Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica

Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica (also spelled as demavendica) is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and in the Oncocyclus section. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Elburz Mountains in Iran. It was originally thought to be a separate species before going through various changes before being classed as a subspecies of Iris barnumiae. It has erect, grey-green (grass-like) leaves and two large flowers, which come in shades from claret-red, burgundy, violet-blue, to dark purple, with a white or cream beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to the environmental conditions it prefers.

Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Species:
I. barnumiae
Subspecies:
I. b. subsp. demawendica
Trinomial name
Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica
Synonyms
  • Iris acutiloba var. demawendica Bornm.
  • Iris acutiloba subsp. demawendica (Bornm.) Bornm.
  • Iris demawendica (Bornm.) Dykes

Description

It is a geophyte,[1] with small rhizomes and very short fibrous secondary roots. The roots do not multiply very quickly, to make clumps of plants.[2]

The leaves are erect,[3] grass-like and grey green.[2] They can grow up to 15 cm (6 in) long,[2] and between 0.4 and 0.7 cm wide.[4] After the blooms died, the leaves also die back.[2]

It has a slender stem or peduncle, that can grow up to 15 cm (6 in) tall.[5][6][7]

The stems hold 2 terminal (top of stem) flowers,[5][8] which bloom between April,[9] May,[8][10] or June to July.[3]

The flowers are larger than Iris iberica,[10] and come in shades from claret-red,[5][8][10] burgundy,[2] violet,[9] violet-blue,[7][11][12] to dark purple.[2][3]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[13]:17 The falls are larger,[6] and wider than I. barnumiae.[3] They have deep violet-red veins,[2][6][8] and a narrow and sometimes unseen,[3] darker signal patch.[7] In the middle of the falls, is a narrow,[6] row of short hairs called the 'beard', which is white,[2][3] grey-white,[9] or cream.[4][11][12] The standards are paler than the falls.[5][8]

After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule, which has not yet been described.

Biochemistry

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[13]:18 In 1977, 47 species of the irises in the Oncocyclus section were analysed,[14] and found to have a chromosome count of 2n=20.[2]

Taxonomy

The Latin specific epithet demawendica refers to Mount Damavand in Iran,[10][11] where the iris can be found.[1]

It is sometimes referred to as demavendica.[2][3][9]

On 4 June 1902, a specimen of the iris (labelled as I. demawendica), was collected from 'Persia borealis' (Northern Iran) by J. Bornmuller, and A. Bornmuller.[15]

It was first published as Iris demawendica by Joseph Friedrich Nicolaus Bornmüller (1862–1948) in 1902.[7] It was also published in Gardeners' Chronicle in 1906, Vol. 3339 (third Series) on page364.[5][8] It was classified as being a member of the Cushion Iris group (an older name of the Oncocyclus section).[8][10]

In 1908, it was re-assessed by Bornmuller and renamed as a variant of Iris acutiloba, it was published as Iris acutiloba var. demawendica in Bull. Herb. Boissier Vol.II, Edition 8 on page 727.[16]

In 1912, it was re-assessed by Dykes and renamed Iris demawendica (Bornm.) Dykes in Gen. Iris on page 123.[17]

In 1950, it was re-assessed by Karl Heinz Rechinger (based on a description by Bornmueller) and re-published as Iris acutiloba var. demawendica,[18] in Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien lvii. page 68.[6] and then with an illustration in Botanical Magazine Vol.448 in 1964.[4]

It was then finally re-assessed and classed as I. barnumiae subsp. demawendica by B.Mathew and Wendelbo in 'Flora Iranica' (Fl. Iranica, with editor – Rechinger) Vol.112 on page 35 in 1975.[4][6][19]

It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life as 'Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica',[20] and in the Catalogue of Life.[21]

It has not yet been assessed for the IUCN Red List as of June 2016.[22]

Distribution and habitat

It is native to Asia as an Irano-Turanian species.[1]

Range

It is found in Iran,[12] (or Persia,[5][8]) within the Elburz Mountains,[4][6][9] (or Alborz Mountains,[23]). Between the Khandavan Pass,[14] to Firouzkuh,[3] including the Jahan Nama Protected Area.[24]

Habitat

It grows on the rocky mountain slopes (of the Elburz Mountains).[2][3]

They can be found at an altitude of 2,300–4,200 m (7,500–13,800 ft) above sea level.[2]

Cultivation

In 1903, a specimen of the species was given to Kew Botanical gardens, from Max Leichtlin, (from Baden-Baden, Germany).[8]

Iris demawendica was listed for sale by Barr and Sons in 1904.[10]

It is hardy (in UK), when planted in a south-facing border, at the base of a wall.[8] In winter, it must not have its roots in water, as the frost will kill the rhizomes, also in summer, water around the roots provides host for viruses.[2]

In Kandevan, Iran it has been found that Davidiella tassiana (de Not.) Crous & U. Braun and Pleospora chlamydospora Sacc. (two types of fungi) can be found on Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica (Bornm.) Mathew & Wendelbo.[25]

Propagation

Irises can generally be propagated by division,[26] or by seed growing.[27] Every three years, the clumps of irises are normally divided, as the plants are highly likely to get bacterial rot if they suffer any moisture or humidity. They are best re-planted in late September when temperatures are low and humidity is also low. This is also when the plants generate root and shoot growth.[27] Irises generally require a period of cold, then a period of warmth and heat, also they need some moisture. Some seeds need stratification, (the cold treatment), which can be carried out indoors or outdoors. Seedlings are generally potted on (or transplanted) when they have 3 leaves.[28]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also, handling the plant may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction.[29]

Culture

On 2 March 1991, Iran published a set of stamps called the 'Flora of Iran' collection, which included I. demawendica.[30]

References
  1. Ghelichnia, Hassan (2014). "Flora and vegetation of Mt Damavand in Iran" (PDF). Phytologia Balcanica. 20 (2–3): 257–265. Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  2. "Chapter I (Part 5) Oncocyclus II" (in French). irisbotanique.over-blog.com. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  3. British Iris Society (1997)A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation, p. 72, at Google Books
  4. James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification (2011) , p. 249, at Google Books
  5. Weathers, John (1911). The Bulb Book; or Bulbous and tuberous plants for the open air, stove, and greenhouse, containing particulars as to descriptions, culture, propagation etc., of plants from all parts of the world having bulbs, corms, tubers, or rhizomes (orchids excluded). pp. 299–300. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
  6. Black, John (30 January 2016). "(SPEC) Iris demavendica Bornm". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  7. Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-88192-089-5.
  8. "The Gardeners' Chronicle, 30 June 1906". Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  9. "Oncocyclus, Regelia and Reglio-cyclus Irises, The Plantsmen, Buckshaw Gardens, Holwell, Sherborne, Dorset" (PDF). srgc.net (Scottish Rock Garden Club). Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  10. Richard Lynch The Book of the Iris (1904), p. 115, at Google Books
  11. Wallis, Dr; Wallis, Mrs. "Newsletter October 2009, Iran Caspian to Kopet Dag" (PDF). agscentralsussex.plus.com (The Alpine Garden Society). Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  12. "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  13. Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0881927306.
  14. Avishai, Michael; Zohary, Daniel (1977). "Chromosomes in the Oncocyclus Irises". Botanical Gazette (Bot. Gaz). 138 (4): 502–511. doi:10.1086/336956. JSTOR 2473887.
  15. "Type of Iris demawendica Bornm. [family IRIDACEAE]". plants.jstor.org. Retrieved 13 June 2016. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. "Iris acutiloba var. demawendica Bornm. is a synonym of Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica (Bornm.) B.Mathew & Wendelbo". theplantlist.org. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
  17. "Iris demawendica (Bornm.) Dykes is a synonym of Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica (Bornm.) B.Mathew & Wendelbo". theplantlist.org. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
  18. "Iridaceae Iris demavendica Bornm. ex Rech.f". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 28 June 2016.
  19. "Iridaceae Iris barnumiae Foster & Baker subsp. demawendica (Bornm. ) B.Mathew & Wendelbo". ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 8 June 2016.
  20. "Iris demavendica". eol.org. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  21. "Iris barnumiae subsp. demawendica". catalogueoflife.org. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
  22. "Search". iucnredlist.org. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  23. Naderi, Reza; Rahiminejad, Mohammad Reza; Eslami, Bahman; Afsharzadeh, Saeed (2012). "Flora and vegetation of Golestanak (Alborz Mts), Iran" (PDF). Phytologia Balcanica. 18 (1): 59–68. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  24. Jafari, S. M.; Akhani, H. "Plants Of Jahan Nama Protected Area, Golestan Province, N. Iran". Pak. J. Bot. 40 (4): 1533–1554.
  25. Ershad, Djafar (2009). Fungi Of Iran (PDF) (3rd ed.). technicalsupport.iripp.ir. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2016.
  26. "How to divide iris rhizomes". gardenersworld.com. Retrieved 12 October 2015.
  27. "Growing Aril Irises". edgewoodgardens.com. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  28. Waters, Tom (December 2010). "Growing Irises from Seed". telp.com. Retrieved 28 April 2016.
  29. David G Spoerke and Susan C. SmolinskeToxicity of Houseplants, p. 236, at Google Books
  30. "Stamp catalog : Stamp ' Iris demawendica". colnect.com. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
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