Jacobi triple product

In mathematics, the Jacobi triple product is the mathematical identity:

${\displaystyle \prod _{m=1}^{\infty }\left(1-x^{2m}\right)\left(1+x^{2m-1}y^{2}\right)\left(1+{\frac {x^{2m-1}}{y^{2}}}\right)=\sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }x^{n^{2}}y^{2n},}$

for complex numbers x and y, with |x| < 1 and y ≠ 0.

It was introduced by Jacobi (1829) in his work Fundamenta Nova Theoriae Functionum Ellipticarum.

The Jacobi triple product identity is the Macdonald identity for the affine root system of type A₁, and is the Weyl denominator formula for the corresponding affine Kac–Moody algebra.

Properties

The basis of Jacobi's proof relies on Euler's pentagonal number theorem, which is itself a specific case of the Jacobi Triple Product Identity.

Let ${\displaystyle x=q{\sqrt {q}}}$ and ${\displaystyle y^{2}=-{\sqrt {q}}}$. Then we have

${\displaystyle \phi (q)=\prod _{m=1}^{\infty }\left(1-q^{m}\right)=\sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }(-1)^{n}q^{\frac {3n^{2}-n}{2}}.}$

The Jacobi Triple Product also allows the Jacobi theta function to be written as an infinite product as follows:

Let ${\displaystyle x=e^{i\pi \tau }}$ and ${\displaystyle y=e^{i\pi z}.}$

Then the Jacobi theta function

${\displaystyle \vartheta (z;\tau )=\sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }e^{\pi {\rm {i}}n^{2}\tau +2\pi {\rm {i}}nz}}$

can be written in the form

${\displaystyle \sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }y^{2n}x^{n^{2}}.}$

Using the Jacobi Triple Product Identity we can then write the theta function as the product

${\displaystyle \vartheta (z;\tau )=\prod _{m=1}^{\infty }\left(1-e^{2m\pi {\rm {i}}\tau }\right)\left[1+e^{(2m-1)\pi {\rm {i}}\tau +2\pi {\rm {i}}z}\right]\left[1+e^{(2m-1)\pi {\rm {i}}\tau -2\pi {\rm {i}}z}\right].}$

There are many different notations used to express the Jacobi triple product. It takes on a concise form when expressed in terms of q-Pochhammer symbols:

${\displaystyle \sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }q^{\frac {n(n+1)}{2}}z^{n}=(q;q)_{\infty }\;\left(-{\tfrac {1}{z}};q\right)_{\infty }\;(-zq;q)_{\infty },}$

where ${\displaystyle (a;q)_{\infty }}$ is the infinite q-Pochhammer symbol.

It enjoys a particularly elegant form when expressed in terms of the Ramanujan theta function. For ${\displaystyle |ab|<1}$ it can be written as

${\displaystyle \sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }a^{\frac {n(n+1)}{2}}\;b^{\frac {n(n-1)}{2}}=(-a;ab)_{\infty }\;(-b;ab)_{\infty }\;(ab;ab)_{\infty }.}$

Proof

Let ${\displaystyle f_{x}(y)=\prod _{m=1}^{\infty }(1-x^{2m})(1+x^{2m-1}y^{2})(1+x^{2m-1}y^{-2})}$ then ${\displaystyle f_{x}(xy)={\frac {1+x^{-1}y^{-2}}{1+xy^{2}}}f_{x}(y)=x^{-1}y^{-2}f_{x}(y)}$. Since f_x is meromorphic for |y| > 0 it has a Laurent series ${\displaystyle f_{x}(y)=\sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }c_{n}(x)y^{2n}}$ which satisfies ${\displaystyle \sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }c_{n}(x)x^{2n+1}y^{2n}=xf_{x}(xy)=y^{-2}f_{x}(y)=\sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }c_{n+1}(x)y^{2n}}$ so that ${\displaystyle c_{n+1}(x)=c_{n}(x)x^{2n+1}=c_{0}(x)x^{(n+1)^{2}}}$ and hence

${\displaystyle f_{x}(y)=c_{0}(x)\sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }x^{n^{2}}y^{2n}}$

Evaluating ${\displaystyle c_{0}(x)}$ is more technical, one method is to set y=1 and show both the numerator and the denominator of ${\displaystyle {\frac {1}{c_{0}(e^{2i\pi z})}}={\frac {\sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }e^{2i\pi n^{2}z}}{\prod _{m=1}^{\infty }(1-e^{2i\pi mz})(1+e^{2i\pi (2m-1)z})^{2}}}}$ are weight 1/2 modular under ${\displaystyle z\mapsto {\frac {-1}{4z}}}$, since they are also 1-periodic and bounded on the upper half plane the quotient has to be constant so that ${\displaystyle c_{0}(x)=c_{0}(0)=1}$.

A simple proof is given by G. E. Andrews based on two identities of Euler.[1] For the analytic case, see Apostol, the first edition of which was published in 1976. Also see links below for a proof motivated with physics due to Borcherds.

References

• See chapter 14, theorem 14.6 of Apostol, Tom M. (1976), Introduction to analytic number theory, Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics, New York-Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-90163-3, MR 0434929, Zbl 0335.10001
• Peter J. Cameron, Combinatorics: Topics, Techniques, Algorithms, (1994) Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-45761-0
• Jacobi, C. G. J. (1829), Fundamenta nova theoriae functionum ellipticarum (in Latin), Königsberg: Borntraeger, ISBN 978-1-108-05200-9, Reprinted by Cambridge University Press 2012
• Carlitz, L (1962), A note on the Jacobi theta formula, American Mathematical Society
• Wright, E. M. (1965), "An Enumerative Proof of An Identity of Jacobi", Journal of the London Mathematical Society, London Mathematical Society: 55–57, doi:10.1112/jlms/s1-40.1.55

1. Andrews, George E. (1965-02-01). "A simple proof of Jacobi's triple product identity". Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. 16 (2): 333. doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-1965-0171725-X. ISSN 0002-9939.