John Martin (dance critic)

John Martin (June 2, 1893 - May 19, 1985) became America's first major dance critic in 1927. Focusing his efforts on propelling the modern dance movement, he greatly influenced the careers of dancers such as Martha Graham. Within his life he wrote several books on the modern dance and received numerous awards for his work.

Early life

John Martin's life leading up to his career may have led him to the success he later attained. Martin was born June 2, 1893 in Louisville, Kentucky and was immediately influenced by his mother's love of musical theatre.[1] After his education at the Louisville Male High School, he held several jobs as actor, publicist, and editor in Louisville and New York.[2][3] During World War I, he served in the Aviation Section of the Army Signal Corps, after which he returned to theatre working with the Chicago Little Theatre where he met his wife Hettie Louise Mick.[1] They married in 1918. He also served as director and press agent for many different theatre projects.[3] Over the years, Martin developed an interest in the actor/director/drama teacher Konstantin Stanislavsky's system which expressed the "dramatic impulses that arise within"[4] Many have claimed that Stanislavsky's ideas influenced Martin's interest in modern dance because it displays this quality.

Career

As a dance critic, Martin fought many preconceived ideas within the newly created genre of writing to become one of the most influential writers in dance history. Before there were actual designated dance critics, music and theatre critics were reluctantly sent to review ballets.[5] Their writing would rant about the music and the symphony while almost completely disregarding the dancing. Following a series of Ted Shawn and Ruth St. Denis Carnegie Hall performances, petitions began to arise in favor of dance critics in New York news papers. The New York Herald Tribune quickly responded with Mary Watkins and a few weeks later, The New York Times appointed Martin in 1927.[3][6] Martin saw it as his duty to spread "the gospel of the modern dance."[7] As a dance critic, he and others were convinced they would not become a "subspecies of music criticism" and set out to prove this by educating the audience and the dancers in the ways of professionalism. His efforts brought modern dance to a level equal in stature and independent of music and theatre within the arts.[5]

Because this new dance form was so drastically different from the structured ballet to which people had become accustomed, Martin greatly aided in the development of a vocabulary that suited the developing new modern dance. He pleaded that the audience "lay aside its preconceptions".[8] This "role of the viewer" and other theories were stressed in his lectures at the New School and Bennington. These lectures were soon formed into books, the first of which, The Modern Dance, was published in 1933.[9] Throughout his articles and books Martin developed his ideas of modern dance. He saw the modern movement as truly American because these dancers were driven by their experience. They were their movement conveyed the concerns that arose from their everyday life.[10] He shared the belief that movement stems from the essence of emotion with many modern dancers of that time. He exalted them for their "expression of an inner compulsion."[11] He had high expectations of the dancers and their ability to penetrate the minds of the audience. In turn, he expected the audience to widen their perceptions.[12]

Towards the end of his career, Martin began to ignore the new generation of modern dancers who followed in the pioneers' footsteps because they did not focus on the same quality of essence upon which the first generation built the foundation of modern dance.[13] He eventually turned to ballet criticism for which he was chastised by other critics and modern dancers.

After his retirement in 1962, he taught at the University of California, Los Angeles for five years.[2] Towards the end of his life, Zachary Solov, a dancer-choreographer, invited Martin to share a house in Saratoga Springs, New York. Martin lived here until his death May 19, 1985.[1][14]

Influence

Not only did Martin aid in the progress the modern dance, he also advanced the careers of the choreographers. Martha Graham is among the most well known of these dancers who were advanced professionally by Martin's words. Martin discovered that Graham was the epitome of his theory of modern dance in action. Between 1930 and 1935 there are more articles by Martin on Graham than any other dancer.[15] Perhaps this is because Martin was developing his methodology and used Graham as a focal point for "diagramming and disseminating the form and function of the modern dance."[15]

Awards and recognition

Martin received several awards and honors including a Capezio Dance Award in 1969, two honorary doctorates from Ohio University in 1974 and Skidmore College in 1982, and an exhibition dedicated to his writings by the Dance Collection of the New York Public Library. Most recently, in December 2012, Martin was named one of America's Irreplaceable Dance Treasures by the Dance Heritage Coalition, and his contribution to the development of dance criticism and modern dance is commemorated in the Dance Heritage Coalition's online exhibition of Dance Treasures.

In 1967 he was a Heritage Award recipient of the National Dance Association.

Martin was inducted into the National Museum of Dance's Mr. & Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney Hall of Fame in 1988.

Publications
  • The Modern Dance (1933)
  • Introduction to the Dance (1939)
  • The Dance (1945)
  • World Book of Modern Ballet (1952)

References
  1. "John Martin." 2007. The Zachary Solov Foundation. 30 March 2008 < http://solovfoundation.org Archived 2011-04-11 at the Wayback Machine>
  2. "John Martin." 2007. The Zachary Solov Foundation. 30 March 2008 <http://solovfoundation.org Archived 2011-04-11 at the Wayback Machine>
  3. Cohen, Selma Jeanna, ed. "John Martin." International Encyclopedia of Dance. Vol. 4. 1998. 272
  4. Conner, Lynne Thompson. The American Modern Dance and its Critics: A History of Journalistic Dance Criticism in the United States, 1850–1934. Michigan: UMI, 1994. 175
  5. West, Martha Ullman. "Review: The Development of American Dance Criticism." Dance Chronicle. 21.2 (1998): 331-338
  6. Mazo, Joseph H. Prime Movers Second Edition: The Makers of Modern Dance in America. New Jersey: Princeton Book Co., 2000. 106
  7. Conner, Lynne Thompson. The American Modern Dance and its Critics: A History of Journalistic Dance Criticism in the United States, 1850–1934. Michigan: UMI, 1994.175
  8. Garafola, Lynn, ed. "Of, By, and For the People: Dancing on the Left in the 1930s." Studies in Dance History. 5 (1994): 4-94.
  9. Mazo, Joseph H. Prime Movers Second Edition: The Makers of Modern Dance in America. New Jersey: Princeton Book Co., 2000. 166
  10. McDonagh, Don. The Rise and Fall and Rise of Modern Dance: The Story of Modern Dance in the 1960s. Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 1990. xi-xiii
  11. Coe, Robert. Dance in America. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1985.131
  12. Cohen, Selma Jeanna, ed. "John Martin." International Encyclopedia of Dance. Vol. 4. 1998.273
  13. McDonagh, Don. The Rise and Fall and Rise of Modern Dance: The Story of Modern Dance in the 1960s. Chicago: Chicago Review Press, 1990. xiv
  14. Craine, Debra, ed., Judith Mackrell ed. "John Martin." Oxford Dictionary of Dance. 2000
  15. Conner, L. (1997). Spreading the gospel of the modern dance: newspaper dance criticism in the United States, 1850-1934. University of Pittsburgh Press.
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