Jonathan Rapping

Jonathan A. Rapping is an American criminal defense attorney, founder and president of Gideon's Promise, and professor of law at Atlanta's John Marshall Law School and Harvard Law School. Rapping received the MacArthur "Genius" Award in 2014.

Jonathan A. Rapping
Born
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
NationalityAmerican
EducationUniversity of Chicago (A.B.)
Princeton University (M.P.A.)
George Washington University School of Law (J.D.)
OccupationPresident of Gideon's Promise
Known forFounding Gideon's Promise
Spouse(s)Ilham Askia
ChildrenAaliyah Rapping , Lucas Rapping
Parent(s)Elayne Rapping
Leonard Rapping
WebsiteGideon's Promise

Rapping regularly writes about issues related to criminal defense and the criminal justice system. He is a contributor for The Nation,[1] Talk Poverty,[2] The National Association For Public Defense,[3] and The Huffington Post.[4] He also maintains a blog called Fulfilling the Promise: Insights to Forging a Path to Meaningful Justice Reform.[5]

Early life, family and education

Rapping grew up in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. At a young age, Rapping went to demonstrations and protests with his mother, Elayne Rapping, a community organizer, activist and professor in Pittsburgh. Rapping's mother was particularly involved in the anti-war and women's movements.[6] The experience of working with his activist mother taught Rapping about social justice, and trying to change things in the world that aren't fair or right.[6] Friends of Rapping's family were even arrested and he admired the lawyers who worked to keep them out of jail.[6] After witnessing social justice activism as a young person, Rapping aspired to be a criminal defense attorney at a young age.[6]

Rapping attended Allderdice High School in Squirrel Hill, and graduated in 1984.[7] After high school, Rapping attended the University of Chicago where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics cum laude.[6] People close to Rapping convinced him that he would incur tremendous debt if he went to law school, so he worked as a research assistant with the Federal Reserve Board in Washington, D.C. for two years,[6] following in the footsteps of his father, Leonard Rapping, a well-known economist. Rapping earned a scholarship to attend the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs at Princeton University where he earned a Master of Public Administration in 1992.[6] Rapping's sister, Alison Rapping has spent her career in the non-profit sector, and is widely considered a leader in that realm. Both siblings attribute their commitment to social justice to the influence of their parents.

Right after graduating from Princeton and still unfulfilled, Rapping decided to attend George Washington University School of Law in Washington, D.C. After his first year of law school at GWU, Rapping interned with the Public Defender Service for the District of Columbia, where he found his calling.[6] He worked at PDS throughout law school.[6]

While living in Washington, Rapping met and married his wife, Ilham Askia, who was teaching at an elementary school and then spent two years at a charter high school for court involved children.[6] Askia was born in Buffalo, New York and every man in her family has been a victim of the criminal justice system.[6] Askia's father went to Attica Correctional Facility when she was five years old. She helped raise her younger brother who ended up in prison.[6] Askia became a teacher to break the school-to-prison pipeline, but soon questioned how much of a difference she could make on the front end.[6] This led to her joining Rapping to start Gideon's Promise and, ultimately, to become the organization's Executive Director, where she advocates for attacking the pipeline on the back end.[8]

Public defender

After law school, Rapping worked as a staff attorney for The Public Defender Service for the District of Columbia (1995–2004), where he served his final three years as training director.[9] From 2004-2006, Rapping was the training director for the Georgia Public Defender Standards Council.[9]

From 2006-2007, he served as training chief for the New Orleans Office of the Public Defender.[9] In recognition of his work in New Orleans to rebuild the public defender system post-Hurricane Katrina, he was a co-recipient of the Lincoln Leadership Award, given by Kentucky's Department of Public Advocacy to honor leadership in national efforts to improve indigent defense.

Gideon's Promise

In 2007, Rapping created the Southern Public Defender Training Center, subsequently renamed Gideon's Promise, along with his wife, Ilham Askia. Named after the landmark 1963 Supreme Court case Gideon v. Wainwright, Gideon's Promise teaches public defenders to work more effectively within the judicial system by providing coaching, training, and professional development as well as a supportive network of peers and mentors from around the country. Rapping received a grant to help start the center from George Soros' Open Society Foundations.[10]

Since its founding, the organization has grown from a single training program for sixteen attorneys in two offices in Georgia and Louisiana, to a multi-tiered enterprise with over 300 participants in more than 35 offices across 15 mostly Southern states. An initial three-year "Core" program for new public defenders has since expanded into a comprehensive model that includes programs for graduates of the initial Core program as they continue their development, public defender leaders, trainers and supervisors, and law students. Further, the organization is unique in that it intervenes at the trial stage, rather than after conviction, where challenges to criminal injustice often take place.[9]

In 2013, HBO Films produced a documentary called Gideon's Army, based in part on the Gideon's Promise program and highlighting participants in the program.

Gideon's Promise has won numerous awards including Emory University's 2014 Martin Luther King, Jr. Community Service Award,[11] the Southern Center for Human Rights' 2013 Gideon's Promise Award,[12] The National Association of Sentencing Advocates and Mitigation Specialists 2013 Sentencing Project Award, and the American College of Trail Lawyers' 2011 Emil Gumpert Award.

In 2014, Rapping became the Director of Strategic Planning and Organizational Development for the Maryland Office of the Public Defender. In 2014, Rapping earned a MacArthur Foundation "Genius Fellow."[13]

Law professor

Since 2007, Rapping has also been an associate professor at Atlanta's John Marshall Law School.[9] In 2015 he was promoted to full Professor. Rapping is also a visiting associate professor of law at Harvard Law School.[14] In 2009, Rapping was selected as one of Harvard Law School's Wasserstein Public Interest Fellows in recognition of his contribution to the public interest legal arena.[14] In 2013, Rapping was the Public Interest Scholar in Residence at Touro Law School.[15]

Writings and views

Rapping has been a leading voice in discussing how culture shapes our criminal justice system. He has written and talked extensively about the culture of criminal justice, has theorized how criminal justice reform can be accomplished through cultural transformation, and through his work with Gideon's Promise, has applied his ideas to build a movement of public defenders to drive criminal justice reform. He is a thought leader in articulating the critical role public defenders must play in any comprehensive criminal justice reform strategy. His work in this area earned him a 2014 MacArthur "Genius" grant.

Rapping first applied organizational culture theory to indigent defense reform in his 2007 article, Directing the Winds of Change.[16] In 2009, he laid out a vision for how to put this theory to practice in describing the work of the Southern Public Defender Training Center (the precursor to Gideon's Promise) in You Can't Build on Shaky Ground.[17] He made the case that supporting public defenders in their quest to drive cultural transformation should be a priority of the United States federal government in National Crisis, National Neglect.[18] And in 2012—applying his work to prosecutors in Who's Guarding the Henhouse—he examined how prosecutors too have been shaped by the existing criminal justice culture and, as a result, help perpetuate injustice.[19]

Believing that well-intentioned professionals are shaped by a criminal justice system that has become unmoored from is foundational values, Rapping's vision involves supporting defenders as they struggle to resist the pressure to adapt to the status quo. This vision is best articulated in his article "Redefining Success as a Public Defender"[20] and in a speech he delivered at Touro Law School.[21]

He has examined how the American story of justice has evolved to a narrative that would be unrecognizable to our founding fathers in "Reviving the Hero Image of the Public Defender."[22] He has analyzed how defenders can combat the pernicious role of race in driving this culture in "Implicitly Unjust."[23] And in "Retuning Gideon's Trumpet," he answers skeptics who believe public defenders are only important to individuals and play no role in driving systemic reform.[24]

Rapping frequently addresses criminal justice issues of the day by promoting a narrative in which a movement of public defenders, serving as the voice for the vast majority of people in the criminal justice system, serve as the catalyst for reform. As the nation grappled with a seeming epidemic of police killings of young black men like Michael Brown, Eric Garner, and Tamir Rice, Rapping urged that we not see that issue as disconnected from "routine injustice" destroying poor communities of color every day. In "It's Not Just the Cops"[25] and "From Ferguson to Staten Island: In Case Anyone Doubted the Public Needs Defending,"[26] he argues that public defenders are a necessary component to a comprehensive strategy to realize equal justice that is illusive throughout the criminal justice system. In "The Other Baltimore Story," he makes a similar argument as the nation focused its attention on the killing of Freddy Gray by reminding us of the routine injustice in Baltimore through the story of Ronald Hammond, and the response of public defenders.[27]

In articles like "Continuing the March of Civil Rights Warriors in Selma,"[28] "One of the Most Important Civil and Human Rights Battles of Our Time,"[29] and "Redefining Success as a Public Defender,"[20] Rapping makes the case that criminal justice is the civil rights struggle of this generation and that public defenders are on the front lines of that battle.

He routinely tips his hat to the men and women who represent poor people accused of crimes, particularly in essays like "Reviving the Hero Image of the Public Defender By Changing the Story of Our Clients,"[30] "To All the Patriots Out There, and Especially Our Public Defenders,"[31] and "Gideon's Orchestra: It's Time For the Encore."[32] And in pieces like "The Special Few"[33] and "Who Will Heal the Public Defenders,"[34] he explains the emotional toll that makes this work so difficult.

Rapping's 2015 TEDx Atlanta talk[35] is a powerful articulation of the critical role of culture in shaping our criminal justice system and the importance of a public defender movement to transforming it.

Film and video features
  • Gideon's Army, Award-winning HBO documentary[36]
  • Defending Gideon, Documentary, The Constitution Project[37]
  • The New York Times Op-Doc, True Believers in Justice[38]
  • Meet Gideon's Promise (from the filming of Gideon's Army)[39]

Speeches and presentations
  • Building a new generation of public defenders | Jonathan Rapping | TEDxAtlanta[40]
  • Touro Law 2013 Public Interest Lawyer in Residence Public Speech[41]
  • Keynote Address, 2014 Atlanta Bar Assn Celebrating Service Luncheon[42]

Television and radio features
  • Does Equal Justice For All Include the Poor? NPR's Tell Me More[43]
  • Criminalization of Poverty, Kojo Nnamdi Show[44]
  • Public Defenders and the Legacy of Gideon v. Wainwright Kojo Nnamdi Show[45]
  • Essence Magazine, Defense Mode, April 2015[46]
  • University of Chicago Magazine, Criminal Injustice, Summer 2015[47]
  • GW Magazine, Promise Keeper, Summer 2015[48]
  • 2015 Twenty People to Watch, Creative Loafing[49]
  • People Making a Difference, Christian Science Monitor, February 2015[50]
  • Atlanta Trend, Executive Profile[51]

Contributions to scholarly and professional journals
  • Grooming Tomorrow's Change Agents: The Role of Law Schools in Helping to Create a Just Society, 12 Ohio St. J. Crim. L. 465 (2015).[52]
  • The Revolution Will Be Televised: Popular Culture and the American Criminal Justice Narrative, 41 New Eng. J. on Crim. & Civ. Confinement 5 (2015).[53]
  • Retuning Gideon's Trumpet: Telling the Story in the Context of Today's Criminal-Justice Crisis, 92 Tex. L. Rev. 1225 (2014).[24]
  • Reclaiming Our Rightful Place: Reviving the Hero Image of the Public Defender, 99 Iowa L. Rev. 1893 (2014).[22]
  • What Does A Client Have the Right to Demand?, 10 Tenn. J.L. & Pol'y 113 (2014).[54]
  • The Role of the Defender in A Racially Disparate System, Champion, July 2013, at 50.
  • Implicitly Unjust: How Defenders Can Affect Systemic Racist Assumptions, 16 N.Y.U. J. Legis. & Pub. Pol'y 999, 1000 (2013).[23]
  • Who's Guarding the Henhouse? How the American Prosecutor Came to Devour Those He Is Sworn to Protect, 51 Washburn L.J. 513, 514 (2012).[19]
  • Redefining Success As A Public Defender: A Rallying Cry for Those Most Committed to Gideon's Promise, Champion, June 2012, at 30.[20]
  • Street Crimes, Stress, and Suggestion: Helping the Jury See What the Witness Did Not, Champion, June 2011, at 22, 23.[55]
  • National Crisis, National Neglect: Realizing Justice Through Transformative Change, 13 U. Pa. J.L. & Soc. Change 331 (2010).[18]
  • Evidence Blocking: How the Defense Can Define the Legal Landscape at Trial, 33 Am. J. Trial Advoc. 1, 1 (2009).[56]
  • You Can't Build on Shaky Ground: Laying the Foundation for Indigent Defense Reform Through Values-Based Recruitment, Training, and Mentoring, 3 Harv. L. & Pol'y Rev. 161 (2009).[17]
  • A Picture's Worth a Thousand Words: Persuasion Through the Use of Visual Effects At Trial, The Advocate, Journal of Criminal Justice Education and Research, Kentucky Department of Public Advocacy, Vol. 31, Issue No. 4, Oct. 2009.[57]
  • Directing the Winds of Change: Using Organizational Culture to Reform Indigent Defense, 9 Loy. J. Pub. Int. L 177 (2008).[16]
  • Building A Relationship With Your Client, The Advocate, Journal of Criminal Justice Education and Research, Kentucky Department of Public Advocacy, Vol. 27, Issue No. 6, Nov. 2005.[58]

Other writings
  • The Limitation of Policy Fixes: Real Criminal Justice Reform Requires That We Change How We Think About Justice (personal blog), June 3, 2015.[59]
  • Gideon's Promise Works to Ensure Equal Justice For All, Nonprofit Voice, Georgia Center For Nonprofits, May 21, 2015.[60]
  • The Other Baltimore Story: Ronald Hammond and "Routine Injustice,' Talk Poverty, May 15, 2015.[27]
  • Challenging Judge Centered Culture, Fulfilling the Promise: Insights to Forging a Path to Meaningful Justice Reform (personal blog), April 6, 2015.[61]
  • Mississippi Judge Bars Public Defenders From Representing Clients, Talk Poverty, March 20, 2015.[62]
  • Indigent Defense is History, Fulfilling the Promise: Insights to Forging a Path to Meaningful Justice Reform (personal blog), March 18, 2015.[63]
  • Forgive Yourself Without Becoming Complacent; Dream Without Becoming Discouraged, National Association of Public Defense, February 9, 2015.[64]
  • Continuing the March of the Civil Rights Warriors in Selma, Talk Poverty, February 5, 2015.[28]
  • It's Not Just the Cops, The Nation, January 12, 2015.[25]
  • Need a Lawyer? Sell Everything, Talk Poverty, December 15, 2014.[65]
  • Ferguson and Staten Island: In Case Anyone Doubted the Public Needs Defending…, National Association of Public Defense, December 10, 2014.[26]
  • One of the Most Important Civil and Human Rights Battles of Our Time, Talk Poverty, November 10, 2014.[29]
  • Reviving the Hero Image of the Public Defender By Changing the Story of Our Clients, National Association of Public Defense, July 21, 2014.[30]
  • To All the Patriots Out There, and Especially Our Public Defenders, National Association of Public Defense, July 4, 2014.[31]
  • Gideon's Orchestra: It's Time For the Encore, National Association of Public Defense, May 27, 2014.[32]
  • The Special Few, National Association of Public Defense, April 9, 2014.[33]
  • Can We Be Committed To Both the Client and the Cause? Promoting Racial Justice Through Individual Representation, National Association for Public Defense, January 20, 2014.[66]
  • You Can't Get Upstream Without Swimming Against the Current, National Association for Public Defense, December 9, 2013.[67]
  • Who Will Heal the Public Defenders, National Association for Public Defense, October 7, 2013.[34]
  • The Role of the Defender in a Racially Disparate System, The Champion, National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers (July 2103).[68]
  • The dog sniff cases: Amidst a Sigh of Relief, Additional Burden for Public Defenders," Justice Watch, Alliance For Justice, March 28, 2013.[69]
  • A Promise Worth Keeping, Huffington Post, March 18, 2013.[70]
  • Book Review: "Case Analysis: Winning Hard Cases Against the Odds," James McComas, The Champion, National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers (April 2012).[71]
  • Should Courts Let Experts Testify on Eyewitness Identifications? Congressional Quarterly Researcher, October 14, 2011
  • Don't Gut Public Defenders, Savannah Times, February 21, 2009

Awards and recognition
  • 2014 MacArthur Fellow[72]
  • 2015 Twenty People to Watch, Creative Loafing[73]
  • 2014 Purpose Economy 100, Inaugural Class[74]
  • 2014 INSPIRE Award, Cardozo Law School[75]
  • 2013 Distinguished Public Interest Lawyer in Residence, Touro Law School[76]
  • 2009 Wasserstein Public Interest Fellow, Harvard Law School[77]
  • Co-Recipient, 2007 Lincoln Leadership Award
  • 2007 Soros Justice Advocacy Fellow[78]

References
  1. "Jonathan Rapping". The Nation. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  2. "Jonathan Rapping Archives - Talk Poverty". Talk Poverty. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  3. "jon.rapping - National Association for Public Defense". publicdefenders.us. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  4. "Jonathan Rapping". huffingtonpost.com. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  5. "Jon Rapping". Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  6. Rosen, Karen. "Transforming Public Defense". Atlanta Trend. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  7. Branddolph, Adam. "Professor, lawyer with Pittsburgh ties earn MacArthur 'genius grants'". triblive.com. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
  8. Gideon's Promise receives 2015 MLK, Jr. Community Service Award. YouTube. 29 January 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  9. "MacArthur Fellows / Meet the Class of 2014". macfound.org. MacArthur Foundation. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
  10. "Over $1 Million Awarded to Visionary Leaders in Criminal Justice". Open Society Foundations.
  11. "Emory honors MLK legacy with service, awards, special events". emory.edu. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  12. "SCHR to Honor Justice Harold Clarke with Lifetime Achievement Award". schr.org. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  13. Miller, Michelle. "Atlanta lawyer Jonathan Rapping wins MacArthur 'genius grant'". ajc.com. AJC. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
  14. "Harvard Bio for Rapping". harvard.edu. Harvard University. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
  15. Touro Law Center. "Distinguished Public Interest Lawyer in Residence Program". Retrieved 17 September 2014.
  16. Rapping, Jonathan. "Directing the Winds of Change: Using Organizational Culture to Reform Indigent Defense". SSRN. SSRN 1349358. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  17. "You Can't Build on Shaky Ground: Laying the Foundation for Indigent Defense Reform through Values-Based Recruitment, Training, and Mentoring". ssrn.com. SSRN 1349382. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  18. "National Crisis, National Neglect: Realizing Justice Through Transformative Change". ssrn.com. SSRN 1745482. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  19. "Who's Guarding the Henhouse? How the American Prosecutor Came to Devour Those He is Sworn to Protect". ssrn.com. SSRN 2082392. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  20. "Redefining Success as a Public Defender: A Rallying Cry for Those Most Committed to Gideon's Promise". ssrn.com. SSRN 2128829. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  21. Jonathan Rapping - Touro Law - 2013 Public Interest Lawyer in Residence - Public Speech. YouTube. 16 October 2013. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  22. "Reclaiming Our Rightful Place: Reviving the Hero Image of the Public Defender". ssrn.com. SSRN 2466200. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  23. "Implicitly Unjust: How Defenders Can Affect Systemic Racist Assumptions". ssrn.com. SSRN 2380002. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  24. "Retuning Gideon's Trumpet: Retelling the Story in the Context of Today's Criminal Justice Crisis". ssrn.com. SSRN 2439431. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  25. "It's Not Just the Cops". The Nation. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  26. "Ferguson and Staten Island: In case anyone doubted the public needs defending…". publicdefenders.us. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  27. "The Other Baltimore Story: Ronald Hammond and 'Routine Injustice'". The Nation. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  28. "Continuing the March of the Civil Rights Warriors in Selma". Talk Poverty. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  29. "Civil and Human Rights Battles of Our Time". Talk Poverty. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  30. "Reviving the Hero Image of the Public Defender by Changing the Story of Our Clients". publicdefenders.us. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  31. "To All the Patriots Out There, and Especially Our Public Defenders". publicdefenders.us. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  32. "Gideon's Orchestra: It Is Time For the Encore". publicdefenders.us. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  33. "The Special Few". publicdefenders.us. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  34. "Who Will Heal the Public Defenders?". publicdefenders.us. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  35. Building a new generation of public defenders - Jonathan Rapping - TEDxAtlanta. YouTube. 8 May 2015. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  36. "Gideon's Army". Gideonsarmythefilm.com. Retrieved 2015-10-20.
  37. "Defending Gideon". The Constitution Project. 1963-03-18. Retrieved 2015-10-20.
  38. Dawn Porter. "True Believers in Justice - Video". NYTimes.com. 40.755978;-73.990396. Retrieved 2015-10-20.CS1 maint: location (link)
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  40. Building a new generation of public defenders | Jonathan Rapping | TEDxAtlanta, 2015-05-08, retrieved 2016-01-15
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  42. "Video of Jonathan Rapping Speech from 2014 Celebrating Service Luncheon - Atlanta Bar Association". www.atlantabar.org. Retrieved 2016-01-15.
  43. Does Equal Justice For All Include The Poor? - Jon Rapping on NPR's Tell Me More, 2013-11-06, retrieved 2016-01-15
  44. "Criminalization Of Poverty - The Kojo Nnamdi Show". The Kojo Nnamdi Show. Retrieved 2016-01-15.
  45. "Public Defenders And The Legacy Of Gideon Vs. Wainwright - The Kojo Nnamdi Show". The Kojo Nnamdi Show. Retrieved 2016-01-15.
  46. "Defense Mode: Gideon's Promise Aims To Change The Face of Criminal Justice". Essence.com. Retrieved 2016-01-15.
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  50. Jonsson, Patrik. "Jonathan Rapping helps give poor and minority Americans a strong defense in court". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 2016-01-15.
  51. "Jonathan Rapping | Executive Profile | ATLANTA TREND". atlantatrend.org. Retrieved 2016-01-15.
  52. "Grooming Tomorrow's Change Agents: The Role of Law Schools in Helping to Create a Just Society". ssrn.com. SSRN 2621702. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  53. Rapping, Jonathan. "The Revolution Will Be Televised: Popular Culture and the American Criminal Justice Narrative". SSRN. New England Journal on Criminal and Civil Confinement. SSRN 2567795. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  54. "ESSENTIALS TO JUSTICE: A RIGHT TO COUNSEL SYMPOSIUM: WHAT DOES A CLIENT HAVE THE RIGHT TO DEMAND? *". lexisnexis.com. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  55. "Street Crimes, Stress, and Suggestion: Helping the Jury See What the Witness Did Not". ssrn.com. SSRN 2082421. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  56. "Evidence Blocking: How the Defense Can Define the Legal Landscape at Trial". ssrn.com. SSRN 1629190. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  57. "A Picture's Worth a Thousand Words : Persuasion Through the Use of Visual Effects at Trial" (PDF). The Advocate. Apps.dpa.ky.gov. 31. October 2009. Retrieved 2015-10-20.
  58. "Building a Relationship with your Client : Juvenile Sexual Offenders : Should There Be Changes in the Laws?" (PDF). The Advocate. Apps.dpa.ky.gov. 27. November 2005. Retrieved 2015-10-20.
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  65. "Need a Lawyer? Sell Everything - Talk Poverty". Talk Poverty. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  66. "Can We Be Committed to Both the Client and the Cause? Promoting Racial Justice Through Individual Representation | National Association for Public Defense". Publicdefenders.us. 2014-01-20. Retrieved 2015-10-20.
  67. "You Can't Get Upstream Without Swimming Against the Current". publicdefenders.us. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  68. "Champion - Racial Disparities". nacdl.org. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  69. "Justice Watch: GUEST POST: The dog sniff cases: Amidst a sigh of relief, additional burden for public defenders". afjjusticewatch.blogspot.com. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  70. "A Promise Worth Keeping: Restoring Fairness to America's Justice System". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  71. "Champion - Book Review: Case Analysis: Winning Hard Cases Against the Odds". Nacdl.org. Retrieved 2015-10-20.
  72. "Jonathan Rapping". macfound.org. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  73. "Jonathan Rapping: The defender". Creative Loafing Atlanta. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  74. "Jonathan Rapping". Purpose Economy. Retrieved 20 October 2015.
  75. "Inspire! Awards Honor Those Dedicated to Indigent Defense | Cardozo Law". Cardozo.yu.edu. 2014-01-30. Retrieved 2015-10-20.
  76. "Touro Law - Distinguished Public Interest Lawyer in Residence Program NY". Tourolaw.edu. Retrieved 2015-10-20.
  77. "Wasserstein Fellows | Harvard Law School". Law.harvard.edu. 2014-06-23. Retrieved 2015-10-20.
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