Joseph Forer

Joseph Forer (1910–1986) was a 20th-Century American attorney who, with partner David Rein, supported Progressive causes including discriminated communists and African-Americans. Forer was one of the founders o the National Lawyers Guild and its DC chapter. He was also an expert in the "Lost Laws" of Washington, DC, enacted in 1872–1873, that outlawed segregation at business places.[1][2][3][4]

Joseph Forer
Born(1910-08-11)August 11, 1910
DiedJune 20, 1986(1986-06-20) (aged 75)
NationalityAmerican
EducationRutgers University
Alma materUniversity of Pennsylvania Law School
OccupationLawyer
Years active1930s-1978
EmployerGreenberg, Forer & Rein; Forer & Rein
OrganizationNational Lawyers Guild
ChildrenJane F. Gentleman
RelativesRichard Forer

Background
Silverman Hall at the University of Pennsylvania Law School, where Forer studied law

Joseph Forer was born in 1911 in Trenton, New Jersey.[4] He received a state scholarship for college.[5] Forer received his BA[6] and MA[7] from Rutgers University, where he excelled as a student and joined Phi Beta Kappa.[8][9][10][11][12] In 1936, he received a law degree from the University of Pennsylvania Law School.[2][4][13][14] In June 1936, Forer received UPenn's "Peter McCall Prize."[15] Forer also served on the University of Pennsylvania Law Review as contributor,[16] editor,[17][18] and managing editor.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25]

Career

New Deal
Plaque outside 1099 14th Street NW in Washington, D.C., the NLRB HW (2013), whete Forer worked in the 1930s

After graduating from law school, Forer joined the United States Treasury.[26]

Around 1937, like his friend David Rein, Forer joined the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB).[26] Also in 1937, Forer became a founder of the National Lawyers Guild. He served as chairman of the District Affairs Committee of the DC chapter of the National Lawyers Guild.[27] During 1940, he worked for the Rural Electrification Administration.[26]

Starting in 1941, he worked in the Office of Price Administration (OPA).[2][4][13][26] Thomas Irwin Emerson (1907–1991), later a First Amendment scholar, worked with Forer at the NLRB and supervised Forer at OPA.[26][28] Another OPA colleague was Herman A. Greenberg, director of food enforcement; Forer was direct of apparel and industrial materials enforcement.[29][30] In his role, Forer helped enforce pricing policies on black market lumber.[31][32] He noted the need for training of OPA agents in the field.[33] He appeared in legal cases on behalf of OPA, e.g., Porter v. Senderowitz.[34] He upheld legal action against J.C. Penney.[35]

While at OPA, Forer first appeared before congressional hearings. On September 27, 1944, as an OPA director, Forer testified as an OPA "attorney for the Division" of Apparel before a "Select Committee of the House of Representatives to Investigate Acts of Executive Agencies Beyond the Scope of Their Authority." He described himself at an "enforcement attorney" when questioned by US Representative Fred A. Hartley Jr. (Rep-NJ) (soon to be co-sponsor of the Taft-Hartley Act). He advised OPA when companies charges prices higher than government price ceilings. Hartley attacked Forer and colleagues for failing to grant pretrial conference and for appealing an adverse ruling.[26]

Law firm

In August 1948, Forer and Greenberg resigned from the OPA.[30] Later that year, David Rein joined Forer as private practice law partners in Washington, DC.[2][4] They formed "Greenberg, Forer & Rein" with Herman Greenberg (who represented Julian Wadleigh just prior to his appearing as a witness during the Hiss-Chambers case).[36][37] By 1949, the firm was still "Greenberg, Forer & Rein" at 1105 K Street NW in Washington.[36][38] In 1950, they listed as "Forer & Rein" at 711 14 Street NW in 718 of the Kass Building.[39] One of their early clients was the Food, Tobacco, Agricultural, and Allied Workers (FTA-CIO),[40] a "Communist-led union."[41] Another early client was the National Maritime Union.[42]

Together, they "represented more than 100 persons who had been termed 'unfriendly' witnesses by the House Committee on Un-American Activities, the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee of the Senate Judiciary subcommittee headed by the late senator Joseph McCarthy."[43]

1940s: Mundt-Nixon Bill, Progressive party

In July 1947, Forer represented the FTA CIO against R.J. Reynolds before HUAC when two members pled the Fifth Amendment when asked to name communists. The FTA claimed accusations before HUAC by witness Ann Mathews, who name them among 15 communist members within the union, was really an attack by RJR against an 8,000 FTA strike.[44]

In September 1947 during his second appearance before HUAC, Gerhard Eisler asked to have Herman Greenberg and Joseph Forer represent him.[45]

On November 28, 1947, Forer, as acting chairman of the First Southest Chapter of the Southern Conference for Human Welfare, charged that members of a Congress Heights Citizens Association had made "references to vigilantism and to possible use of violence" to keep African-Americans out of that section of town.[46] In December 1947, Forer asked that US Attorney General Tom C. Clark investigate.[47]

In early December 1947, Forer and Rein represented the National Maritime Union CIO (NMU) to file a challenge in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, asking the court to invalidate a filing for financial data of unions.[48]

On January 26–28 and February 2, 1948, a hearing of the House Education and Labor Subcommittee, chaired by U.S. Representative Clare E. Hoffman, occurred on the topic of a strike by United Cafeteria and Restaurant Workers (Local 471) and its parent, the United Public Workers of America (UPWA), CIO, against Government Services, Inc. (GSI), which had already lasted nearly a month. Hoffman refused to let UPWA head Abram Flaxer read a statement and asked questions including whether Flaxer was a communist. One of his UAW attorneys, Nathan R. Witt, objected to "abuse of congressional power." When Forer rose to follow on from Witt, Hoffman asked him, "Are you the same Forer who defended Gerhard Eisler?" When Witt objected to Hoffman's question, which led Hoffman to eject Witt from the hearing.[49][50][51] On January 26, 1948, UPWA negotiations director Alfred Bernstein (father of Carl Bernstein), charged that House committee agents had raided the union's offices. During January, William S. Tyson, solicitor for the Labor Department, and Robert N. Denham, general counsel for the National Labor Relations Board, both agreed that nothing in the Taft-Hartley Act prohibited GSI from bargaining with a non-complying union. However, Denham added, the Act intended to "eliminate Communist influence from unions by denying to such unions the services of NLRB."[52]

In February 1948, Forer and Rein, as "CIO Attorneys," defended Arkansas strikers before the Supreme Court.[53]

In April–June 1948, Forer supported partner David Rein and Abraham J. Isserman in defending Gerhard Eisler, accused of a violation of 52 Stat. 942 (1938), 2 U.S.C.A. § 192 (refusal to testify) before the District Court of the United States for the District of Columbia (which Eisler lost) and then the United States Court of Appeals District of Columbia. (Belford Lawson Jr. (1901-1985), co-founder of the New Negro Alliance (NNA), filed an amicus curiae for the National Lawyers Guild.)[54]

Also in April–June 1948, Forer and Rein represented the National Maritime Union and its leaders Joseph Curran and Ferdinand Smith before the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia with help from Herman Rosenfeld of New York.[42]

In early May 1948, Lee Pressman joined Forer in representing Gerhard Eisler and four others (Irving Potash, vice president of the Fur and Leather Workers Union; Ferdinand C. Smith, secretary of the National Maritime Union; Charles A. Doyle of the Gas, Coke and Chemical Workers Union, and John Williamson, labor secretary of the CPUSA). On May 5, 1946, Pressman and Forer received a preliminary injunction so their defendants might have hearings with examiners unconnected with the investigations and prosecutions by examiners of the Immigration and Naturalization Service.[55][56] (In May 1949, Eisler jumped bail and secretly boarded the Polish liner MS Batory bound for London.[57]) On May 20, 1948, Forer, as a representative of the National Lawyers Guild, "assailed the Mundt bill as a threat to civil liberties" during a meeting of the Washington, DC, committee of the Conference on Human Welfare.[58]

On June 28, 1948, Forer, as a member of the local "D.C. Committee for Wallace," chaired a subcommittee meeting regarding the platform of the Progressive Party and its presidential candidate Henry A. Wallace. They were preparing for the 1948 Progressive National Convention on July 23–25, 1948, in Philadelphia. Issues addressed by the subcommittee included: placing European relief under supervision of the United Nations (rather than the Marshall Plan), disarmament of all nations, without exception, efforts to iron out differences with the USSR, civil rights, a veterans' bonus, end to "thought control" of Government workers, repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act with reenactment of the National Labor Relations Act, and support for the new state of Israel.[59]

In 1949, during the trial of Judith Coplon, Forer examined investigative files submitted by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Based on these, he drafted a report for the National Lawyers Guild's Special Committee to Study Certain Alleged Practices of the FBI. In January 1950, the NLG published it as a report for US President Harry S. Truman that accused the FBI of "systematic search by illegal methods" into the politics of thousands of private citizens, reported the Washington Post. The report focused on FBI methods used against Coplon. The report recommended that the President stop such practices. It also recommended that the President appoint a committee of private citizens to investigate the FBI. In addition to Forer, contributors to the report were NLG president Clifford J. Durr, Frederick K. Beutel, Thomas I. Emmerson, O. John Rogge, James A. Cobb, and Robert J. Silberstein.[2][60]

1950s: SISS (McCarran, McCarthy)
Cartoon of Albert Einstein, shed of "Pacifism" wings, standing near pillar of "World Peace," rolling up sleeves and holding sword of "Preparedness" (by Charles R. Macauley, circa 1933)

From 1951 to 1953, Forer, with John Abt and Vito Marcantonio, represented the CPUSA in the matter of Herbert Brownell, Jr., Attorney General of the United States, Petitioner v. the Communist Party of the United States of America, Respondent.[61][62][63][64]

Also starting in 1951, Forer represented numerous cases in the United States District Court District of Columbia including Bart, Berman, Branca, and Hiskey.[65]

On April 8, 1953, Forer represented Howard Selsam of the Jefferson School of Social Science.[66]

On April 24, 1953, Forer represented William Frauenglass, an English teacher at the James Madison High School in Brooklyn, New York, before the United States Senate Subcommittee on Internal Security.[67] Reading of the testimony, world-famous scientist Albert Einstein wrote Frauenglass a letter,[68] which reached the New York Times (Einstein had added a postscript stating the letter "need not remain confidential"), advising "every intellectual called before a Congressional investigating committee should refuse to testify, and 'must be prepared for jail and economic ruin, in short, for the sacrifice of his personal welfare in the interest of the cultural welfare of his country'."[69] Frauenglass did refuse to testify further – and he did lose his job.[70] (See "Political views of Albert Einstein")

In 1956, Forer and partner Rein supported Harold I. Cammer in dfense of Ben Gold in Ben Gold v. United States in the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.[71] On February 29, 1959, partner Herman A. Greenberg appeared before the SISS as counsel for Mark Zborowski (a Soviet spy involved in the deaths of Lev Sedov and his father Leon Trotsky as well as spying on David Dallin, Victor Kravchenko).[72]

In 1957, Forer supported partner David Rein in Rowoldt v. Perfetto before the United States Supreme Court with support from Ann Fagan Ginger.[73] That same year, HUAC published part 2 of its report Communist Political Subversion, which included a highly detailed account of a "testimonial banquet" held on 11 October 1956 for Forer and Rein as "attorneys defending Charles Rowoldt" before the Supreme Court on 15 October 1956. The account even included a list of guests for 21 tables.[74]

In 1958, Forer represented Clara Hutcherson Saba before HUAC.[75]

In 1961, Forer and Nathan Witt represented the International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers in Robert F. Kennedy, Attorney General of the United States, Petitioner, v. International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, Respondent before the Subversive Activities Control Board.[76]

Mary Church Terrell
Painting of Mary Church Terrell by Betsy Graves Reyneau, 1888–1964

In May 1949, Dr. Mary Church Terrell decided to take on the issue of desegregation head-on. She consulted Forer. Forer led the National Lawyers Guild's DC chapter in submitting an opinion in their favor. With such advice, Dr. Terrell and colleagues Clark F. King, Essie Thompson, and Arthur F. Elmer entered the segregated Thompson's Restaurant, next door to the offices of Forer and Rein's office at 711 14th Street NW, in Washington, DC, between H an G Streets cut by New York Avenue and across the street from the Trans-Lux Theatre. When refused service, Terrell & Co. sued.[2]

Attorney Ringgold Hart, representing Thompson, argued on April 1, 1950, that District laws were unconstitutional.

Regardless, Forer's research found that the U.S. Congress had jurisdiction over DC and so could overrule segregation; Charles H. Houston, dean of Howard University Law School concurred. Specifically, Forer found that anti-segregation laws had passed and been enforced in the 1870s, including a case involving Harvey's Restaurant in 1874.[2]

District of Columbia v. John R. Thompson Co.
Supreme Court of the United States.

The case District of Columbia v. John R. Thompson Co. reached the U.S. Supreme Court. Forer and Rein argued the case. On June 8, 1953, the court ruled that segregated eating places in Washington, DC, were unconstitutional.[2]

The Washington Post recounted in 1985, "Four days after the Supreme Court ruled, Mary Terrell and the three other original complainants went back to Thompson's. Joe Forer followed them in. As he recalls the moment, the manager, himself, came over and personally, even obsequiously, carried Mary Terrell's tray to the table."[13][27][77][78]

Supreme Court cases

Between 1948 and 1951 alone, Forer & Rein dealt with more than 20 cases before the United States Supreme Court.[79]

Forer argued several cases involving the First Amendment to the United States Constitution:

Communist Party of the United States v. Subversive Activities Control Board

During Communist Party of the United States vs. Subversive Activities Control Board, 367 U.S. 1 (1961), Forer served as co-counsel with John Abt to represent the CPUSA.[86][87]

Giles-Johnson case

In 1961, three African-American youths (James Giles, John Giles, and Joseph Johnson) received death sentences for allegedly raping a white teenage girl. The severity of the sentence, suppression of evidence by the State of Maryland, and other actions led to public perception of racisim, which led to formation of the Giles-Johnson Defense Committee in July 1962 by Mrs. Howard Ross and 60 other Maryland residents. Forer joined the committee and came to lead its lawyers. Thanks to its efforts, Governor J. Millard Tawes commuted the death sentences to life imprisonment in October 1963. Their efforts led to a decision by Circuit Court Judge Walter Moorman for a new trial in 1964. On April 7, 1965, the State of Maryland asked its court of appeal to deny the Giles brothers, represented by Forer, a new trial.[88] On July 13, 1965, the Maryland Court of Appeals refused to allow the trial.[89] The case reached the Supreme Court as Giles v. Maryland, with argument on October 12, 1966, by Forer and Hall Witt (hired by the NAACP[90]) and decision on February 20, 1967.[2][91][92][93] In 1967, the Giles brothers received a retrial, which resulted in a drop of charges. In 1968 Joseph Johnson received a pardon by Governor Spiro T. Agnew.[85]

Other cases

Forer & Rein served the rights of striking workers, foreign-born aliens (with leftist leanings, e.g., Gerhard Eisler), and servicemen. They won for the National Council for American-Soviet Friendship the right to contest in court its designation by the attorney general as a "subversive organization."[43]

Forer & Rein also represented members of the press on strike against the Washington Post in 1975.[43]

FBI target

In 1977, a release of internal memos of the FBI revealed, according to the Washington Post, that:

An Oct. 4, 1951 memo to Hoover said that a search of trash at the Washington offices of guild lawyers Joseph Forer and David Rein had uncovered a draft resolution urging President Truman to authorize a citizens' investigation of the FBI because of its alleged excesses in loyalty checks.[94]

Retirement

Forer retired from practice with Rein in July 1978.[2][4][43]

On June 9, 1979, the Washington, DC, chapter of the National Lawyers Guild held an evening event to celebrate his career.[2]

Personal and death

Forer's daughter, Jane F. Gentleman, is a notable statistician.[95][96] He was the uncle of author Richard Forer.[97]

Forer, Rein, and many friends and associates lived at Trenton Terrace, 950 Mississippi Avenue SE, Washington DC 20032.[27]

As a child, Carl Bernstein knew Joseph Forer and David Rein.[78]

Forer died age 75 on June 20, 1986.[4][1][14]

Legacy

In 1954, following the outcome of the Thompson Case, schools in Washington, DC, began to desegregate, followed by jobs, buses, and government services.[2]

Archives of the Giles-Johnson Defense Council reside at the Hornbake Library at the University of Maryland.[85]

The Bancroft Library at the University of California/Berkeley houses papers of Forer along with other members (Osmond K. Fraenkel, Carol Weiss King, Samuel Neuburger, David Freedman, Justine Wise Polier, Jeremiah Gutman, Martin Popper, Abraham Isserman, Dennis Roberts, Robert J. Silberstein, Justice Raymond Peters, and George W. Crockett, Jr.) of the National Lawyers Guild and its predecessor, the International Juridical Association.[98][99]

As historian Joan Quigley describes:

In the late 1940s, while Congress and the executive branch trawled for evidence of disloyalty and subversion, Rein and Forer immersed themselves in difficult and disfavored causes: opposing the Mundt-Nixon Bill; defending labor unions and alleged Communists; upholding the Bill of Rights. Rein ... represented Gerhard Eisler ... As progressives and New Deal veterans, Forer and Rein also nurtured ties to the National Lawyers Guild, which HUAC had branded a Communist front in 1944.[13]

Historian Maarten Zwiers refers to him as "the Communist Party's lawyer."[100] and wrote:

Joe Forer ... was senior partner in Forer and Rein, the Communist Party's leading law firm in the capital. He had defended people accused of communist sympathies before Eastland's Internal Security Subcommittee on several occasions ...[100]

Historian Marvin Caplan[101] wrote:

When a staff attorney at a HUAC hearing asked Joe Forer how many times he had appeared before the committee, Forer couldn't remember. Too many times, he said, to be able to give an exact figure.

Attorney Victor Rabinowitz recalled in his memoir that Forer's circle of communist-supportive lawyers stretched to New York City (headquarters of the National Lawyers Guild). They included Harry Sacher, Abe Unger, David Freeman, David Rein, and Rabinowitz himself, "all lawyers active in the representation of witnesses before congressional committees." Rabinowitz explained:

Unger and Freeman were attorneys for the (Communist) Party; Sacher had been lead defense in the prosecution of Communist party leaders under the Smith Act; I was a member of the Party and the others were close to it if not members. We certainly weren't making Party policy, but our views would have some influence on the Party and its members.[102]

See also

References
  1. "Metro Scene". Washington Post. 26 June 1986. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  2. An Evening Honoring Joe Forer (PDF). National Lawyers Guild. 9 June 1979. pp. 7 (background, NLRB, OPA), 9 (Forer & Rein, Coplon), 11 (143 cases), 13–15 (Thompson's Restaurant). Retrieved 9 June 2019.
  3. "Forer and Rein (Washington, D.C.)". WorldCat OCLC Identities. 2010. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  4. "Joseph Forer". The First Amendment Encyclopedia. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
  5. "60 AT JERSEY STATE GET SCHOLARSHIPS". New York Times. 17 July 1927. pp. S11. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  6. "353 TO GET DEGREES AT RUTGERS TODAY". New York Times. 6 June 1930. p. 15. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  7. "Four Women Named To Rutgers Board". New York Times. 11 June 1932. p. 16. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  8. "110 HONOR STUDENTS LISTED AT RUTGERS". New York Times. 10 March 1929. pp. L34. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  9. "26 RUTGERS STUDENTS RATE HONOR SCHOOL". New York Times. 6 October 1929. pp. N2. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  10. "13 JOIN PHI BETA KAPPA". New York Times. 9 October 1930. p. 56. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  11. "RUTGERS ELECTS 109 TO THE HONOR SCHOOL". New York Times. 17 October 1930. p. 43. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  12. "WARD WINS RUTGERS PRIZE". New York Times. 11 April 1931. p. 28. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  13. Quigley, Joan (2016). Just Another Southern Town: Mary Church Terrell's Fight for Racial Justice in the Nation's Capital. Oxford University Press. pp. 4 (Terrell), 13 (location), 19, 144 (schooling, career), 155, 164, 227. ISBN 9780199371518. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  14. "In Memoriam" (PDF). The Law Alumni Journal. Fall 1986: 14. Retrieved 28 October 2019. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. "University of Pennsylvania Bestows Prizes on the Eve of Its Commencement". New York Times. 10 June 1936. p. 28. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  16. "University of Pennsylvania Law Review - January 1935". University of Pennsylvania. January 1935. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  17. "University of Pennsylvania Law Review - February 1935". University of Pennsylvania. February 1935. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  18. "University of Pennsylvania Law Review - June 1935". University of Pennsylvania. June 1935. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  19. "University of Pennsylvania Law Review - November 1935". University of Pennsylvania. November 1935. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  20. "University of Pennsylvania Law Review - December 1935". University of Pennsylvania. December 1935. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  21. "University of Pennsylvania Law Review - February 1936". University of Pennsylvania. February 1936. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  22. "University of Pennsylvania Law Review - March 1936". University of Pennsylvania. March 1936. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  23. "University of Pennsylvania Law Review - April 1936". University of Pennsylvania. April 1936. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  24. "University of Pennsylvania Law Review - May 1936". University of Pennsylvania. May 1936. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  25. "University of Pennsylvania Law Review - June 1936". University of Pennsylvania. June 1936. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  26. Hearings To Investigate Executive Agencies: Hearings Before the Special Committee to Investigate Executive Agencies, House of Representatives, Seventy-eighth Congress, First Session. US GPO. October 1944. pp. 2553 (committee's name), 2563 (correct price), 2571–2583 (testimony), 2586 (pretrial conference), 2590–1 (appeal). Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  27. Caplan, Marvin (1999). Farther Along: A Civil Rights Memoir. LSU Press. p. 113 (chairman), 114 (afternoon), 115 (NLG opinion), 116 (next door), 122 (Trenton Terrace), 131 (HUAC), 140 (Terrell's tray). ISBN 9780807141267. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  28. "Thomas Emerson". The First Amendment Encyclopedia. Oxford University Press. 2016. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
  29. "Inaction Charged on Housing Delays". New York Times. 15 May 1946. p. 21. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  30. "Council Is Formed to Spur Industry". New York Times. 13 August 1946. pp. 34, 38. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  31. "OPA To Press Fight on Price Violators". New York Times. 1 May 1946. p. 51. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  32. "Criminal Trials by U.S. Looming In War on Lumber Black Market". New York Times. 3 May 1946. p. 1. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  33. "Dress Research at the National Archives". Costume Society of America. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  34. "Porter v. Senderowitz, 158 F.2d 435 (3d Cir. 1946)". Justia US Law. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  35. Historical Reports on War Administration; Price Administration Office, General Publication 3: Wartime Apparel Price Control. United States Temporary Controls Office. 1947. pp. 89–91. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
  36. Hearings on Proposed Legislation to Curb or Control the Communist Party of the United States. US GPO. 1948. pp. 587 (Rein, address), 673 (Forer), 674 (Forer), 761 (Rein), 1342 (Forer, address, attorney, government agencies), 1432 (Greenberg, Forer & Rein, Wadleigh), 1438–1439 (Greenberg no longer Wadleigh), 1444 (Greenberg). Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  37. Hearings Regarding Communism Party in Labor Unions the United States. US GPO. 1947. pp. 109. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  38. Lawyers Referral List, 1948-1949. National Lawyers Guild. 1948. p. 9.
  39. Lawyers Referral List, 1949-1950. National Lawyers Guild. 1950.
  40. Korstad, Robert Rodgers (2003). Civil Rights Unionism: Tobacco Workers and the Struggle for Democracy in the Mid-twentieth-century South. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 338–339. ISBN 9780807854549. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  41. Korstad, Robert (May 2018). "Civil Rights Unionism". Jacobin. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  42. "National Maritime Union of America v. Herzog, 78 F. Supp. 146 (D.D.C. 1948)". Justia. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  43. "David Rein, Civil Rights Lawyer, Dies". Washington Post. 15 August 1975. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  44. Stokes, Dillard (24 July 1947). "CIO Cigarette Trio Refuse to Answer On Communism". Washington Post. p. 2.
  45. Morgan, Joseph E.; Reish, Gregory N. (26 December 2017). Tyranny and Music. Lexington Books. p. 8. ISBN 9781498546829. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  46. "On Discrimination: U.S. Ignores Plea Against D.C. Group". Washington Post. 8 January 1948. pp. B2.
  47. "Clark Asked To Investigate Covenant 'Plot'". Washington Post. 11 December 1947. p. 14.
  48. Stark, Louis (4 December 1947). "NMU Sues To Ban Taft Law Filings". New York Times. p. 35.
  49. Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates. US GPO. 1948. pp. D65. Retrieved 9 November 2019.
  50. Simpson, Craig (2 January 2018). "Against the cold wind: The 1948 cafeteria workers strike". Washington Spark. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  51. Marder, Murray (2 January 2018). "Flaxer Refuses To Answer on Communism". Washington Post. p. 1.
  52. Wilder, Frank (27 January 1948). "Union Asserts Office Raided in GSI Strike". Washington Post. pp. 1, 6.
  53. Stokes, Dillard (5 February 1948). "High Court Is Baffled By Legal Tilt". Washington Post. pp. B9.
  54. "Eisler v. United States, 170 F.2d 273 (D.C. Cir. 1948)". Justia. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
  55. "Eisler, 4 Others Win New Hearings: Goldsborough Enjoins Their Deportation Pending Compliance With 1946 Law". New York Times. 6 May 1948. p. 18. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
  56. Gall, Gilbert J. (1998). Pursuing Justice: Lee Pressman, the New Deal, and the CIO. SUNY Press. pp. 237–238. ISBN 9780791441039. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  57. Aksamit Barbara, Batory. Gwiazdy, skandale i miłość na transatlantyku. Ed. "Gazeta Wyborcza", Warsaw (Poland) [2017], p. 242-245.
  58. "Conference Elects And Hears Attack on Mundt Bill". Washington Post. 21 May 1948. p. 4.
  59. "3 Show Up At Wallace Plank Session". Washington Post. 30 June 1948. p. 8.
  60. Friendly, Alfred (23 January 1950). "Lawyers Accuse FBI of Probing Beliefs". Washington Post. p. 4.
  61. "Subversive Activities Control Board: Herbert Brownell, Jr., Attorney General of the United States, Petitioner v. the Communist Party of the United States of America, Respondent: Report of the Board". Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1953. p. 1. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  62. "Home". I Vote My Conscience: The Debates, Speeches, and Writings of Vito Marcantonio. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  63. Marcantonio, Vito (1956). I Vote My Conscience. Vito Marcantonio Memorial. pp. 477–482. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  64. Marcantonio, Vito (1956). Annette T. Rubenstein (ed.). I Vote My Conscience. VitoMarcantonio.com. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  65. United States v. Emspak, 95 F. Supp. 1010 (D.D.C. 1951). Justia. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  66. Selsam, Howard (1953). Testimony of Howard Selsam before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee To Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws. [Hearings on] Subversive Influence in the Educational Process. Part 7 : hearings before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee To Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws, Eighty-Third Congress, first session, on Apr. 7, 8, 1953. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  67. Subversive Influence in the Educational Process. US GPO. 1952. pp. 838–841. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  68. "Einstein to William Frauenglass". Einstein Virtuell. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  69. Buder, Leonard (12 June 1953). "Refuse to Testify,' Einstein Advises Intellectuals Called In by Congress". New York Times. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  70. "Einstein, Plumbers, and McCarthyism". Institute for Advanced Study. 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
  71. "Ben Gold v. United States, 237 F.2d 764 (D.C. Cir. 1956)". Court Listener. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  72. Scope of Soviet Activity in the U.S. US GPO. 1957. pp. 77–101 (Zborowski). Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  73. "Rowoldt v. Perfetto (1957)". CaseLaw. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  74. Communist Political Subversion. US GPO. 1957. pp. 7104 (Lamp announcement), 7333–7349. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
  75. "Communist Activities in the South". U.S. Government Printing Office. July 1958. p. 2648. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  76. Robert F. Kennedy, Attorney General of the United States, Petitioner, v. International Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers, Respondent. US GPO. 1961. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  77. "City Voices". Washington Post. 25 April 1985. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  78. Bernstein, Carl (20 January 2009). "The Washington I Once Knew". Daily Beast. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  79. Schrecker, Ellen (29 August 1999). Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America. Princeton University Press. pp. 227, 304, 422 (fn), 465 (fn), 518 (fn). ISBN 9780691048703. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  80. "U.S. Reports: Cole v. Arkansas, 333 U.S. 196 (1948)". Library of Congress. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  81. "Cole v. Arkansas (333 U.S. 196)". Justia. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  82. "Cole v. Arkansas, 333 U.S. 196 (1948)". Justia. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  83. "Cole v. Arkansas". LawPipe. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  84. "Chaunt v. United States" (PDF). Myattorney.com. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  85. "Giles-Johnson Defense Committee records". University of Maryland. 1 August 1989. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  86. "Communist Party of the United States vs. Subversive Activities Control Board, 367 U.S. 1 (1961)". The Fire. 25 August 1977. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  87. "High Court Hears Passport Appeal; U.S. Red Leaders Seeking Right to Go Abroad". New York Times. 22 April 1964. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  88. "State Battles New Trial for Giles Brothers". Frederick News Post. 8 April 1965. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  89. "State v. Giles". Leagle. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
  90. Garnett, Bernard (17 August 1967). "With Help from Whites, Youth: White Man Risks Threats to Save Two Negroes". Jet: 19. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  91. "Giles v. Maryland". WikiSource. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  92. "Giles v. Maryland". Leagle. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
  93. "Giles v. Maryland". Case Law. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
  94. McBee, Susanna (25 August 1977). "FBI Sifted Trash, Tapped Phones of Lawyers Guild". Washington Post. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  95. "Florence Forer", Paid death notices, The Washington Post, March 29, 2005, retrieved 2017-11-27
  96. First Annual Janet L. Norwood Award, University of Alabama School of Public Health, retrieved 2017-11-27
  97. "Bio". RichardForer.com. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  98. "Bancroft Library". Meiklejohn Civil Liberties Institute. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  99. "Preliminary Inventory of the National Lawyers Guild Records, 1936-1999". Online Archives of California (OAC). Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  100. Zwiers, Maarten (2015). Senator James Eastland: Mississippi's Jim Crow Democrat. LSU Press. p. 1. ISBN 9780807160022. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  101. Bernstein, Adam (14 March 2000). "D.C. Integrationist Marvin Caplan Dies at 80". Washington Post. Retrieved 14 November 2019.
  102. Rabinowitz, Victor (1996). Unrepentant Leftist: A Lawyer's Memoir. University of Illinois Press. p. 122. ISBN 9780252022531. Retrieved 20 March 2017.

External sources
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.