Józef Wierusz-Kowalski

Józef Wierusz-Kowalski (March 16, 1866, Pulawy – November 30, 1927, in Ankara, Turkey) was a Polish physicist and diplomat. He discovered the phenomenon of progressive phosphorescence. He served as Rector of the University of Freiburg, and helped to establish the section for physics at the reopened University of Warsaw. After Polish independence was established, he served as the Polish ambassador to the Holy See, the Netherlands, Austria and Turkey.

Józef Wierusz-Kowalski
Born(1866-03-16)March 16, 1866
Pulawy, Kingdom of Poland, then part of Russian Empire
DiedNovember 30, 1927(1927-11-30) (aged 61)
Ankara, Turkey
CitizenshipPolish
Alma materUniversity of Göttingen
Known forprogressive phosphorescence
Scientific career
Fieldsphysics
ThesisUntersuchungen über die Festigkeit des Glases

Early life and education

Józef Wierusz-Kowalski was born to Dr. Tadeusz Wierusz-Kowalski (1841–1904) and Juliet Wasilewska, in Pulawy, Kingdom of Poland, then part of Russian Empire on March 16, 1866.[1] His father owned property in Olbięcin from 1869 to 1904.

Initially, Józef Wierusz-Kowalski studied law at the Imperial University of Warsaw, but after a year he moved to the University of Göttingen, where he studied physics. He studied the properties of glass, including its strength, and in 1889 presented his doctoral thesis, "Untersuchungen über die Festigkeit des Glases".[2]

After working in Berlin, Würzburg and the Technical University in Zurich, Wierusz-Kowalski studied physics and physical chemistry at the University of Bern. In 1894, he accepted a faculty position in mathematics and natural sciences at the University of Fribourg in Switzerland. In 1894, he introduced Pierre Curie and Maria Skłodowska.[3] As the chair of physics, he established the physics department. During the academic year 1897–98, he served as rector of the University. He remained at Fribourg until 1915.[4]

Scientific and diplomatic career

In 1897, Wierusz-Kowalski hired Ignacy Mościcki as his assistant.[5][6] Mościcki created an electric arc method for fixing nitrogen, and he and Wierusz-Kowalski set up an experimental plant around 1903, trading nitric acid as the Société de l'acide nitrique.[7]

Wierusz-Kowalski's major fields of study were lightning and electrical discharge, luminescence and phosphorescence.[4][8] Wierusz-Kowalski examined mixtures of rare-earth metal compounds such as alkali under the influence of ultraviolet radiation,[9] studying the phosphorescence of rare-earth compounds and organic compounds. In 1910, discovered the phenomenon of progressive phosphorescence in the phosphorescence spectra of organic molecules.[10][11][12] For his work in this field he was distinguished in 1912 by Harvard University.

He was actively involved in the Warsaw Scientific Society, which was founded in 1907.[13] He served as a member of the editorial board of a Polish encyclopedia, the United universal encyclopedia, published in Switzerland.[14] During World War I he worked with the Committee in Support of Victims of War in Poland, founded by Henryk Sienkiewicz in Vevey.

The early 1900s were a time of great unrest in Polish politics and education. In 1912 Kowalski became a member of the Academy of Sciences and Letters in Kraków. In 1915, Józef Wierusz-Kowalski was one of the lecturers of physics at the Physics & Mathematics Faculty of the TKN, a secular “free university” which later became Wolna Wszechnica Polska (Free Polish University).[15] In 1916 he was a member of the Board of the Association of Polish Education. The University of Warsaw was reopened on November 15, 1915, as a Polish institution. A Section of Experimental Physics was opened in 1916 as part of the Department of Philosophy, under Wierusz-Kowalski's leadership.[16][17] In January 1919 Józef Wierusz-Kowalski helped to found the Warsaw Physical Society.[13]

In 1919 Józef Wierusz-Kowalski entered the diplomatic service of Poland,[16] and was appointed envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the Holy See on July 1, 1919.[18] On October 19, 1921, he was appointed deputy of Poland at The Hague, where he remained until December 1, 1924.[19] He was a member of the International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations. He then became the Polish ambassador in Vienna, Austria, holding the position until September 30, 1926. In October 21, 1926, he became a representative of the Republic of Poland in Ankara, Turkey, where he died.

See also

References
  1. "Józef Wierusz-Kowalski". Geni.com. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
  2. von Kowalski, Joseph (1889). "Untersuchungen über die Festigkeit des Glases". Annalen der Physik. 272 (2): 307–322. doi:10.1002/andp.18892720203.
  3. Trombetta, Mark (2014). "Madame Maria Sklodowska-Curie – brilliant scientist, humanitarian, humble hero: Poland's gift to the World". Journal of Contemporary Brachytherapy. 6 (3): 297–299. doi:10.5114/jcb.2014.45133. PMC 4200180. PMID 25337133.
  4. Sredniawa, Bronislaw; Smoluchowski, Marian (2006). "Scientific and personal contacts of polish physicists with Einstein" (PDF). Concepts of Physics. III: 391–392. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
  5. "MOŚCICKI, Ignacy". Central European Science Adventure. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
  6. Stanik, Winicjusz (2007). "IN THE 140th ANNIVERSARY OF THE BIRTH OF IGNACY MOSCICKI. IGNACY MOSCICKI, ENGINEER-INVENTOR, HOLDER OF HONORARY DOCTORATES, PRESIDENT OF POLAND" (PDF). Chemistry & Chemical Technology. 1 (3): xi–xiii. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
  7. Travis, Anthony S. (2015). The Synthetic Nitrogen Industry in World War I Its Emergence and Expansion. International Publishing. p. 19. ISBN 978-3-319-19356-4.
  8. Regan, James D.; Parrish, John A. (1982). The Science of Photomedicine. Boston, MA: Springer US. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-4684-8312-3.
  9. "Electrochemistry". Chemical Abstracts. 9: 2741. 1915. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
  10. Ruziewicz, Zdzisław (1998). "PHOTOCHEMISTRY IN RESEARCHES OF THE OLD-TIME POLISH SCIENTISTS PART II: PERIOD 1900-1918YSTWA CHEMICZNEGO" (PDF). Wiadomosci Chemisczne. 52 (5–6). Retrieved 8 July 2016.
  11. Kowalski, J. (1910). "La phosphorescence progressive a basse temperature". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris. 151: 810–812.
  12. Kowalski, J.; Dzierzbicki, J. (1910). "Sur le spectre de phosphorescence progressive des composés organiques aux basses températures". Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris. 151: 943–945.
  13. "POLISH PHYSICAL SOCIETY Polskie Towar" (PDF). Forum on International Physics (FIP) Newsletter. May. 2008. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
  14. Piltz, Erasmus (1919). Poland her people, history, industries, finance, science, literature, art, and social development. London: Jenkins. p. vii.
  15. Bartnicka, Kalina (2014). "ACCESS TO HIGHER EDUCATION AND STUDY FOR POLES IN THE SECOND HALF OF 19 TH CENTURY" (PDF). Technical Transactions Fundamental Sciences 1-Np/2014 Czasopismo Techniczne Nauki Podstawowe. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
  16. Ziolkowska, Zofia (1986). "Theoretical Physics In Poland Before 1939" (PDF). University of Warsaw.
  17. Duda, Roman (2014). Pearls from a lost city : the Lvov school of mathematics. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society. p. 18. ISBN 9781470410766. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
  18. Pease, Neal (2009). Rome's most faithful daughter : the Catholic Church and independent Poland, 1914–1939. Athens: Ohio University Press. pp. 38–39. ISBN 978-0821418567. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
  19. "Register of the Poland Ministers". Spraw Zagranicznych Records, 1919–1947. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
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