Israeli–Palestinian conflict in Hebron

The Israeli–Palestinian conflict in Hebron refers to an ongoing conflict between Palestinians and Jewish settlers in the West Bank city of Hebron in the context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Hebron has a Palestinian majority, consisting of an estimated 208,750 citizens (2015)[1] and a small Jewish minority, variously numbered between 500 and 800.[2] The H1 sector of Hebron, home to around 170,000 Palestinians, is governed by the Palestinian Authority.[3] H2, which was inhabited by around 30,000 Palestinians is under Israeli military control with an entire brigade in place to protect some 800 Jewish residents living in the old Jewish quarter.[4][5] As of 2015, Israel has declared that a number of special areas of Old City of Hebron constitute a closed military zone. Palestinians shops have been forced to close; despite protests Palestinian women are reportedly frisked by men, and residents, who are subjected every day to repeated body searches, must register to obtain special permits to navigate through the 18 military checkpoints Israel has set up in the city center.[6]

History

The Hebrew Bible describes Hebron as the home of patriarchs Abraham and Jacob and as all the patriarchs final resting place. It is also considered King David's first Capital city.

Synagogue desecrated during the 1929 Hebron massacre

In the mid-19th century, Hebron was small town with a population of around 10,000, the majority of whom were Muslims.[7] From December 1917, Hebron came under the rule of the Mandatory Palestine, a move sanctioned by the League of Nations.

In 1929 when the Hebron massacre took place, Sephardic Jews and Ashkenazi Jews had been living in Hebron for about 800 and 100 years respectively.[8] In the massacre, 67 Jews were killed by Arab rioters, and many incidents of rape, mutilation, and torture were reported.[8] In 1931, 160 Jews returned to the town,[9] but after further Arab unrest, the British Government decided to move all Jews out of Hebron "to prevent another massacre".

At the beginning of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Egypt occupied Hebron. By late 1948, part of the Egyptian forces had been isolated around Hebron and Bethlehem, Pasha Glubb sent 350 Arab Legionnaires and established a Jordanian presence in Hebron.[10] With the signing of the Armistice agreements the city fell exclusively under Jordanian control. In 1950, the city was unilaterally incorporated into Jordan.[11]

Israeli rule and Jewish re-settlement

Following the June 1967 Six Day War, Hebron came under Israeli control. The vacillations in the Israeli cabinet after the war, over annexation and the political realism in wanting to maintain the majority Jewish demographic of Israel left the Israeli leadership in a quandary in ways to deal with the newly occupied territories.[12] Israel's position was that parts of the West Bank be traded for peace with Jordan.[13] Under the Allon Plan, Israel was to annex 45% of the West Bank and Jordan the remainder.[14]

In an interview with the BBC on July 12, 1967, Former Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion declared that:

....in the cause of peace, Israel should take nothing in the conquered territories, with the exception of Hebron, which 'is more Jewish even than Jerusalem'. According to Randolph Churchill, he [Ben-Gurion] argued that "Jerusalem became Jewish three thousand years ago under King David. But Hebron became Jewish four thousand years ago under Abraham and included a number of settlements that were destroyed two days before Israel was established."[15]

Shavei Hebron yeshiva in the Beit Romano building of the Jewish quarter in old Hebron. The modern city is visible at the top.

In 1968, a group of Jewish settlers led by Rabbi Moshe Levinger, with the tacit support of Levi Eshkol and Yigal Allon,[16] rented out the main hotel in Hebron and refused to leave. This was short lived and through a government compromise the Jewish presence was moved east to a nearby abandoned army camp. The new settlement of Kiryat Arba was established.[17] According to the American Jewish historian Ian Lustick:

'The government was caught by surprise. Internally divided, depending for its survival on the votes of the National Religious Party, and reluctant to forcibly evacuate the settlers from a city whose Jewish population had been massacred thirty-nine years earlier, the Labor government backed away from its original prohibition against civilian settlement in the area and permitted this group to remain within a military compound. After more than a year and a half of agitation and a bloody Arab attack on the Hebron settlers, the government agreed to allow Levinger's group to establish a town on the outskirts of the city.'[18]

Beginning in 1979, some Jewish settlers moved from Kiryat Arba to found the Committee of the Jewish Community of Hebron in the former Jewish neighbourhood near the Abraham Avinu Synagogue, and later to other Hebron neighborhoods including Tel Rumeida. They took over the former Hadassah Medical Center, Daboya Hospital, now Beit Hadassah in central Hebron, founding the committee. Before long this received Israeli government approval and a further three Jewish enclaves in the city were established with Israeli army assistance,[19][20] and settlers are currently reported to be trying to purchase more homes in the city.[21][22]

Star of David carved above entrance to a now Arab home in the old city of Hebron.[23][24]

A total of 86 Jewish families now live in Hebron.[25]

Post-Oslo Accord

On 25 February 1994, Israeli physician Baruch Goldstein opened fire on Muslims at prayer in the Cave of the Patriarchs, killing 29, before the survivors overcame and killed him. 24 more Palestinians were killed in the ensuing response to Arab riots, by Israeli police as local Palestinians protested and rioted, 6 on the following day at a demonstration in front of Hebron's hospital, and a further 18, (with some 37 more wounded) in ensuing clashes through till March 4. Two Israelis were killed and two wounded at the same time[26][27][28] This event was condemned by the Israeli Government.[29] The extreme right-wing Kach party was banned outright by the Israeli cabinet under 1948 anti-terrorism laws, following the group's support of Goldstein's actions.[30][31]

The first Temporary International Presence in Hebron (TIPH) mission was established on May 8, 1994 as a UN response to the massacre. However the Palestinian Authority and the Israeli government could not reach an agreement on the extension of the mandate and the observers were therefore withdrawn on August 8, 1994.[32]

A year later, on April 3, 1995, the Hebron municipality, through its mayor Mustafa al-Natshe, invited the Christian Peacemaker Teams to function as a violence-reducing presence.[33] Opposed to all forms of violence - they have informed local Israeli settlers that they 'stood with whomever was on the receiving end of a gun barrel,'[34] they now assist the local Palestinian community cope with the numerous restrictions - settler harassment, home demolitions, curfews and land confiscations - they are subjected to by the occupying power in what CPT, whose function is to monitor the tensions and accompany the Palestinian Hebronites on their daily rounds, calls collective punishment.[35][36][37][38]

Official 1997 agreement map of Palestinian controlled H1 and Israeli controlled H2.
Illustration showing areas H1 and H2 and adjacent Israeli settlements

The redeployment of Israeli military forces in Hebron in accordance with the Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip (the Interim Agreement or "Oslo II") of September 1995 was postponed on 28 March 1996.[39] Since 17 January 1997, following re-negotiation of the Hebron Agreement, the city has been divided into two sectors: H1 and H2. The H1 sector, home to around 120,000 Palestinians, came under the control of the Palestinian Authority, in accordance with Hebron Protocol, shortly afterwards, Israeli and Palestinian joint units began patrolling the sensitive parts of the city.[40][41] H2, which was inhabited by around 37,000 Palestinians as of February 2014,[5] remained under Israeli military control in order to protect some 600 Jewish residents living in the old Jewish quarter, now an enclave near the center of the town. Renovation work that was being carried out on Palestinian homes prior to the Hebron agreement was halted on Israeli military orders.[41] During the years since the outbreak of the Second Intifada, the Palestinian population in H2 has decreased greatly, the drop in large part having been identified with extended curfews and movement restrictions placed on Palestinian residents of the sector by the IDF for security needs, including the closing of Palestinian shops in certain areas. Settler harassment of their Palestinian neighbours in H2 was a reason for several dozen Palestinian families to depart the areas adjacent to the Israeli population.[42][43][44][45]

The Hebron Jewish community has been subject to attacks by Palestinian militants since the Oslo agreement, especially during the periods of the Intifadas; which saw 3 fatal stabbings and 9 fatal shootings in between the first and second Intifada (0.9% of all fatalities in Israel and the West Bank) and 17 fatal shooting (9 soldiers and 8 settlers) and 2 fatalities from a bombing during the second Intifada.[46] and thousands of rounds fired on it from the hills above the Abu-Sneina and Harat al-Sheikh neighbourhoods. According to Human Rights Watch in 2001, Palestinian areas of Hebron were frequently subject to indiscriminate firing by the IDF, leading to civilian casualties.[47]

An international civilian observer force, the TIPH was subsequently re-established on 14 May 1996 to help the normalization of the situation and to maintain a buffer between the Palestinian Arab population of the city and the Jews residing in their enclave in the old city during the handing over period to the Palestinian Authority.[48][49] On February 8, 2006, TIPH temporarily left Hebron after attacks on their headquarters by some Palestinians angered by the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy. TIPH came back to Hebron a few months later.

The city of Hebron has been a major friction point, with Palestinians and Israeli human rights groups accusing the hard-line religious settlers of attacking the Palestinian population with impunity. According to Human Rights Watch, Hebron commander Noam Tivon stated:

Let there be no mistake about it. I am not from the UN. I am from the Israeli Defense Force. I did not come here to seek people to drink tea with, but first of all to ensure the security of the Jewish settlers.[50]

Tivon maintained that the "Palestinian Authority is encouraging children to participate in clashes with the IDF by offering their families $300 per injury and $2,000 for anyone killed. He also said "the soldiers have acted with the utmost restraint and have not initiated any shooting attacks or violence."[51]

Open-air market in city being patrolled by Israeli troops (2004)

In 2008, the Israeli NGO Breaking the Silence documented alleged abuses committed by Israeli soldiers guarding the Hebron settlers,[52] Mario Vargas Llosa claimed that local Arabs are "subjected to systematic and ferocious harassment by settlers, who stone them, throw rubbish and excrement at their houses, invade and destroy their homes, and attack their children when they return from school, to the absolute indifference of Israeli soldiers who witness these atrocities."[53] Breaking the Silence was criticized for refusing to support its claims with evidence.[54]

The documentary Welcome to Hebron asserts that settlers often harass the local Palestinian population.[55] In the film, a former commander of the Israeli army, one of the leading figures in Breaking The Silence, shared his experiences as a soldier in Hebron.

Israeli journalist Gideon Levi described the area around the Tel Rumeida settlement in the following terms:

There is no neighbourhood like this one. Not a day passes without the throwing of stones, garbage, and feces at the frightened (Palestinian) neighbours cowering in their barricaded houses, afraid even to peek out the window. Neighbours whose way home is always a path of torment and anxiety. All this is happening right under the noses of the soldiers and police, representatives of the legal authorities, who merely stand by.'[37]

According to the Jewish residents, Palestinians regularly throw stones at Israeli children in school buses and playgrounds, leading to many injuries.[56][57] Human Rights Watch reported that Palestinian gunfire has caused significant damage to many Jewish homes in Hebron,[58] and an Israeli investigation found that the Jewish population felt "permanently exposed to Arab hostilities" due to frequent arson attacks, looting, and property damage.[59]

In September and October 2008 reports stated to leak out about the possibility of a transfer of authority for security operations.[60]

TIPH twentieth anniversary report

The TIPH issued a confidential report covering their 20 years of observing the situation in Hebron. The report, based in part on over 40,000 incident reports over those 20 years, found that Israel routinely violates international law in Hebron and that it is in "severe and regular breach" of the rights to non-discrimination laid out in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights over the lack of freedom to movement for the Palestinian residents of Hebron. The report found that Israel is in regular violation of Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention which prohibits the deportation of civilians from occupied territory. The report also found the presence of any Israeli settlement in Hebron to violate international law.[61]

Rationale for Jewish settlement

The sentiments of Jews who fled the 1929 Hebron massacre and their descendants are mixed. Some advocate the continued settlement of Hebron as a way to continue the Jewish heritage in the city, while others suggest that settlers should try to live in peace with the Arabs there, with some even recommending the complete pullout of all settlers in Hebron.[62] Descendants supporting the latter views have met with Palestinian leaders in Hebron.[63] The two most public examples of the descendants' views are the 1997 statement made by an association of some descendants dissociating themselves from the then-current Jewish settlers in Hebron and calling them an obstacle to peace,[63] and the May 15, 2006 letter sent to the Israeli government by other descendants urging the government to continue its support of Jewish settlement in Hebron in their names, and urged it to allow the return of eight Jewish families evacuated the previous January from the homes they set up in empty shops near the Avraham Avinu neighborhood.[62] Beit HaShalom, was established in 2007.[64][65] One of the purchasers is a descendant of Jews who fled Hebron during Arab massacres.[66]

List of incidents in Hebron
See also: Timeline of Hebron

1953

22 December 1953. Four soldiers of the Israeli commando unit 101 under Meir Ha Tzion attacked a house on the outskirts of Hebron and killed two men and a woman occupant.[67]

1968

October 9: a 17-year-old Palestinian threw a grenade at Jews praying at the tomb, injuring 47, among them an 8-month-old baby.[68][69]

December 29: Palestinians attacked a security post.[69]

1976

August 7: Palestinians shot at a tour bus, injuring two Jewish civilians.[69]

October 3: a mob of Palestinians broke into the tomb a desecrated a number of Torah scrolls. 61 were arrested.[69]

1980

May 2: 1980 Hebron terrorist attack: Six Jews were murdered and 20 injured at 7:30 pm Friday while returning home from prayer services on foot, in accordance with Jewish religious law on the Sabbath. They were attacked from behind with gunfire and grenades from the rooftops around a small alley.[70]

May 21: a Jewish woman was injured when a Molotov cocktail was thrown at her car.[69]

June 2: Israeli settler group based in Kiryat Arba set a bomb off in Hebron market 11 Palestinian civilians were injured.[71]

1980

February 10: an Israeli was stabbed and injured.[69]

1983

July 7: The commander of the central region ordered the dismissal of the municipal council of Hebron and of acting mayor Mustafa Natche (the Mayor, Fahd Al Kawasme, having been expelled from the OTP on 2 May 1980) and appointed a Jewish member of the civilian administration to the post of mayor of Hebron municipality.[72] Mustafa Natche was able to re-take his post again in April 1994.[73]

July: 3 Palestinians killed Aharon Gross, an 18-year-old Jewish student, in a crowded market by slitting his throat.[74]

July 25: 3 Palestinian students killed in an attack on the Islamic College in Hebron.[75][76]

1985

August 10: an Israeli resident was stabbed in the Hebron casbah.[69]

1986

April 25: a 16-year-old Jew was stabbed.[69]

June 6: a Jewish resident was stabbed and injured.[69]

September 14: a Palestinian woman stabbed an Israeli soldier in the tomb.[69]

October 16: a Jewish resident was stabbed.[69]

1988

In September Zein Moh’d Ghazi Karaki was shot to death.[77]

September 30, Palestinian shoe store owner Kayed Hassan Salah was shot dead and a customer was wounded by Rabbi Moshe Levinger.[78]

1989

28 August Bayiha Najar Nawaj'a was killed in the centre of Hebron, allegedly by Israeli settlers.[79]

1992

February 4: Mustafa Akawi died under interrogation in the GSS interrogation wing of the Hebron prison.[80]

October 25: Arab terrorists opened fire on Israeli soldiers, killing 1 and injuring 2.[69]

1993

March 23: Musa Abu Sabha stabbed and wounded a settler in Susia, south of Hebron. He was subdued and found to be carrying a knife and grenade. Yoram Skolnik then fired several shots and killed Musa Abu Sabha.[81]

May 28: Erez Shmuel, a yeshiva student, was stabbed to death by Palestinian terrorists.[69]

September 16: Palestinians celebrating in support of the Israeli-Palestinian accord in Halhul village came under fire from Israeli troops and as a result, a young Palestinian was injured.[82]

October 5: Israeli troops shot and injured a Palestinian.[83]

November 7: Efraim Ayubi of Kfar Darom, Rabbi Chaim Druckman's personal driver, was shot to death by Palestinian gunmen and the Rabbi wounded near Hebron. Hamas publicly claimed responsibility for the murder.[84] Settlers then rioted wounding 3 Palestinians.[85]

November 14: Jewish settlers shot and killed a young Palestinian after he stabbed and injured a settler near the Ibrahimi Mosque.[85]

November 16: Jewish settlers overturned market stalls, smashed cars and broke car windshields.[85]

December 3: A young Palestinian was shot and injured by Jewish settlers in Hebron.[86]

December 5: A group of Jewish settlers from Kiryat Arba ambushed and killed a Palestinian resident from Hebron. The killing triggered demonstrations and protests all over the West Bank.[86]

December 6: Mordechai Lapid and his son Shalom Lapid, age 19, were shot to death by Palestinian gunmen near Hebron. Hamas publicly claimed responsibility for the attack.[84]

December 10: Three Palestinians, two brothers and a cousin, were assassinated by Jewish settlers while sitting in a parked car near Hebron.[86]

1994

January 13: three Israeli soldiers were injured after being shot at by Palestinians in an ambush near Hebron.[87]

January 14: Israeli troops fired anti-tank rockets into a house near Hebron, killing the four Palestinians who were barricaded in the house.[87]

January 18: Israeli troops opened fire during clashes with Palestinian demonstrators injuring 9 in Hebron.[87]

February: Three Israeli settlers were shot and injured by Palestinian gunmen in an ambush near Hebron.[88]

February 17: Yuval Golan, stabbed on December 29, 1993, by a Palestinian gunman near Adarim in the Hebron area, died of his wounds.[84]

February 18: An Israeli settler's car was ambushed by a Hamas unit near Hebron, killing a pregnant Jewish settler.[88]

February 25: The Goldstein attack on Muslims at prayer in the Ibrahimi Mosque, 29 Palestinians killed. In the ensuing riots in the West Bank, Jerusalem and Gaza Strip a further 125 Palestinians were killed.[89][90]

April 7: It was claimed that a settler deliberately ran his car into a Palestinian and his 5-year-old son. Israeli police said that it was a car accident.[73]

May 17: Rafael Yairi (Klumfenbert), 36, of Kiryat Arba, and Margalit Ruth Shohat, 48, of Ma'ale Levona, were killed when their car was fired upon by gunmen in a passing car near Beit Haggai, south of Hebron.[84]

June 4: A home-made grenade was hurled at an Israeli army post injuring 6 Palestinians. The IDF opened fire at stone throwers and injured 8 of them. In a clash following this incident, 4 soldiers and 6 Palestinians were injured.[91]

June 17: Israeli troops shot and wounded four Palestinians during clashes.[91]

July 7: Sarit Prigal, a 17-year-old Israeli resident, was killed in a Palestinian drive-by-shooting.[92]

July 18: Israeli troops shot and wounded two Palestinians.[92]

July 22: 17 Palestinians were injured in clashes with Israeli troops.[92]

August 26: Israeli troops shot and wounded three Palestinians during a clash at the police square.[32]

September Members of "The Jewish Underground of Revenge" are arrested by the Israeli secret police.[93]

September 22: Several thousand West Bank Jewish settlers and their supporters from Israel skirmished with Israeli border police for more than four hours before a group of religious Jews were able to brake into the Ibrahimi Mosque, which has been closed for 7 months after the massacre of 29 Muslims in February. At least four people were injured and 20 were arrested.[93]

October 1: Israeli soldiers shot and killed a Palestinian man who stabbed and wounded an Israeli soldier.[94]

October 7: Razi Haymouni, 23, a Palestinian was shot dead by Israeli border police after he tried to pour acid on two policemen near the Ibrahimi Mosque.[94]

October 16: Israeli troops shot dead Imad al-Adarba, 23 in Hebron.[94]

October 23: Nidal Said al-Tamimi, 22, was shot dead after he reportedly tried to stab a soldier. He had been recently released from an Israeli jail.[95]

November 27: Rabbi Amiran Olami, 34, of Otniel was killed and an Israeli policeman wounded near Beit Hagai 10 km south of Hebron by shots fired from a passing car.[20][84]

November 29: Israeli police arrested 10 Jewish settlers as they attempted to invade the Moslem-designated area in the Ibrahimi Mosque. Among those arrested was Yehuda Etzion, who was jailed for attempting to blow up the Dome of the Rock in East Jerusalem in 1984 and was granted amnesty after four years in jail.[20]

1995

January 15: A shoulder-held anti-tank missile (LAW) was fired at a Jewish apartment in Hebron; 10 LAW missiles had been taken from an Israeli military base on the West Bank.[96]

March 14: Four home-made bombs were found by Israeli police on a road at the northern entrance to Hebron.[97]

March 19: Nahum Hoss, 31, of Hebron and Yehuda Fartush, 34, of Kiryat Arba, were killed and 6 settlers wounded when Palestinian gunmen fired on an Egged bus at a crossroads close to the Kiryat Arba settlement near the entrance to Hebron[84] Several settlers then went on a "rampage" in Halhul village, near Hebron, shooting one Palestinian.[97]

April 17: 3 Palestinians killed in IDF ambush.[98]

June 4: A 13-year-old Palestinian boy was killed and his eight-year-old brother was wounded in Hebron when an Israeli army bomb exploded near their home.[99]

June 29: Israeli special forces killed a senior member of Hamas movement in Hebron.[99]

July 2: A 17-year-old Palestinian was killed by an Israeli soldier.[100]

July 12: Settlers demonstrations against the expansion of self-rule in the West Bank led to clashes, Israeli police arrested 38 Israeli settlers who blocked the main road leading from Jerusalem to Hebron in the West Bank. The spokesman of the Council of Jewish settlers in the West Bank, said this was the opening salve in a campaign of civil disobedience by the settlers to prevent the extension of Palestinian self-rule.[100]

September 8: Five armed men in Israeli army uniforms, some of them masked, forced their way into private homes in Halhoul town 5 kilometres North of Hebron and interrogated the residents. During the assault they shot dead a young Palestinian man as his father watched. A Jewish extremist organization claimed responsibility for the attack.[101]

September 9: Jewish settlers raided a Palestinian girls school and beat the schools headmistress also injured four pupils who had taken part in a street protest.[101]

September 14: Hundreds of Palestinians clashed with Israeli troops, a Palestinian girl and a cameraman from the International Network were injured.[101]

September 30: (Saturday) Yigal Amir (Yitzhak Rabin's assassin) was in a group of 20 Israeli who attacked Kathleen Kern and Wendy Lehman of Christian Peacemaker Team on Duboya Street while the women were filming.[102] It was reported that the demonstrators were throwing stones, eggs and smashed the windows of 13 Palestinian cars and 5 houses.[103]

October 13: The Israeli army closed three offices of the Palestinian Authority in Hebron including the offices of information, municipality and national solidarity, which were located next to Jewish settlers homes in the town.[103]

1996

January 16, Sgt. Yaniv Shimel and Major Oz Tibon, both of Jerusalem, were killed when Palestinian gunmen fired on their car on the Hebron-Jerusalem road, reportedly in revenge for the assassination of Yehiya Ayyash.[84][104]

March 22, The Israeli army arrested three Palestinians from Hebron believed to be involved in the suicide bombings in Israel.[39]

April 2, More than 700 Palestinian marched through the city of Hebron protesting the Israeli closure of the West Bank and Gaza from February.[105]

April 7 Two petrol bombs were thrown at an Israeli bus about 100 meters south of the entrance of Beit Omar near Hebron, injuring five Israelis.[105]

1997

January 1, Hebron Market shot up by Israeli settler/soldier Noam Friedman, wounding seven Palestinians.[41][106][107]

January 31 Israelis beat a Palestinian youth and detained him while he was trying to force his way into the Ibrahimi mosque. The incident set off further scuffles.[41]

March 10 Israeli soldiers in Hebron beat Palestinians who tried to stop workers from opening a road for Jewish settlers through land claimed by the Palestinians.[108]

March 21 -April 11, 3 weeks of protests throughout the West Bank demonstrating against the Israeli settlement construction at Jabal Abu Ghneim (Har Homa), Jerusalem. The protests in Hebron alone led to 2 Dead, Kamal al-Zaro, shot dead at a road block into H2 area and an Israeli settler shot dead Asem Arafeh, 24, a shopkeeper, with 276 injured in the clashes.[108][109]

1998

Aug. 20, Rabbi Shlomo Ra'anan, 63, was stabbed to death in the bedroom of his caravan in Hebron[84]

Oct. 26, Danny Vargas, 29, of Kiryat Arba was shot to death in Hebron.[84]

1999

Jan. 13, Sergeant Yehoshua Gavriel, 25, of Ashdod, was killed when gunmen opened fire at the Othniel junction near Hebron.[84]

August 8, After a shooting at 2 settlers in Hebron city centre the Hamas military wing, the ‘Iz al-Din al-Qassam Brigades released a statement taking responsibility.[110]

2000

February 10: A Palestinian woman from the West Bank town of Hebron died of a heart attack after Israeli soldiers delayed her transfer to a hospital while they were searching her house. Hebron municipal sources said Fatimah Abu Rmeileh, 62, began feeling ill and her husband asked for an ambulance, while 10 soldiers sealed and searched their house. The Army said it found weapons and anti-Israeli propaganda during routine checks.[111]

October 20: Jordanian citizen Walid J'afreh killed by IDF in Tarqumya, Hebron district[112]

December 8: Palestinian militants opened fire on a car carrying four female teachers. One of them, Rina Didovsky, 39, was killed along with the driver, 41-year-old Eliyahu Ben Ami. Another woman was also injured.[58]

On December 22: Muhammad Najib ‘Abido, killed by gunfire at Beit Hagai, near Hebron.[75]

2001

February 1: Dr. Shmuel Gillis, 42, of Karmei Tzur, was killed by Palestinian gunmen who fired eleven times at his car near the Aroub refugee camp on the Jerusalem-Hebron highway.[84]

March 10: Israeli resident Elad Pass, 18, was shot by a Palestinian in the Avraham Avino neighborhood.[58]

March 26: Shalhevet Pass, age 10 months, was shot dead by member of the Tanzim militant group[113] at the entrance to the Avraham Avinu neighborhood in Hebron. The murder shocked the Israeli public because the official investigation ruled that the Palestinian sniper had intentionally aimed for the baby.[84][114][115][116]

July 19: Muhammad Helmi a-Tameizi along with Diaa' Marwan a-Tameizi Under 1 year-old and Muhammad Salameh a-Tameizi was shot dead by settlers while driving by Idhna, Hebron district.[117]

2002

March 27: Two Temporary International Presence in Hebron observers were killed by Palestinian gunmen in a shooting attack on the road to Hebron, Cengiz Soytunc (Turkish) and Catherine Berruex (Swiss).[118][119]

April: During Operation Defensive Shield, the IDF took control of the whole city and set up permanent guard towers in H-1. The official TIPH Internet site notes: "Since then, the Israeli army operates over the entire area in violation of the agreements."[120]

April: Israeli raid on the West Bank city of Hebron. A least 1 Palestinian was killed early in the raid and then, at an Israeli checkpoint, a Palestinian policeman was killed and four others wounded.[121]

July 28: 14-year-old Nivin Jamjum was shot dead in Hebron, when settlers rioted in Hebron.[122][117]

November 15: 12 Israelis were killed in an ambush of Israeli security personnel in the Wadi an-Nasara neighborhood of Hebron. Of the 12, four were IDF soldiers, five Border Police, and three were from the Kiryat Arba Emergency Response Team. Several high-ranking officers, among them Hebron Brigade commander Colonel Dror Weinberg, were killed.[123][124] The three Palestinian gunmen were also killed in a 90-minute firefight.

November 16: Israeli forces re-entered H1 areas, carrying out mass arrests (40) and demolishing four houses.[125]

November 26: there are conflicting reports about the death of a four-year-old Palestinian child. IDF reports said the child had been hit by splinters from a hand grenade thrown at soldiers by Palestinian youths.[125]

2003

March 9: Rabbi Eli Horowitz, 52, and his wife Dina, 50, were killed in their home while celebrating the Sabbath. Five other Israelis were injured. Hamas claimed responsibility.[126]

May 17: a pregnant Israeli woman and her husband were killed when a suicide bomber detonated his charge next to them in a public square in Hebron. Hamas claimed responsibility.[127]

September 9: Thaer Monsur Noman al-Sayouri, aged 9, was killed by IDF tank fire to his head while in his home during an incursion in Hebron.[128]

September 26: Eyal Yeberbaum, 27, and 7-month old infant Shaked Avraham were shot dead by a Palestinian who knocked on the door of a home in Negohot, 9 km west of Hebron, during a celebratory Rosh Hashana (Jewish New Year holiday) dinner. Islamic Jihad took responsibility for the attack.[127]

In 2003 a company of Israeli border police was disbanded after an incident gained international notoriety. Two border policemen beat a Palestinian and threw him from the back of their jeep, traveling at approximately 80 km/h, to celebrate the end of their tour of duty. In 2008 four Israeli border guards involved in the incident were belatedly convicted of the offences of falsifying records, robbery, abduction and the killing of Amran Abu Hamatiya.[129][130][131]

2004

March 10, Thaer Mohammad Harun Eid al-Halika, 15, of Shioukh al-Aroob, near Hebron, was killed by IDF gunfire to his back at close range on his way home near Route 60.[128]

April 25, The Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades claimed responsibility for the attack in which border policeman Cpl. Yaniv Mashiah, 20, of Jaffa was killed and three others were slightly wounded an hour after the beginning of Memorial Day for Israel's fallen soldiers, when shots were fired at their vehicle near Hebron.[127]

September 29, A group of five Israeli settlers attacked and seriously wounded two U.S. citizens, members of an NGO, who were escorting Palestinian children to school near Hebron.[132]

2005

January 6, Hamzah Abdul-Minem Jaber, nine years old, was killed by an IDF jeep on the main road near his home in Hebron.[128]

February 14, after being beaten Sabri Fayez Younis al-Rjoub, 17, of Dura, near Hebron was killed by IDF gunfire to his chest, abdomen, pelvis and right leg.[128]

21 May In Hebron, 10s of Jewish settlers attack Palestinian homes to protest a solidarity visit to the Palestinians by several Israeli peace activists; Jewish settlers from Beit Hadasah settlement, chase and throw stones, eggs, tomatoes at Palestinian girls at a nearby elementary school.[133]

26 May IDF soldiers break into, occupy a Palestinian home in Hebron to watch a soccer championship on the family's satellite TV. the IDF confirms the incident took place, says the cmdr. of the squad has been suspended.[133]

29 May The IDF fatally shoots a Palestinian with a hearing problem who fails orders to halt near Hebron's Ibrahimi Mosque/Tomb of the Patriarchs.[133]

2006

January 14, The TIPH said dozens of Israeli settler youths attacked five of its members, mostly US citizens, near the "Beit Hadassah" settlement. The workers were slightly injured, and two required medical treatment. Police informed the organization that it would be required to leave the area by 22 January, as all Jewish sections of the city would be closed as a military zone. Israeli security forces were able to suspended the military closure on Jewish areas of Hebron, removed roadblocks at the entrances to settlements and eased identity checks when most of the non-residents, who entered Hebron to support the rioting settlers left.[134]

January 17, Amidst protests against an Israeli order to evict nine Jewish families squatting in an area taken from Palestinians in Hebron after the start of the intifada, Israeli police forcibly removed a handful of settler youths from the squat to try to end days of unrest. Late the previous day, the military had declared the area "a closed military zone" to non-residents.[134]

January 18, Olmert ordered the IDF to immediately remove nine Jewish families (some 50 people) squatting illegally on a Palestinian fruit and vegetable market in Hebron. The decision followed consultations with security officials and the new Foreign Minister, Tzipi Livni, who is also Justice Minister. The settlers have so far rejected the proposal. Five settlers there were arrested by security forces.[134]

January 19, Israeli troops had shot dead a Palestinian teenager near Hebron IDF and witnesses said he was trying to throw a fire bomb at an IDF patrol near one of the settlements.[134]

2007

On January 21, Jewish settler Yifat Alkobi pressed her face while repeatedly hissing "sharmuta" at her married Palestinian neighbour, Abu Ayesha. A video of settler abusing Palestinians in Hebron received International media attention and her actions widely condemned.

And where, according to testimony given by Taysir Abu Ayesha, Baruch Marzel broke into the house with 10 other settlers in the winter of 2002, beat him and attempted to drag him into the road before he was rescued by his stick-brandishing father.[135][136][137]

March Israeli settlers escorted in the 'House of Contention'[138]

June 8, Hijazi Muhammad Abdul-Aziz Rzaiqat, 17, of Taffouh, near Hebron, shot to death by IDF gunfire to his chest, abdomen, left shoulder and right thigh while hunting birds with a gun.[128]

On July 3, Ahmad Abdul-Muhsen Abdul-Rahim al-Skafi, 15, of Hebron, was killed by IDF gunfire to his head while carrying a toy gun.[128]

August Hillel Weiss, father of Tehila Yahalom, verbally abused Hebron Brigade commander Col. Yehuda Fuchs, while IDF troops evacuated two settler families from the Hebron wholesale market.[139][140] Bar-Ilan University, where Weiss is a professor, has publicly distanced itself from his remarks and criticized Weiss.[141]

2008

On February 13, the 15-month prison sentence and reduction to the rank of private of Lieutenant Ya'akov Gigi was confirmed for a "wild rampage" in the West Bank where Gigi and five of his soldiers hijacked a Palestinian taxi in July 2007 in the West Bank village of Dahariya, near Hebron. The version of events that Gigi gave was found to be false. First Sergeant Dror, who shot a Palestinian in the neck, severely wounding him, claims that the way the Palestinian looked at him was enough to classify him as a "suspect" and to justify opening fire.[142]

In February, the IDF ordered an orphanage run by the Islamic Charitable Society (ICS), that houses 240 orphans in Hebron, closed, based on the ICS's alleged promotion of 'terrorism'. The ICS disputes these charges.[143][144][145]

May 2, Khalil Ahmad Mahmoud a-Za'arir was killed after attempting to stab a soldier at a Hebron checkpoint.[128]

July 9, Avner Inbar, an Israeli, taking a group of South African Human rights activists, that included Zackie Achmat and Edwin Cameronon, on a tour of Hebron reported that the group was verbally abused by settlers. Three Israelis were arrested for disturbing the peace.[146][147]

August, al-Ras Mosque, located next to al-Rajabi House settlement became the target of settler attacks during early August 2008 with large quantities of rubbish were placed at the entrance of the Mosque and was again attacked on August 11, 2008 when Israeli settlers from the al-Rajabi House settlement attempted to set fire to the mosque.[148]

During the second week of August a total of five civilians – three Palestinians and two foreigners, including two UNRWA staff and one child, were physically assaulted and injured.[148]

7 August Israeli settlers from Giv'at Ha'avot settlement (next to Kiryat Arba) attacked five nearby Palestinian houses with rocks and bottles.[148]

August Hebron settlers attacked a group of visiting UK diplomats.[149] Breaking the Silence only take small parties so as not to constitute a "group" as settlers regularly attacked "Breaking the Silence" tours.[150]

October 25 Settlers destroyed Muslim graves and 80 Palestinian cars during a riot against the IDF, as the army dismantled a new settlement near Hebron.[151]

Beit HaShalom, September 2008

On 6 December, Israelis from the House of Contention, also called the House of Peace, are evicted by Israeli police after the Palestinian they purchased it from claimed that it had been "stolen".

The settlers at the Hebron house - called the House of Peace by settlers but the House of Contention by the media - claimed they had bought the building legally two years ago from a Palestinian. The Palestinian has denied selling the building to the settlers, and last month the Israeli supreme court said the house should be evacuated until the ownership dispute was settled.

On 7 December, in the aftermath of the evacuation, Israelis and Palestinians clashed. As a result, 35 Israelis and 17 Palestinians were injured.[152] An Israeli soldier, Corporal Avraham Schneider of the elite Givati Brigade and settler from Kiryat Arba, was arrested for firing a gun in the air during the riots.[153] The incident was characterized as "a pogrom" by then Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, who said he was ashamed "as a Jew".[154] Four years later, the court ruled in favor of the Israelis in the dispute over the building after they provided a video of the Palestinian who had claimed it was stolen counting the money he had received for it.[155]

2010

In February 2010, in an incident compared to the Tapuah junction stabbing, one of a group of militants who were throwing rocks at a Jewish home attempted to stab one of the soldiers who arrived to stop them.[156]

In the June 2010 IDF Tik Tok incident there was an international media flap when a group of Israeli soldiers was filmed dancing in the streets of Hebron to "Tik Tok" by Kesha while on patrol in full combat gear.[157][158]

In August, Hamas militants killed four Israelis in a drive-by shooting: Yitzhak Ames, Tali Ames, Kochava Even Chaim, and Avishai Shindler. Tali Ames was nine months pregnant when she was killed.[159] Hamas hailed the killings as "heroic" and promised the kill more Israelis living in the West Bank.[160]

2011

In October, Israeli resident Asher Palmer, 25, and his infant son Yonatan were killed in a Palestinian stone-throwing attack.[161] Another Palestinian who witnessed the attack stole Asher's wallet and handgun.[162]

2012

In July, three Israeli children were injured when Palestinians from Casbah threw stones at a playground in the Avraham Avinu neighborhood. One of the victims was the 10-year-old sister of Shalhevet Pass, who was shot dead as an infant by a Palestinian sniper in 2001.[56]

That same month, a 60-year-old Israeli man was attacked with a boulder by a Palestinian while bathing in the Abraham spring at Tel Rumeida in what was called an attempted murder. He was hospitalized in moderate condition. The site, which is thought to be over 3,000 years old, is regarded as holy by the Jews.[163]

In September, the court ruled in favor of Israelis who had been expelled from their home four years earlier after a Palestinian they had purchased it from claimed that it had been "stolen". The Israelis had provided a film of him receiving the money paid for the building.[155]

In December, a 17-year-old Palestinian was shot at a checkpoint by a female soldier. The soldier was later awarded a certificate of merit, as it had been believed that the boy had attempted to carry out a terror attack.[164] Palestinians rioted afterwards, and his father, trying to get in the ambulance with him, was allegedly hit by soldiers and had to be hospitalized. There are conflicting accounts surrounding the details of the shooting. According to testimony collected by B'tselem, the boy was asked to approach the border policeman who discovered a toy gun. The toy gun was confiscated and a fight broke out with the boy attempting to get it back. He was shot and killed during that struggle. The IDF reported that the boy attacked the officers and that they acted properly in response.[165] It was also reported that the boy had pulled out the toy gun after being asked to identify himself and that the soldier had believed the gun to be real at the time.[166]

2016

In March, the Hebron Shooting Incident occurred in which Abdel Fattah al-Sharif was shot by a male soldier.[167]

See also

Notes
  1. 'Localities in Hebron Governorate by Type of Locality and Population Estimates, 2007-2016,' Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics 2015.
  2. Quandt, William B. (2005) Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967 University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-24631-4 p 365
  3. Peter Beaumont'Inside Hebron’s pressure cooker: the West Bank’s most troubled city ,' The Guardian 14 November 2015.
  4. Baruch Kimmerling, Politicide:Ariel Sharon's War Against the Palestinians, Verso Books p.157 n.13.
  5. Strickland, Patrick. "Living in fear in Hebron", Aljazeera in-depth feature, 18 February 2014
  6. 'Locals: Humiliating treatment continuing in Hebron's Old City,' Ma'an News Agency 30 December 2015.
  7. Robinson, Edward (1794-1863). "Biblical researches in Palestine, 1838-52 A journal of travels in the year 1838, p.88
  8. Segev, Tom (2000). One Palestine, Complete. Metropolitan Books. pp. 314–327. ISBN 0-8050-4848-0. He learned that they had been living in Hebron for generations, that they knew their Arab neighbors well and regarded many of them as friends. In fact, the Sephardic community had been living in Hebron for eight hundred years, the Ashkenazim for perhaps one hundred. ... Sixty-seven Jews had been killed. Most were Ashkenazic men, but there were also a dozen women and three children under the age of five among the dead.
  9. Tom Segev (2000) p 347
  10. Wilson, Mary Christina. (1990) King Abdullah, Britain and the Making of Jordan Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-39987-4 p 181
  11. Peter Bouckaert, Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Watch (Organization), Clarisa Bencomo (2001) Center of the storm: a case study of human rights abuses in Hebron district Published by Human Rights Watch, ISBN 1-56432-260-2 p 15
  12. Golda Meir (2007) ISBN 978-1-906142-13-1 p. 293
  13. Chaim Herzog Heroes of Israel p.253.
  14. He [Allon] proposed that Israel annex a strip of land 6–9 miles wide along the Jordan River, most of the sparsely populated Judean desert along the Dead Sea, and a wide swath of land around Greater Jerusalem. The Heart of the West bank - its great Arab cities and most densely populated towns - could be returned to Jordan. Elinor Burkett (2007) Golda Meir; The Iron Lady of the Middle East ISBN 978-1-906142-13-1 pp 295–296
  15. Randolph Churchill and Winston S. Churchill, The Six Day War,1967 p.199 citing 'The World at One' BBC radio, July 12, 1967
  16. Gershom Gorenberg, The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967–1977, Times Books, Henry Holt & Co., New York 2007 ISBN 978-0-8050-8241-8 pp.137ff.
  17. "Among The Settlers"., by Jeffrey Goldberg (The New Yorker, May 2004)
  18. Ian Lustick, (1988) For the Land and the Lord: Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel Council on Foreign Relations, ISBN 978-0-87609-036-7 p 42
  19. Anita Shapira, (2007) Yigal Allon, Native Son: A Biography Translated by Evelyn Abel, University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 0-8122-4028-6 p 315
  20. UN Docs Chronological Review of Events November 1994 '2 November Speaking in Jerusalem to a young leadership of the United Jewish Appeal, Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin said that the Likud government made a major mistake by establishing settlements of 30 to 80 families in areas densely populated by Palestinians. As a result the bulk of the army is required to be stationed in the West Bank for the purpose of protecting Jewish settlers, he concluded. According to Rabin, in order to protect 450 Jewish settlers in Hebron, which has a Palestinian population of 100,000, there was a need for three Israeli army battalions to be there at all times.'
  21. Yaakov Katz and Tovah Lazaroff (April 14, 2007). "Hebron settlers try to buy more homes". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012.
  22. Tovah Lazaroff (April 15, 2007). "Hebron settlers give up comfort to expand Jewish holdings". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012.
  23. Christian Peacemaking Teams. update July 11 to 16 2004
  24. Christian Peacemaking Teams. Hebron Update: August 17–23, 2004 Archived 2008-09-11 at the Wayback Machine, 2004-9-1.
  25. Chabad.org
  26. Joel Beinin, 'The Oslo Process and the Limits of a Pax Americana,' in Joel Beinin, Rebecca L. Stein (eds.) The Struggle for Sovereignty: Palestine and Israel, 1993-2005, Stanford University Press, 2006 pp.21-37, p.32.
  27. Israeli Ministry of Foreign affairs Preliminary Report on the Events in Hebron as presented by Commanding Officer of the Central Command General Dani Yatom Before the Diplomatic Corps
  28. PHRIC: Details of Hebron Massacre List of victims of the incident and subsequent disturbances
  29. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs -- Excerpts from the report of the Commission of Inquiry Into the Massacre at the Tomb of the Patriarchs in Hebron (aka the "Shamgar Report")
  30. Key Issues: Protecting Charitable organizations Archived 2007-02-14 at the Wayback Machine US Department of the Treasury
  31. In the Spotlight: Kach and Kahane Chai Archived 2006-11-22 at the Wayback Machine Center for Defense Information, 1 October 2002
  32. UN Docs Chronological Review of Events August 1994
  33. Kathleen Kern, In Harm's Way: A History of Christian Peacemaker Teams, Lutterworth Press, 2009 pp.99,214.
  34. Kathleen Kern, 'From Haiti to Hebron with a Brief Stop in Washington, D.C.; The CPT Experiment,' in Cynthia Sampson, John Paul Lederach (eds.)From the Ground Up: Mennonite Contributions to International Peacebuilding, Oxford University Press, 2000 pp.183-200, p.192
  35. "Hebron: Collective Punishment Touches Both Palestinians and Israelis". Christian Peacemaker Teams.
  36. Barbara R. Rossing,The Rapture Exposed, Basic Books, 2007 p.59.
  37. Bill Baldwin, Samah Sabawi, The Journey to Peace in Palestine: From the Song of Deborah to the Simpsons, Dorrance Publishing, 2010 pp.1,8.
  38. Kathleen Kern, In Harm's Way: A History of Christian Peacemaker Teams, Lutterworth Press, 2009 pp.06,152,159
  39. UN Docs Chronological Review of Events March 1996
  40. "Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron". United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine. Non-UN document. January 17, 1997. Archived from the original on October 24, 2007.
  41. UN Doc Chronological review of Events January 1997
  42. "Israeli NGO issues damning report on situation in Hebron". Agence France-Presse. ReliefWeb. August 19, 2003.
  43. "Hebron, Area H-2: Settlements Cause Mass Departure of Palestinians" (PDF). B'Tselem. August 2003. "In total, 169 families lived on the three streets in September 2000, when the intifada began. Since then, seventy-three families—forty-three percent—have left their homes."
  44. "Palestine Refugees: a challenge for the International Community". United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East. ReliefWeb. October 10, 2006. Archived from the original on October 17, 2006. Settler violence has forced out over half the Palestinian population in some neighborhoods in the downtown area of Hebron. This once bustling community is now eerily deserted, and presents a harrowing existence for those few Palestinians who dare to remain or who are too deep in poverty to move elsewhere.
  45. "Ghost Town: Israel's Separation Policy and Forced Eviction of Palestinians from the Center of Hebron". B'Tselem. May 2007.
  46. "Fatal Terrorist Attacks in Israel Since the DOP (Sept 1993)". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 24 September 2000. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
  47. Bouckaert, Peter (2001). Center of the Storm: A Case Study of Human Rights Abuses in Hebron District. Human Rights Watch. pp. 5, 40–43, 48, 71–72. ISBN 1-56432-260-2.
  48. UN Doc Chronological Review of Events May 1996
  49. UN Docs Chronological Review of Events January 1997 The Palestinian Authority and Israel invited Denmark, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland and Turkey to join the 30-member unarmed Norwegian contingent of the Temporary International Presence in Hebron (TIPH) force already stationed in Hebron.
  50. Center of the Storm: A Case Study of Human Rights Abuses in Hebron District By Human Rights Watch, Peter Bouckaert, Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Watch (Organization), Clarisa Bencomo Published by Human Rights Watch, 2001 ISBN 1-56432-260-2 and ISBN 978-1-56432-260-9 pp 30–31
  51. Jerusalem Post, October 6, 2000 "IDF: Palestinians offer $2,000 for 'martyrs'"
  52. Our reign of terror, by the Israeli army Donald Macintyre, 19 April 2008, The Independent
  53. Mario Vargas Llosa: How Arabs have been driven out of Hebron 19 April 2008, The Independent
  54. Australian Jews up in arms about Israeli NGO report on IDF abuses
  55. [film]=vaelkommen_till_hebron Welcome to Hebron Archived 2009-08-03 at the Wayback Machine Stockholm International Film Festival
  56. Hebron: Shalhevet Pass' sister hurt in rock attack. Ynetnews. July 10, 2012.
  57. Ya'ar, Chana (May 2, 2012). Arab Ambush of Children's Bus in Jerusalem. Israel National News. Retrieved February 5, 2013.
  58. Peter Bouckaert (2001). Center of the storm: a case study of human rights abuses in Hebron District. Human Rights Watch. pp. 64–65. ISBN 1-56432-260-2. Retrieved March 16, 2011.
  59. Jerold Auerbach (2009). Hebron Jews. Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Incorporated. p. 111. ISBN 0742566153.
  60. Ha'aretz 7 October 2008 Settlers to Barak: Don't give PA security control of Hebron By Nadav Shragai,
  61. "Confidential 20-year monitoring report: Israel regularly breaks int'l law in Hebron". haaretz.com. 2018-12-17. Retrieved 2018-12-17.
  62. The Jerusalem Post. "Field News 10/2/2002 Hebron Jews' offspring divided over city's fate Archived 2011-08-16 at the Wayback Machine", 2006-05-16.
  63. The Philadelphia Inquirer. "Hebron descendants decry actions of current settlers They are kin of the Jews ousted in 1929", 1997-03-03.
  64. Ha'aretz 26 September 2007 Gov't bans Hebron settlers from winterizing controversial house By Nadav Shargai
  65. Jpost Archived 2012-01-11 at the Wayback Machine 17 April 2007 Hebron settlers try to buy more homes By yaakov Katz And Tovah Lazaroff
  66. Shragai, Nadav (2007-12-26). "80 years on, massacre victims' kin reclaims Hebron house". Haaretz. Retrieved 2008-02-07.
  67. Derori, Zeʼev Derori (2005) Israel's Reprisal Policy, 1953–1956: The Dynamics of Military Retaliation Routledge, ISBN 0-7146-5632-1 p 126
  68. Hebron. Jewish Virtual Library.
  69. Hebron: Historical Background and Statistics
  70. UN Doc A/35/207 S/13923 5 May 1980 Letter dated 4 May 1980 from the Permanent Representative of Israel to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General
  71. WRMEA Jewish Settler Terror Groups Have a Long History in Hebron By Steve Sosebee
  72. UN Doc A/41/680 20 October 1986 Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Population of the Occupied Territories
  73. UN Docs Chronological Review of Events April 1994
  74. Jerold Auerbach (2009). Hebron Jews. Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Incorporated. p. 112. ISBN 0742566153.
  75. B'Tselem Tacit Consent: Israeli Policy on Law Enforcement toward Settlers in the Occupied Territories by Rona Dudai
  76. ha'aretz 15 March 2008 Rightist rabbis urge 'measure for measure' revenge on foes
  77. Zachary Lockman, Joel Beinin (1989) Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising Against Israeli Occupation South End Press, ISBN 0-89608-363-2 and ISBN 978-0-89608-363-9
  78. WRMEA Mainstream Media Mideast Slanters April/May 1994, Page 30 Media Watch
  79. UN Doc A/45/84 dated 26 January 1990 Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and other Arabs of the Occupied Territories
  80. Human Rights Watch (1994) Torture and Ill-treatment: Israel's Interrogation of Palestinians from the Occupied Territories Published by Human Rights Watch, ISBN 1-56432-136-3 p 265
  81. "UNDER ATTACK, MORE ISRAELIS ARE ANGRY AND ARMED". Washington Post. 1993-03-31. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2018-11-03.
  82. UN Docs Archived 2007-02-12 at the Wayback Machine Chronological Review of Events September 1993
  83. UN Docs Archived 2007-02-13 at the Wayback Machine Chronological Review of Events October 1993
  84. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Fatal Terrorist Attacks in Israel Since the Declaration of Principles (September 1993-July 24, 2008)
  85. UN Docs Archived 2007-04-03 at the Wayback Machine Chronological Review of Events November 1993
  86. UN Doc Archived 2007-02-14 at the Wayback Machine Chronological Review of Events Relating to the Question Of Palestine December 1993
  87. UN Docs Chronological Review of Events January 1994
  88. UN Docs Chronological Review of Events February 1994
  89. Nabeel Abraham, What About The Victims? Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, Lies of Our Times, May 1994, pp 3-6.
  90. Settlers remember gunman Goldstein; Hebron riots continue. Avi Issacharoff and Chaim Levinson, Haaretz, 28 February 2010
  91. UN Docs Chronological Review of Events June 1994
  92. UN Docs Chronological Review of Events July 1994
  93. UN Docs Chronological Review of Events September 1994
  94. UN Docs Chronological Review of Events October 1994
  95. UN Doc Archived 2007-02-17 at the Wayback Machine A/50/170 2 May 1995
  96. UN Docs Chronological Review of Events January 1995
  97. UN Docs Chronological Review of Events March 1995
  98. New York Times April 17, 1995 Israeli Army Kills 3 Palestinians It Says Were En Route to Attack.
  99. UN Docs Chronological Review of Events June 1995
  100. UN Docs Chronological Review of Events July 1995
  101. UN Docs Chronological Review of Events September 1995
  102. Christian Peacemaker Team Palestine Projects; About CPT Palestine
  103. UN Docs Archived 2007-02-13 at the Wayback Machine Chronological Review of Events October 1995
  104. UN Docs Chronological Review of Events January 1996
  105. UN Docs Chronological Review of Events April 1996
  106. Israeli MFA PM Netanyahu Responds Following Shooting at Arabs in Hebron Market
  107. CNN Second arrest made in Hebron market shooting
  108. Un Doc Chronological Review of Events March 1997
  109. UN Doc Chronological Review of Events April 1997
  110. MERIA Hamas’ Terrorism Strategy: Operational Limitations and Political Constraints By Ely Karmon
  111. UN Doc Chronological Review of Events February 2000
  112. B'Tselem Archived 2008-08-20 at the Wayback Machine west Bank Statistics
  113. Yonah Alexander (2003). Palestinian secular terrorism: profiles of Fatah, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command and the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine. ISBN 9781571053077. Retrieved December 28, 2012.
  114. Casualties of War Archived 2010-12-14 at the Wayback Machine The Jerusalem Post.
  115. "Victims of Palestinian Violence since September 2000". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
  116. "Major Terrorist Attacks in Israel". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
  117. B'Tselem Archived 2008-08-20 at the Wayback Machine West Bank Statistics
  118. Two Norwegian observers killed near Hebron: Israeli TV Archived 2007-10-21 at the Wayback Machine, ABC News online, March 27, 2002.
  119. Two TIPH members killed near Hebron Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine, Temporary International Presence in the City of Hebron website, March 27, 2002.
  120. Haaretz Observance of the lawless By Akiva Eldar 25 November 2008
  121. BBC News 25 April 2002 Violence erupts in Hebron and Gaza
  122. Boston Globe. A top Israeli Says Settlers Incited Riot In Hebron Archived 2005-04-01 at the Wayback Machine 2002-7-31. (was here)
  123. "Hebron ambush scene dubbed `Death Alley'". H. 17 November 2002. Retrieved 2011-09-17.
  124. New York Times 16 November 2002 12 Israelis Killed in Hebron Ambush Near Prayer Site
  125. UN Docs Chronological Review of Events November 2002
  126. Victims of Palestinian Violence and Terrorism since September 2000
  127. JVL
  128. B'Tselem Archived 2011-06-05 at the Wayback Machine West Bank Statistics
  129. Ha'aretz Two border policemen convicted of manslaughter in killing of Palestinian teen
  130. B'Tselem 29 April 2008: Policeman sent to prison for killing Palestinian in incident exposed by B'Tselem
  131. BBC
  132. Anthony H. Cordesman, Arab-Israeli Military Forces in an Era of Asymmetric Wars, Center for Strategic and International Studies (Washington, D.C.), Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006 p.135
  133. Palestine studies (PCHR 5/26)
  134. UN Doc Chronological Review of Events January 2006
  135. Ha'aretz
  136. Youtube
  137. Youtube
  138. "settlers originally escorted into building". Archived from the original on 2009-08-03. Retrieved 2008-12-10.
  139. Jpost 13 August 2008 Hillel Weiss indicted for incitement
  140. Ynet News 08.09.07 Cursing professor to be probed by Efrat Weiss
  141. Arutz Sheva 13 August 2008 Prof. Hillel Weiss Indicted for Incitement
  142. Ha'aretz 13 February 2008 Court okays soldier's 15-month jail term for Hebron rampage By Yuval Azoulay
  143. "IPS". Archived from the original on 2008-09-11. Retrieved 2008-09-08.
  144. Guardian Thursday May 01 2008 Hebron Orphanage by Seth Freedman
  145. Christian peacemaker teams 7 July 2008 Hebron Reflection: The Islamic Charitable Society and the Salvation Army by Kathleen Kern
  146. Ha’aretz 9 July 2008, South African rights group says harassed by settlers in Hebron
  147. JPost South African team to probe 'IDF abuses' By Asaf Shalev 6 July 2008
  148. UN Doc Archived 2008-09-28 at the Wayback Machine Protection of Civilians Weekly Report 6–12 August 2008
  149. Ha'aretz 7 August 2008 British consulate: Settlers attack U.K. diplomats on Hebron tour By Reuters
  150. Christian peacemaker teams 15 August 2008 Hebron: Delegation meets with Breaking the Silence by Tim Bowman
  151. Rioting by Kiryat Abra settlers just outside Hebron,' Haaretz 26/10/2008 ‘During the rioting, settlers hurled abuse at the members of the security forces, called for a "revenge attack" against them. "We hope they will be defeated by their enemies, that they will all be [kidnapped IDF soldier] Gilad Shalit, that they will all be killed and all slaughtered because this is what they deserve," they said.In addition to vandalizing the graves, settlers also damaged over 80 Palestinian vehicles by smashing windows and puncturing tires. Two police cars were damaged during the altercations.’
  152. Guardian Saturday December 6, 2008 Footage shows settlers shooting two Palestinians Rory McCarthy in Jerusalem the footage Ha'aretz Israel braces for settler violence in wake of Hebron house evacuation By Nadav Shragai and Amos Harel Ha'aretz IDF declares Hebron area closed military zone after settler rampage By Amos Harel and Avi Issacharoff, Haaretz Correspondents and Agencies. pogrom Analysis / Hebron settler riots were out and out pogroms By Avi Issacharoff Ha'aretz IDF probes soldier's alleged attack on Haaretz photographer in Hebron By Fadi Eyadat and Amos Harel Ha'aretz Analysis / Nothing justifies striking a photographer armed only with a camera By Amos Harel Video / Settlers filmed shooting at Palestinians turn themselves in By Jonathan Lis Daily Star Lebanon's take on Hebron from Hebron colonists attack Palestinians after eviction By Agence France Presse (AFP) Price tag eviction 2006 BBC in Hebron
  153. Ha'aretz 23/12/2008 IDF soldier detained for firing gun alongside rioting settlers By Amos Harel
  154. "Olmert condemns settler 'pogrom'". BBC. 2008-12-07. Retrieved 2010-01-05.
  155. Wilder, David.Court's Ruling for Hebron Jews Mends Barak's Violation of their Rights, Honoring Israel's Moral Obligation September 15, 2012.
  156. "IDF thwarts knife attack on soldier in Hebron," Amos Harel and Anshel Pfeffer, February 22, 2010, Haartez.
  157. Pfeffer, Anshel (2010-07-05). "IDF soldiers face penalty after uploading Hebron dance video to YouTube". Haaretz. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
  158. "IDF Presents: Tick Tock Kesha in Hebron". Jewish News. 2010-07-05. Archived from the original on 2010-07-08. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
  159. " 4 Israelis shot dead by terrorists in West Bank," Yaakov Katz and Yaakov Lappin, 31 August 2010, Jerusalem Post Archived January 27, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  160. "Four Israelis killed in West Bank shooting, Hamas rejoices," Hazem Bader, Sept. 1, 2010, AFP.
  161. Shin Bet: 2 Palestinians admit throwing rocks that killed Israeli Asher Palmer and infant son Quote: "The site of the terror attack where Asher Palmer and his one-year-old son Yonatan were killed. "
  162. "Palmer dad asks military court for harsher sentence". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  163. Murder Attempt in Hebron (Photos) The Algemeiner. July 19, 2012.
  164. Woman officer who thwarted Hebron terror attack honored. Ynetnews. December 31, 2012.
  165. Levy G; Levac A. "The life and death of a toy terrorist" Haaretz Dec 19, 2012. (Pay to register)
  166. Updated: Female Soldier Shoots Terrorist in Hebron. December 12, 2012.
  167. "Charges against IDF soldier who shot subdued Palestinian downgraded to manslaughter - Israel News". Haaretz.com. Retrieved 2016-07-06.

Bibliography
  • Burkett, Elinor Golda Meir: The Iron Lady of the Middle East ISBN 978-1-906142-13-1
  • Gorenberg, Gershom The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967–1977, Times Books, Henry Holt & Co., New York 2007 ISBN 978-0-8050-8241-8
  • Zachary Lockman, Joel Beinin (1989) Intifada: The Palestinian Uprising Against Israeli Occupation South End Press, ISBN 0-89608-363-2 and ISBN 978-0-89608-363-9
  • Brown, Cynthia G. (Human Rights Watch) and Karim, Farhad (Human Rights Watch) (1995) Playing the "communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights Human Rights Watch, ISBN 1-56432-152-5 and ISBN 978-1-56432-152-7

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.