Jani Beg

Jani Beg
Jani Beg
	Khan; Shahanshah
	Jani Beg on the 1375 Catalan Atlas.
Khan of the Golden Horde; Western Half (Blue Horde)
Reign	1342–1357
Predecessor	Tini Beg
Successor	Berdi Beg
Born	unknown date; Golden Horde
Died	1357; Sarai
Issue	Berdi Beg ; Qulpa ; Nawruz Beg ; Shakar Beg
House	Borjigin
Dynasty	Golden Horde
Father	Öz Beg Khan
Mother	Taidula Khatun
Religion	Islam

Jani Beg (died 1357)[1] also called Djanibek Khan[1] was a Khan of the Golden Horde from 1342 to 1357, succeeding his father Öz Beg Khan.

Metropolitan Alexis Healing the Tatar Queen Taidula from Blindness while Janibeg Looks on, Yakov Kapkov (1816-54).

Metropolitan Alexis healing Jani Beg's mother from blindness.

Reign

After putting two of his brothers to death, Jani Beg crowned himself in Saray-Jük. He is known to have actively interfered in the affairs of Rus principalities and of Lithuania. The Grand Princes of Moscow, Simeon Gordiy, and Ivan II, were under constant political and military pressure from Jani Beg.

Jani Beg commanded a massive Crimean Tatar force that attacked the Crimean port city of Kaffa in 1343. The siege was lifted by an Italian relief force in February. In 1345 Jani Beg again besieged Kaffa; however, his assault was again unsuccessful due to an outbreak of the Black Plague among his troops. Jani Beg's army catapulted infected corpses into Kaffa in an attempt to use the Black Death to weaken the defenders. Infected Genoese sailors subsequently sailed from Kaffa to Genoa, Messina, and Constantinople, introducing the Black Death into Europe.[2]

In 1356 Jani Beg conducted a military campaign in Azerbaijan and conquered the city of Tabriz, installing his own governor there. He also asserted Jochid dominance over the Chagatai Khanate, attempting to unite the three khanates of the Mongol Empire. After accepting surrender from Shaikh Uvais, Janibeg boasted that three uluses (districts/nations) of the Mongol Empire were under his control. Soon after this, Jani Beg faced an uprising in Tabriz resulting in the rise to power of the Jalayirid Dynasty, an offshoot of Ilkhanate and, ultimately, in the death of the Khan.

Muscovy's Chudov Monastery, founded at about the time of Jani Beg's fall by Metropolitan Aleksii and Sergei of Radonezh was built on land that, according to legend, the Khan had granted to Aleksii as thanks for the miraculous curing of his mother, Taidula, by the latter.

The reign of Jani Beg was marked by the first signs of the feudal strife which would eventually contribute to the demise of the Golden Horde. Jani Beg's assassination in 1357 opened a quarter-century of political turmoil within the Golden Horde. Twenty-five khans succeeded each other between 1357 and 1378.

Issue

Jani Beg had three sons who successively inherited the throne.[3]

Berdi Beg (r. 1357–1359);
Qulpa (r. 1359–1360);
Nawruz Beg (r. 1360–1361);

He also had a daughter, Shakar Beg, who married Aq Sufi Qongirat, the prince of the Sufi dynasty of Khwarezm. Their daughter Khanzada Begum later married into the Timurid dynasty.[4]

Genealogy

Genghis Khan
- Jochi
  - Batu Khan
    - Toqoqan
      - Mengu-Timur
        Toghrilcha
        Uzbeg Khan
        Jani Beg

Popular culture

The 2012 Russian film The Horde is set during the reign of Jani Beg and is a highly fictionalised narrative of how Alexii healed Taidula from blindness.

References

Kołodziejczyk 2011, p. 4.
"How the Plague Spread to Italy". Brown University. March 12, 2010. But then, in 1347, to the Italians' delight, their opponents began to die off at an alarming rate - Janibeg's army was overcome by the Plague. Janibeg had no choice but to call off his siege, but not until he performed one last act of warfare against Genoa. Using the catapults designed to throw boulders and fireballs over the walls of fortified cities like Kaffa, Janibeg launched the Plague infested corpses of his dead men into the city. The Italians quickly dumped these bodies back into the sea, but the damage was done. Due to the squalid conditions forced upon Kaffa by the siege, it was ripe for the quick desolation of the Plague.
Paul D. Buell, Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire (2003), p. 77.
Martin Bernard Dickson, Michel M. Mazzaoui, Vera Basch Moreen, Intellectual studies on Islam: essays written in honor of Martin B. Dickson (1990), p. 113.

Bibliography

Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz (2011). The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th-18th Century). A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004191907.
David Morgan, The Mongols
Rosemary Horrox, The Black Death

Preceded by Tini Beg	Khan of Blue Horde and Golden Horde 1341–1357	Succeeded by Berdi Beg

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[FOOTNOTEKołodziejczyk20114-1] Kołodziejczyk 2011, p. 4.

[2] "How the Plague Spread to Italy". Brown University. March 12, 2010. But then, in 1347, to the Italians' delight, their opponents began to die off at an alarming rate - Janibeg's army was overcome by the Plague. Janibeg had no choice but to call off his siege, but not until he performed one last act of warfare against Genoa. Using the catapults designed to throw boulders and fireballs over the walls of fortified cities like Kaffa, Janibeg launched the Plague infested corpses of his dead men into the city. The Italians quickly dumped these bodies back into the sea, but the damage was done. Due to the squalid conditions forced upon Kaffa by the siege, it was ripe for the quick desolation of the Plague.

[3] Paul D. Buell, Historical Dictionary of the Mongol World Empire (2003), p. 77.

[4] Martin Bernard Dickson, Michel M. Mazzaoui, Vera Basch Moreen, Intellectual studies on Islam: essays written in honor of Martin B. Dickson (1990), p. 113.