Joyce Robertson

Joyce Robertson (born 27 March 1919 – 12 April 2013) was a British psychiatric social worker, child behavioural researcher, childcare pioneer and pacifist, who was most notable for changing attitudes to the societally acceptable, institutionalised care and hospitalisation of young children, that was prevalent.[1] In the late 1940s Robertson worked with Anna Freud first at the Well Baby Clinic and later in the Hampstead Child Therapy Clinic. She was later joined by her husband James Robertson. In 1965, both of them moved to the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations to work with John Bowlby on the Young Children in Brief Separation project and the development of attachment theory. This was to research the mental state and psychological development of children who underwent brief separation from their parents.[2] Later in her career, Robertson worked with her husband to produce a series of celebrated documentary films that highlighted the reaction of small children who were separated from their parents.[3] These were shown in hospitals, foster care and state run hospitals. Later she was known for promoting the idea of foster care instead of residential nurseries.[4]

Joyce Robertson
Joyce Robertson
Born27 March 1919 (1919-03-27)
London
DiedApril 12, 2013(2013-04-12) (aged 94)
CitizenshipEnglish
Known forChild behavioural researcher, childcare pioneer
AwardsBowlby-Ainsworth Award 2003
Scientific career
FieldsPsychiatry, social work
InstitutionsTavistock Clinic

Life

Robertson came from a large working-class family in London.[3] Robertson left Grammar school in 1933 when she was 14 and enrolled for evening classes at the Workers' Educational Association. In 1939, Joyce met her husband John Robertson in Birmingham while he was studying the humanities at the Fircroft College for the Higher Education of Working Men and she was studying at the Hillcroft college for working women.[4] During World War II, both Joyce and her James Robertson were conscientious objectors. In late 1940 both Joyce and her husband were working at the Pacifist Service Unit, in East London with the victims of the bombing.

Joyce had two daughters, whose married names are Katherine McGilly, born 1944[3] and Jean Clelland,[1] born 1950.[3] She had two grandchildren and three great grandchildren.[1]

Career

In January 1941, Robertson as a student went to work with Anna Freud and Dorothy Burlingham in Hampstead to look after babies. Freud and Burlingham at the time were offering shelter to women with families who had been bombed out.[4] Knowing that Robertson came from a large family and as she was the only Briton in the war nurseries, Freud employed her and asked her to research the different methods of childcare and to determine if there was types of practices in use[5] and write detailed observations on pieces of card.[1][6] A few weeks later, James Robertson was employed by Freud as a boilerman, fire watcher and handyman.[1] At that time, James Robertson was courting Joyce Robertson and it was through her that James met Freud.[1]

Freud asked Roberson to care for a baby called Josef, all the while observing Robertson in the mother-child relationship, with Robertson discussing the care relationship with Freud. Freud found that Robertson's hearty nature enabled her to connect with the small baby who responded to the care. Freud then asked Robertson to care for a little boy who was 5 months old.[5] Over months, Robertson formed a strong attachment to the boy and would take him on walks.[5] These observations of the mother-child relationship and resultant discussions was the start of attachment research that would eventually lead to Attachment theory.[5] Robertson remembered kneeling on the floor with Freud while they sorted the different observation scribblings, that would eventually be written up as a paper by Robertson and her husband and was known as Reactions of small children to short-term separation of the mother, in light of new observations.[7]

Robertson took time off her work for the birth of her first daughter in 1944. In the early 1950s she had to take her baby into hospital for treatment. She was devastated to discover she was not able to visit her child, although she knew that the baby needed her. At that time, the rule was no mothers, with hospital visits commonly limited to 30 minutes per week.[8] This experience sparked Robertson's interest in the field of childcare.[8]

She didn't return to work with Freud until 1957, when her second daughter started primary school.[4] She worked initially in the Well Baby Clinic.[3] At the clinic, she started the first parent-toddler group.[9] Joyce understood that the parents would need help in understanding their infant's new development stage, once they moved out of the clinic.[9] Later she moved to kindergarten of the Hampstead Child Therapy Clinic.[3] In 1948, her husband James Robertson joined the Tavistock Clinic to make observations of the behaviour of small children.[10]

In 1952, her husband James made the film A Two-Year-Old Goes to Hospital[1] alongside a paper published with Bowlby.[11] James and Bowlby were planning to abandon the documentary as the child being studied, Laura, did not cry very much. She had been in hospital for eight days, admitted for a hernia operation.[12] In the film the mother is seen leaving the child and is assured by the nurse that she would settle down when she leaves. When the mother does leave, Laura reacts violently and her mood changes for the worst. By the end of the stay it shown that Laura is withdrawn and depressed.[12] When her husband and Bowlby showed them the film, it was Joyce who made the critical breakthrough in realising why Laura was not crying,[1] being a desperate attempt by the tiny girl to control her feelings.[4] The film had an enormous impact[4] and it was agreed that mothers would be able to spend the night with their children in hospital.[13]

Early case study

In 1954, Robertson's second daughter, Jean, who at the time was four years old, required a tonsillectomy.[1] Robertson kept a diary of the event, which resulted in a paper titled A Mother's Observations on the Tonsillectomy of Her Four-Year-Old Daughter.[14] The paper was published in 1956 in the journal The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child and had several pages of comments by Anna Freud.[4] Joyce began writing the diary six weeks before the visit to the hospital and included daily entries that were continually added until three weeks after the 3 day visit was completed.[15] Addendums were written in during the 11th and 20th weeks, after the visit.[15]

In summarising the paper, Joyce concluded that her presence and response to questions, enabled Jean to cope with the fear of hospitalisation. The kinds words and presence of her mother enabled Jean to retain trust in Joyce and enabled her to go home happy.[1] However, the descriptions in the diary indicate that even for a three-day hospitalisation and operation that was both successful and remarkably common from a medical perspective, it filled Jean's life for six months.[15]

Foster care

Introduction

In the early 1960s, her husband James and John Bowlby, both working at the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, began to disagree on the factors involved in separating children from their parents.[16] In 1960, Bowlby published a paper, Grief and Mourning in Infancy and Early Childhood.[17] In the paper Bowlby made what many in the profession considered a sweeping generalisations without evidence stating:

that acute distress is the usual response of young children (between about six months and three to four years of age) to separation from the mother, regardless of circumstances and quality of substitute care; and, by implication, that there is no distinction between the responses of these infants at different levels of development.[17]

By that point more than 25 years had passed when research had been conducted as direct observational studies into the effects of separation of young children from their mothers, mostly in the form of retrospective or follow-up studies. Those that had been completed were often completed in hospitals instead of a natural environments like the home or residential care.[18] Anna Freud interjected in the argument with a review of Bowlby's articles, that she published in the same year, Discussion of Dr. John Bowlby's Paper.[19] She criticised his approach stating:

Neither the Hampstead Nurseries nor hospitals and other residential homes have offered ideal conditions for the study of separation per se. We, as well as Dr Bowlby, used data collected under circumstances where the children had to adapt not only to the loss of the mother but also to the change from family to group life, a transition very difficult to achieve for any young child...

Freud stressed the lack of relevant data in which to draw conclusions:

we need to supplement our observations, excluding group or ward conditions.[19]

In a paper titled:Brief separations by the psychologist Christoph M. Heinicke and psychiatric social worker, Ilse J Westheimer, both colleagues of Bowlby at the clinic, discussed their observations, stated that their data could not determine the influence of institutional factors, including that of multiple caretakers. They speculated that:

if it were possible to contrast a minimal care situation with one involving highly individualized care, then one might get quite different results.[20]

In a paper published in 1961, Maternal deprivation: Toward an empirical and conceptual re-evaluation, the paediatrician and psychologist Leon J. Yarrow conducted a definitive review of research and concluded that maternal separation had never been studied under pure conditions.[21] Yarrow believed the complicating factors were always present.[21] In Bowlby's book, Attachment and Loss,[22] there is a passing reference to the complexities of the institutional situation, there is a disappointing emphasis on the assertion that regardless of age and conditions of care, the young child's response to separation is usually the mourning sequence initiated by acute distress:

The subjects in the various studies differ, e.g. there is a variance in age, the type of home varies, the type of hospital or clinic they visit varies, the type of care they receive and the length of time they at the away from home. In spite of different backgrounds and expectations of the observers, the findings are remarkable in one aspect. That is once a child is aged six months, they tend to respond to the event of separation from mother in certain typical ways.

Without citing the evidence regarding the influence of each class of variable, Bowlby asserts that 'by far the most important variable’ is the absence of the mother, and dismisses other variables as relatively unimportant.

James and Joyce decided to try and determine the influence of variables on the behaviour of healthy young children during a ten-day separation from the mother. The couple decided to become foster parents to a series of young children by providing 24-hour support and make written and filmed observations of their reactions. James made a proposal to Bowlby, who at the time was director of the Tavistock clinic for new project that would look at separation in young children in much much more detail. In 1963, Bowlby assigned £1000 pounds for the new unit and in the same year, Robertson joined her husband at the Tavistock clinic as a research associate to work on a project that would be known as Young Children in Brief Separation.[1]

Young Children in Brief Separation

The Robertsons started their work by conducting a comprehensive research review, similar to the type of review that Yarrow conducted.[23] Their purpose in the project was to study the influence of variables including age, level of maturity and object constancy, previous parent-child relationships and quality of substitute care on responses of young children to separation from their mother, all to illustrate optimal substitute care.[24] The subjects that were to be selected were to be aged between 1.5 and 2.5 years and be healthy, loved and never been out of their mothers care. The methods to use involved non-statistical naturalist observations throughout day, when they are away with the use of checklists along with tape recordings. During the 1950s, James Robertson had used a 16mm movie camera to study the reactions of young children who were being admitted to hospital for treatment, and planned to film, Cinéma vérité recordings of around 20 minutes every day, that could be studied later.[23]

One child was to be observed over a nine-day period while staying in a residential nursery, where staff were well intentioned and kind but could not and would not provide substitute mothering or take cognizance and consideration of individual needs of the child. Four other children were to be selected who would be taken into a workers home who acted as the foster home where stress was eliminated and the individual needs of the child were met by one mothering person.[24] The four children that were to be fostered were Kate, Thomas, Jane and Lucy and whose mothers were going into hospital for a birth of a second child and no other family member was available to care for them.[23] The fifth child was called John, who was admitted to a residential nursery, due to the same circumstances as the other children.[23] The ages of the fostered children[25] and single residential child[1] were as follows:

Young Children in Brief Separation children
Name Age Days in care Type of care Year of visit
Kate 2 years, 5 months 27 Fostered 1967
Jane 1 year, 5 months 10 Fostered 1968
Thomas 2 years, 4 months 10 Fostered 1971
Lucy 1 year, 9 months 19 Fostered 1976
John 1 year, 5 months 9 Residential nursery 1969

The children who were selected were healthy and happily attached to their parents and had never been subject to separation before.[26] They were allowed to become familiar with the Robertson home.[26] Joyce Robertson found out everything she could about the children, what their diets were, what their daily routines were and what they liked and disliked.[26] When the children moved into the workers homes, they brought along familiar things, like family photographs, photographs of their mothers and toys.[23] Contact between the children and their family via their father who was allowed to visit on a regular basis and if possible, on a daily basis.[23] John in contrast didn't have a comparable placement procedure, rather he was placed in the residential nursery with their normal placement procedure.[23]

In the case of two and half year old Kate, Joyce spent a month visiting the family before the project began, resulting in Kate forming a strong attachment to Joyce.[26] Gradually Kate started to show signs of anxiety after moving into the apartment of the Robertsons.[26] In one play episode, Kate recreates her own house and states that she loves her parents and wants to see them, but her play parents [Joyce and James] do not seem to want her. She stated:Throw them in the dustbin and demands they leave the room, but soon begins to cry stating she wants them back.[26] For Jane the experience is worse. When her father visits she seems remote, laughs unnaturally and cries when her father tries to leaves. When she is out for walks and walking pass her own house which she recognises, she became distressed.[26] The Robertsons believed that at 17 months Jane was too young to assimilate Joyce or to retain a clear image of her mother. Jane became extraordinary attached to Joyce and remained in the state even when she went home where she had to share her mother with a new baby.[26] Joyce believed that Jane's experience was largely positive, even learning new words.[26] When Jane's mother arrived, she accepted her immediately. Thomas, the oldest of the group, suffered the most.[26] He had trouble accepting Joyce's care. In the film he displays his emotions by mixing both affection and aggression towards Joyce and clearly showing his anxiety at the situation. Thomas also avoided looking at his mothers picture. The Robertsons believed that Thomas's state was one of manageable anxiety. When talking about Lucy, Joyce stated that Lucy signalled that she visit the family, which she did several times. On the last visit, Joyce and the family visit a park where Lucy invents a game of separation and reunion, in which she walks Joyce away, then runs back to her mother, then reverses the games, but at no time does she run back to Joyce.[26]

Findings

The findings from the project which ran from 1965 to 1976 were contrary to much of the published literature.[24] Separation per se did not cause acute stress and despair, but rather anxiety that could be kept to a minimum and development allowed to continue.[24] Data indicated that 1 1/2 year olds make a complete transfer to the caretaker,[24] while 2 1/2 year olds are more ambivalent. The institutionalized child displayed evidence of trauma and cumulative stresses after six years.[24] Their 1971 paper Young Children in Brief Separation, A Fresh Look was also published in the journal, The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child.[27] In the summary section, the Robertsons concluded that Bowlby had overgeneralised James Robertson earlier findings of how children respond in institutional settings. They concluded by stating:

Our findings do not support Bowlby's generalisations about the responses of young children to separation from the mother per se, nor do they support his theory on grief and mourning in infancy and early childhood. ... but we continue to share his concern about the potential harm associated with early separation from the mother.[23]

The Robertsons believed that no matter how good the substitute mother is, the separation of the child from the mother remains a hazard for a young child due to the discontinuity of the mother-child relationship. Each of the four children were able to form a bond with Joyce, and after the separation, were able to reform that bond with their mother.[23] The Robertsons were convinced that if a substitute mother is provided, the child will reach out and bond with the substitute mother, entering into a relationship that will reduce the stress suffered by the child.[23] They suggested that regular contract with a parent, along with reminders such a photographs of their mother would help the child cope with separation. They also suggested that when a child was placed in an unfamiliar environment, the maintenance of familiar home routines would remind them of their home and family, lessening separation anxiety.[25]

Today, these findings can be found in use in day nurseries and day care centres. UK government policy mandates for childcare provision that regulates the permitted child to staff ratio for childcare providers, to ensure that children receive a sufficient amount of attention and stimulation from their substitute mothers.[25]

Award ceremony

In 1969, the Robertsons were attending an awards ceremony to collect an award for their film, JOHN, aged 17 months, for 9 days in a residential nursery.[28] They were told that their film was not going to be shown. However, they decided to take along the film and a projector, in the off-chance that they could show a segment.[28] At the ceremony they insisted on showing 10 minutes of it. Attending the ceremony was Lord Keith Joseph, at the time opposition spokesman on Social Services at the Department of Health and Social Care.[28] He was so struck by the film that he ordered that all key people in his department watch the film. As a result, all the civil servants in the department were also affected. This resulted in an impetus that eventually led to the closure of residential care nurseries in Great Britain.[28]

Retirement

When the Robertsons retired from the Tavistock clinic, they immediately established the Robertson Centre in 1975 as an educational trust,[29] whose remit was to promote understanding of the emotional needs of infants and young children.[4][1] During their time at the centre, they continued to publish high quality articles, with a focus on adoption and fostering[30] and as well as promoting their films.

Awards
  • In 2003, Robertson and her husband were awarded the Bowlby-Ainsworth Award for Documenting And Improving The Lives Of Young Children In Difficult Circumstances.[31]

Bibliography

The following papers were written or co-written by the Robertsons:

  • Robertson, Joyce; Freud, Anna (10 February 2017). "A Mother's Observations on the Tonsillectomy of Her Four-Year-Old Daughter". The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 11 (1): 410–427. doi:10.1080/00797308.1956.11822796.
  • Robertson, Joyce (10 February 2017). "Mothering as an Influence on Early Development". The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 17 (1): 245–264. doi:10.1080/00797308.1962.11822847.
  • Robertson, James; Robertson, Joyce; Freud, Anna (8 February 2017). "Film Review". The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 24 (1): 138–143. doi:10.1080/00797308.1969.11822689.
  • Robertson, Joyce (24 December 2007). "The communications of early infancy: Reflections of a physiotherapist on a counselling course". Psychodynamic Counselling. 3 (2): 179–193. doi:10.1080/13533339708402485.
  • Robertson, Joyce (December 2005). "A psychoanalytic perspective on the work of a physiotherapist with infants at risk of neurological problems: Comparing the theoretical background of physiotherapy and psychoanalysis". Infant Observation. 8 (3): 259–278. doi:10.1080/13698030500375677.
  • Robertson, Joyce; McGilly, Katherine (November 2009). "Comments on "Changing attitudes towards the care of children in hospital: a new assessment of the influence of the work of Bowlby and Robertson in the UK, 1940–1970" by Frank C.P. van der Horst and Rene van der Veer (Attachment & Human Development Vol 11, No 2, March 2009, 119–142)". Attachment & Human Development. 11 (6): 557–561. doi:10.1080/14616730903282514.
  • Robertson, Joyce; Freud, Anna (10 February 2017). "A Mother's Observations on the Tonsillectomy of Her Four-Year-Old Daughter". The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 11 (1): 410–427. doi:10.1080/00797308.1956.11822796.

Associated papers in relation to the working life of Robertson

  • Ludwig-Körner, Christiane (16 May 2017). "Anna Freud and Observation: Memoirs of Her Colleagues from the Hampstead War Nurseries". Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy. 16 (2): 131–137. doi:10.1080/15289168.2017.1307072.

Papers and books relating to the establishment of the 1963 Young Children in Brief Separation project

  • Robertson, James; Robertson, Joyce (8 February 2017). "Young Children in Brief Separation, A Fresh Look". The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 26 (1): 264–315. doi:10.1080/00797308.1971.11822274.
  • MICIC, Z (December 1962). "Psychological stress in children in hospital". International nursing review. 9: 23–31. PMID 13935571.
  • Prugh, Dane G.; Staub, Elizabeth M.; Sands, Harriet H.; Kirschbaum, Ruth M.; Lenihan, Ellenora A. (January 1953). "A study of the emotional reactions of children and families to hospitalization and illness". American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 23 (1): 70–106. doi:10.1111/j.1939-0025.1953.tb00040.x.
  • Schaffer, H. R. (1959). "PSYCHOLOGIC EFFECTS OF HOSPITALIZATION IN INFANCY". {Pediatrics}. American Academy of Pediatrics. 24 (4): 528–539. ISSN 0031-4005.
  • Spitz, Rene A. (13 February 2017). "Hospitalism". The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 1 (1): 53–74. doi:10.1080/00797308.1945.11823126.
  • Spitz, René A.; Wolf, Katherine M. (13 February 2017). "Anaclitic Depression". The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 2 (1): 313–342. doi:10.1080/00797308.1946.11823551.
  • Burlingham, Dorothy T; Freud, Anna (1970). Young children in war-time : a year's work in a residential war nursery. Michigan: Ann Arbor, University Microfilms. OCLC 184853568.
  • Freud, Anna; Burlingham, Dorothy T (1944). Infants without families; the case for and against residential nurseries. New York: International Universities Press. OCLC 818209.

Radio series

Radio discussion on the passing of Joyce

See also
  • Platt Report 1959 British government report that made wide ranging recommendations based upon the principle that children needed their parents

References
  1. Lindsay, Mary (19 May 2013). "Joyce Robertson obituary". Guardian News & Media Limited. The Guardian. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  2. Mario Marrone (21 May 2014). Attachment and Interaction: From Bowlby to Current Clinical Theory and Practice Second Edition. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-85700-444-4. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  3. Norka T. Malberg; Joan Raphael-Leff (1 January 2012). The Anna Freud Tradition: Lines of Development - Evolution and Theory and Practice Over the Decades. Karnac Books. p. 397. ISBN 978-1-78049-021-2. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  4. "Joyce Robertson". Times Newspapers Limited. The Times. 3 June 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  5. Ludwig-Körner, Christiane (16 May 2017). "Anna Freud and Observation: Memoirs of Her Colleagues from the Hampstead War Nurseries". Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy. 16 (2): 131–137. doi:10.1080/15289168.2017.1307072.
  6. Sandler, Anne Marie (2015). "Anna Freud". British Psychoanalytical Society. The Institute of Psychoanalysis. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  7. Robertson, Joyce; Robertson, John (July 1975). "[Reactions of small children to short-term separation from their mothers in the light of new observations]". Psyche. 29 (7): 626–664. PMID 1230852.
  8. Bannister, Matthew (31 May 2013). "Last Word An actor, a child behavioural researcher, a French singer-songwriter, a chemist, a lighthouse keeper and a bass player". BBC Sounds. Event occurs at 7.33. BBC. Radio 4. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  9. Marie Zaphiriou Woods; Inge-Martine Pretorius (13 May 2013). Parents and Toddlers in Groups: A Psychoanalytic Developmental Approach. Routledge. p. 16. ISBN 1-136-88670-2. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  10. Mario Marrone (21 May 2014). Attachment and Interaction: From Bowlby to Current Clinical Theory and Practice Second Edition. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-85700-444-4. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
  11. BOWLBY, J; ROBERTSON, J (June 1953). "A two-year old goes to hospital". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine. 46 (6): 425–7. PMID 13074181.
  12. Christine Eiser (27 September 1990). Chronic Childhood Disease: An Introduction to Psychological Theory and Research. Cambridge University Press. pp. 14–. ISBN 978-0-521-38682-1.
  13. Bannister, Matthew (31 May 2013). "Last Word An actor, a child behavioural researcher, a French singer-songwriter, a chemist, a lighthouse keeper and a bass player". BBC Sounds. Event occurs at 11.02. BBC. Radio 4. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  14. Robertson, Joyce; Freud, Anna (10 February 2017). "A Mother's Observations on the Tonsillectomy of Her Four-Year-Old Daughter". The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 11 (1): 410–427. doi:10.1080/00797308.1956.11822796.
  15. Charles A. Nelson (25 February 2014). Memory and Affect in Development: The Minnesota Symposia on Child Psychology. Psychology Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-1-317-78176-9. Retrieved 18 November 2019.
  16. van der Horst, Frank C. P.; van der Veer, René (March 2009). "Separation and divergence: The untold story of James Robertson's and John Bowlby's theoretical dispute on mother-child separation". Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. 45 (3): 236–252. doi:10.1002/jhbs.20380.
  17. Bowlby, John (10 February 2017). "Grief and Mourning in Infancy and Early Childhood". The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 15 (1): 9–52. doi:10.1080/00797308.1960.11822566.
  18. Bibliography:, Papers and books relating to the establishment of the 1963 Young Children in Brief Separation project
  19. Freud, Anna (10 February 2017). "Discussion of Dr. John bowlby's Paper". The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 15 (1): 53–62. doi:10.1080/00797308.1960.11822567.
  20. Christoph M Heinicke, Ilse J Westheimer, Tavistock Child Development Research Unit. Assistant, Elizabeth Wolpert. (1965). Brief separations. New York: International Universities Press. OCLC 566118864.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  21. Yarrow, Leon J. (1961). "Maternal deprivation: Toward an empirical and conceptual re-evaluation". Psychological Bulletin. 58 (6): 459–490. doi:10.1037/h0043656.
  22. Bowlby, John (1969). Attachment and loss. In three volumes. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 9780465097166. OCLC 561135235.
  23. "'Young Children in Brief Separation' by James and Joyce Robertson". The Therapeutic Care Journal. 1 October 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  24. Dorothy; Marilyn; Charlene (March 1975). Research Relating to Children - Bulletin 35. 36-RL-1: Clearinghouse for Research in Child Life. p. 139. Retrieved 7 December 2019.CS1 maint: location (link)
  25. "Child psychology" (pdf). Pearson. Table 7.2. p. 450. Retrieved 28 December 2019.CS1 maint: location (link)
  26. Robert Karen (1998). Becoming Attached: First Relationships and how They Shape Our Capacity to Love. Oxford University Press. pp. 83–86. ISBN 978-0-19-511501-7. Retrieved 7 December 2019.
  27. Robertson, James; Robertson, Joyce (8 February 2017). "Young Children in Brief Separation". The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child. 26 (1): 264–315. doi:10.1080/00797308.1971.11822274.
  28. Bannister, Matthew; James, Oliver (31 May 2013). "Last Word An actor, a child behavioural researcher, a French singer-songwriter, a chemist, a lighthouse keeper and a bass player". BBC Sounds. Event occurs at 12:20. BBC. Radio 4. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  29. David Lewis (1 April 2015). The Secret Language of Your Child: How Children Talk Before They Can Speak. Profile. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-285-64300-0. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
  30. Robertson, James; Robertson, Joyce (24 June 2016). "The Psychological Parent". Adoption & Fostering. 87 (1): 19–22. doi:10.1177/030857597708700106.
  31. "2003 Awardees". Center for Mental Health Promotion. Retrieved 17 November 2019.
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