first time that its intelligence services could access raw material collected in bulk by the National Security Agency (NSA), and other foreign spy agencies, without a warrant. This appeared to contradict assurances given in July 2013 by the Parliamentary Intelligence and Security Committee which stated that in all cases in which GCHQ obtained intelligence from the US a warrant was signed by a minister.[33][34]

On 6 November 2014, official documents disclosed to the IPT by the intelligence agencies revealed that their guidance policies allowed staff to access confidential communications between lawyers and their clients. This privileged relationship is usually strictly protected under British law, and leading campaigners said the disclosures had "troubling implications for the whole British justice system". The release of the documents resulted from a claim brought on behalf of two Libyan men who had sued the British government for alleged complicity in their detention and subsequent rendition to the Libyan authorities. The British government refused to make a full statement concerning the revelations contained in the documents, saying only that it did not comment on ongoing legal proceedings.[35]

The IPT ruled in December 2014 that GCHQ did not breach the European Convention on Human Rights, and that its activities are compliant with Articles 8 (right to privacy) and 10 (freedom of expression) of the European Convention of Human Rights.[36] However, in February 2015, the tribunal refined its earlier judgement and ruled that aspects of the data-sharing arrangement that allowed UK Intelligence services to request data from the US surveillance programmes Prism and Upstream did contravene said Articles and, as such, were illegal between – at least - 2007, when Prism was introduced, and 2014,[37] when two paragraphs of additional information, providing details about the procedures and safeguards, were disclosed to the public in December 2014.[38][39]

Furthermore, the IPT ruled that the legislative framework in the United Kingdom does not permit mass surveillance and that while GCHQ collects and analyses data in bulk, it does not practice mass surveillance.[36][40][41] This complements independent reports by the Interception of Communications Commissioner,[42] and a special report made by the Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament.[43]

In 2015, three parliamentarians took a case to the IPT that the Wilson Doctrine, that parliamentarians' communications should not be tapped, was being broken.[44][45][46] The IPT panel, headed by two senior High Court judges, found the Wilson Doctrine is not enforceable in law and does not impose any legal restraints on the intelligence agencies. They said MPs have the same level of legal protection as the general public when it comes to interception of their communications, and that only lawyers and journalists have more protection due to human rights law.[47][48] Subsequently, the Prime Minister and the Home Secretary said in Parliament that the protection of MPs communications from being intercepted still applies but does not extend to a blanket ban on surveillance.[49][50][51] Section 26 of the Investigatory Powers Act 2016 placed the Wilson Doctrine on a statutory footing for the first time.[52]

See also

References
  1. "What the Tribunal can investigate". Investigatory Powers Tribunal. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
  2. "Tricorn Media Ltd (Data Analysis - Business Intelligence - Application Development)". Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  3. "Whois ipt-uk.com". Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  4. "BBC Radio 4 - File on 4, Secrecy and Surveillance". BBC. Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  5. "What the Tribunal can investigate". Investigatory Powers Tribunal. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  6. "Section 65(2)(a) and 65(3)(a) of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000". Legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  7. "Procedures". Investigatory Powers Tribunal. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  8. "Limitations". Investigatory Powers Tribunal. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  9. "FAQ: Will the Tribunal tell me if my phone has been intercepted?". Investigatory Powers Tribunal. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  10. "2010 Tribunal report". The Investigatory Powers Tribunal. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  11. Daly, Paul (15 May 2019). "Of Clarity and Context: R (Privacy International) v Investigatory Powers Tribunal [2019] UKSC 22".
  12. "The New Rules introducing a Right of Appeal". The Investigatory Powers Tribunal. 8 January 2019.
  13. "Investigatory Powers Act 2016". Act No. C25, Section 242 of 29 November 2016 (PDF).
  14. "Structure of the Tribunal". Investigatory Powers Tribunal. 6 July 2014.
  15. "Tribunal Members". www.ipt-uk.com. 5 July 2016. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  16. "Structure of the Tribunal". Investigatory Powers Tribunal. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  17. Thomas, Swinton. "Report of the Interception of Communications Commissioner for 2000-2001" (PDF). Interception of Communications Commissioner. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
  18. Thomas, Swinton. "Report of the Interception of Communications Commissioner for 2002" (PDF). Interception of Communications Commissioner. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 September 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
  19. Thomas, Swinton. "Report of the Interception of Communications Commissioner for 2003" (PDF). Interception of Communications Commissioner. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 September 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
  20. Thomas, Swinton. "Report of the Interception of Communications Commissioner for 2004" (PDF). Interception of Communications Commissioner. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
  21. Thomas, Swinton. "Report of the Interception of Communications Commissioner for 2005-2006" (PDF). Interception of Communications Commissioner. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
  22. Kennedy, Paul. "Report of the Interception of Communications Commissioner for 2006" (PDF). Interception of Communications Commissioner. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
  23. Kennedy, Paul. "Report of the Interception of Communications Commissioner for 2007" (PDF). Interception of Communications Commissioner. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
  24. Kennedy, Paul. "Report of the Interception of Communications Commissioner for 2008" (PDF). Interception of Communications Commissioner. Retrieved 15 November 2009.
  25. Kennedy, Paul. "Report of the Interception of Communications Commissioner for 2009" (PDF). Interception of Communications Commissioner. Retrieved 3 August 2010.
  26. Kennedy, Paul. "Report of the Interception of Communications Commissioner for 2010" (PDF). Interception of Communications Commissioner.
  27. "Investigatory Powers Tribunal Statistical Report for 2011" (PDF). Investigatory Powers Tribunal.
  28. "Investigatory Powers Tribunal report for 2012". Investigatory Powers Tribunal. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
  29. "Paton v Poole Borough Council, IPT/09/01-05/C" (PDF). Investigatory Powers Tribunal. 29 July 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  30. "Poole council loses school catchment 'spying' tribunal". BBC News. 2 August 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2011.
  31. http://www.ipt-uk.com/docs/IPTAnnualReportFINAL.PDF
  32. http://ipt-uk.com/sections.asp?pageID=83&sectionID=18&type=news
  33. "Statement on GCHQ's Alleged Interception of Communications under the US PRISM Programme" (PDF). Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament. 17 July 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  34. Ball, James (6 November 2014). "GCHQ views data without a warrant, government admits". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  35. "MI5, MI6 and GCHQ 'spied on lawyers'". BBC News. 6 November 2014. Retrieved 6 November 2014.
  36. "GCHQ does not breach human rights, judges rule". BBC. 5 December 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
  37. "UK-US surveillance regime was unlawful 'for seven years'". The Guardian. 6 February 2015. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
  38. "IPT Ruling on Interception". GCHQ. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  39. "GCHQ censured over sharing of internet surveillance data with US". BBC. 6 February 2015. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  40. "IPT rejects assertions of mass surveillance". GCHQ. 5 December 2014. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2015.
  41. "List of judgments". Investigatory Powers Tribunal. 5 December 2014. Archived from the original on 6 February 2015. Retrieved 7 February 2015. 1. A declaration that the regime governing the soliciting, receiving, storing and transmitting by UK authorities of private communications of individuals located in the UK which have been obtained by US authorities pursuant to Prism and/or Upstream does not contravene Articles 8 or 10 ECHR. 2. A declaration that the regime in respect of interception under ss8(4), 15 and 16 of the Regulation of investigatory Powers Act 2000 does not contravene Articles 8 or 10 ECHR and does not give rise to unlawful discrimination contrary to Article 14, read together with Articles 8 and/or 10 of the ECHR.
  42. "Statement by the Interception of Communications Commissioner's Office (IOCCO) on the publication of the Interception of Communications Commissioner's Report 2014" (PDF). 12 March 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015."Report of the Interception of Communications Commissioner" (PDF). March 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  43. "Privacy and Security: A modern and transparent legal framework". Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament. 12 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015."UK surveillance 'lacks transparency', ISC report says". BBC. 12 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015."Intelligence and security committee report: the key findings". The Guardian. 12 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  44. Alexander J Martin (23 July 2015). "Galloway and Greens challenge Brit spooks over dragnet snooping". The Register. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  45. Alexander J Martin (24 July 2015). "The Wilson Doctrine isn't legally binding, MPs CAN be spied on, says QC". The Register. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  46. Ian Cobain and Jamie Grierson (24 July 2015). "MPs can no longer remain exempt from surveillance, lawyers concede". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  47. "MPs' communications 'not protected', tribunal rules". BBC. 14 October 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  48. "Wilson doctrine was always just political rhetoric – now it's official". The Guardian. 14 October 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  49. "Emergency debate: the operation of the Wilson Doctrine". Parliament. 16 October 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  50. "Wilson Doctrine: MPs' spying protection 'still exists'". BBC. 19 October 2015. Retrieved 8 November 2015.
  51. Mr David Cameron (Prime Minister) (4 November 2015). "The Wilson Doctrine:Written statement". Parliament. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
  52. "Details of UK website visits 'to be stored for year'". BBC. 4 November 2015. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.