Jueju

Jueju (simplified Chinese: 绝句; traditional Chinese: 絕句; pinyin: juéjù), or Chinese quatrain, is a type of jintishi ("modern form poetry") that grew popular among Chinese poets in the Tang Dynasty (618–907), although traceable to earlier origins. Jueju poems are always quatrains; or, more specifically, a matched pair of couplets, with each line consisting of five or seven syllables.[1]

Jueju
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese絕句
Simplified Chinese绝句
Literal meaning"cut-off lines"
Japanese name
Kanji絶句
Hiraganaぜっく

The five-syllable form is called wujue (Chinese: 五絕; pinyin: Wŭjué) and the seven-syllable form qijue (Chinese: 七絕; pinyin: Qījué).[2]

History

The origins of the jueju style are uncertain.[3] Fränkel states that it arose from the yuefu form in the fifth or sixth century.[4] This pentasyllabic song form, dominant in the Six Dynasties period, may have carried over into shi composition and thus created a hybrid of the yuefu quatrain and shi quatrain.[3] Indeed, many Tang dynasty wujue poems were inspired by these yuefu songs.[2]

In the seventh century the jueju developed into its modern form, as one of the three "modern" verse forms, or jintishi, the other two types of jintishi being the lüshi and the pailu.[4]

The jueju style was very popular during the Tang dynasty. Many authors composing jueju poems at the time followed the concept of "seeing the big within the small" (Chinese: 小中見大; pinyin: Xiăozhōng jiàndà), and thus wrote on topics of a grand scale; philosophy, religion, emotions, history, vast landscapes and more.[2]

Authors known to have composed jueju poems include Du Fu,[5] Du Mu,[6] Li Bai,[7] Li Shangyin,[8] Wang Changling[9] and Wang Wei.[10]

Form

Traditional literary critics considered the jueju style to be the most difficult form of jintishi. Limited to exactly 20 or 28 characters,[11] writing a jueju requires the author to make full use of each character to create a successful poem. This proved to encourage authors to use symbolic language to a high degree.[2]

Furthermore, tonal meter in jueju, as with other forms of Chinese poetry, is a complex process. It can be compared to the alternation of stressed and unstressed syllables in sonnets. A poet writing a jueju or similar lüshi-style poem needs to alternate level and oblique tones both between and within lines.[12]

Some of the formal rules of the regulated verse forms were applied in the case of the jueju curtailed verse, these rules as applied to the jueju include regular line length, use of a single rhyme in even-numbered verses, strict patterning of tonal alternations, use of a major caesura before the last three syllables, optional parallelism and grammaticality of each line as a sentence. Each couplet generally forms a distinct unit, and the third line generally introduces some turn of thought or direction within the poem.[13]

Structure

Jueju follows one of the following tonal patterns:[12]

Type I, Standard
Additional in qijuewujueRhyming
○○●●○○●
●●○○●●○✓
●●○○○●●
○○●●●○○✓
Type II, Standard
Additional in qijuewujueRhyming
●●○○○●●
○○●●●○○✓
○○●●○○●
●●○○●●○✓
Type I, Variant
Additional in qijuewujueRhyming
○○●●●○○✓
●●○○●●○✓
●●○○○●●
○○●●●○○✓
Type II, Variant
Additional in qijuewujueRhyming
●●○○●●○✓
○○●●●○○✓
○○●●○○●
●●○○●●○✓

○ is a character with a level tone, while ● is a character with an oblique tone (a rising, departing or entering tone).

Example

This poem is called "Spring Lament" (Chinese: 春怨; pinyin: Chūn yuàn) and was written by Jin Changxu.[14]

Traditional Chinese
Simplified Chinese
English translation

春怨

打起黃鶯兒
莫教枝上啼
啼時驚妾夢
不得到遼西

春怨

打起黄莺儿
莫教枝上啼
啼时惊妾梦
不得到辽西

"Spring Lament"

Hit the yellow oriole
Don't let it sing on the branches
When it sings, it breaks into my dreams
And keeps me from Liaoxi!

This poem concerns a standard figure in this type of poetry, a lonely woman who is despondent over the absence of a husband or lover, probably a soldier who has gone to Liaoxi in present-day Mongolia. She chases away the orioles to stop their singing in the first couplet. The second couplet gives the reason. The bird songs interrupted her sweet morning dream to see her husband in the far away land. The words and phrases tug at her heart.[14]

See also

Notes
  1. Tian 2007, p. 143.
  2. Egan 2007, pp. 199–201.
  3. Egan 1993, p. 124.
  4. Fränkel 1978, p. 212.
  5. Egan 2007, pp. 216–217.
  6. Egan 2007, pp. 217–219.
  7. Egan 2007, pp. 210–212, 216.
  8. Egan 2007, p. 219.
  9. Egan 2007, pp. 213–215.
  10. Egan 2007, pp. 205–209.
  11. Egan 1993, p. 84.
  12. Cai 2007, pp. 169–172.
  13. Fränkel, 212–214
  14. Egan 2007, p. 204.

References
  • Cai, Zong-qi (December 2007). "Recent-Style Shi Poetry: Pentasyllabic Regulated-Verse". In Cai, Zong-qi (ed.). How to Read Chinese Poetry. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 161–180. ISBN 0-231-13941-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Egan, Charles (1993). "A Critical Study of the Origins of Chüeh-chü Poetry" (PDF). Asia Major. 3rd ser. 6 (pt. 1): 83–125. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-04. Retrieved 2008-06-26.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Egan, Charles (December 2007). "Recent-Style Shi Poetry". In Cai, Zong-qi (ed.). How to Read Chinese Poetry. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 199–225. ISBN 0-231-13941-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Tian, Xiaofei (December 2007). "Pentasyllabic Shi Poetry: New Topics". In Cai, Zong-qi (ed.). How to Read Chinese Poetry. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 141–157. ISBN 0-231-13941-1.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Fränkel, Hans H. (1978). The Flowering Plum and the Palace Lady (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-02242-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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