Jules Verne Allen

Jules Verne Allen (April 1, 1883 – July 10, 1945) was an American country music singer-songwriter, writer, and cowboy. He was one of the few early singing cowboys who had actually engaged in ranching. Calling himself the "Original Singing Cowboy," Allen's music is considered some of the best examples of authentic traditional cowboy songs.[1] Allen only recorded 24 songs, but his frequent live radio performance and book Cowboy Lore (1933) made him one of the most influential figures in the popularization of country western music.[2]

Jules Verne Allen
Jules Verne Allen ca. 1924
Born(1883-02-07)February 7, 1883
Waxahachie, Ellis County, Texas, U.S.
DiedJuly 10, 1945(1945-07-10) (aged 62)
Tucson, Pima County, Arizona, U.S.
Resting placeEvergreen Memorial Park, Tucson, Arizona
Other names
  • The Original Singing Cowboy
  • Longhorn Luke
  • Shiftless
Occupation
  • Singer-songwriter
  • musician
  • author
  • cowboy
Musical career
Genres
Instruments
Years active1924–1930

Biography

Early life

Allen was born on April 1, 1883, in Waxahachie, Texas.[2] His father, Luther, was a settler from Missouri and seems to have died or abandoned his family when Jules was a child. His mother, Carrie, died ten years later and entrusted Allen with the care of his three younger siblings.[3] According to his book Cowboy Lore, he began working as a hand at his uncle's ranch when he was ten. After his mother's death, he began driving cattle hundreds of mile from the open ranges along the U.S.-Mexico border to railroad stockyards in Montana.[4] During these long journeys, Allen's companions immersed him in a rich oral tradition of cowboy stories and songs, and taught him how to play the guitar.[1]

With end of open-range cattle driving, Allen later claimed that he began performing at local rodeos and on an amateur basis.[5] He also stated that worked as a deputy sheriff in El Paso County, Texas, then Bernalillo County, New Mexico, Texas, and finally as a Texas Ranger.[2]

However, there is reason to doubt the veracity of his autobiographical claims. For example, military records indicate that he served in the U.S. Army from 1905 to 1907. Additionally, his enlistment records state that he was a "barber" in Denver, Colorado in 1905.[6] Allen also never mentioned the fact that he was previously married to a woman in Sturgis, South Dakota, named Charlotte Evelyn Hough, whom he divorced shortly after the birth of their daughter, Ethal Myrie "Mary" Allen, in 1904.[7] After her parents separated, Mary was placed in a convent as an infant, but her mother remarried and later recovered her.[8]

Music career

During World War I, Allen enlisted in the U.S. Army during World War I and began performing in blackface as a minstrel.[9] He served as a sergeant in the 64th Infantry Regiment, which was assigned to the 7th Infantry Division operating in Lorraine, France. Prior to deploying to France, Allen married Elizabeth M. Caswell in El Paso on December 14, 1917.[10]

Allen claimed that after the war he briefly returned to ranching, but government census records from 1920 show that was living with his wife in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and working as a driver the short-lived Fox Motor Company.[8] Regardless, he soon left ranching or driving (probably when Fox dissolved in 1923) and began performing as singing cowboy on the radio in Texas under a variety of names including "Longhorn Luke" (after the Longhorn Cement Company, his San Antonio sponsor) and "Shiftless."[5]

The success of fellow singing cowboy Carl T. Sprague's song "When the Work's All Done This Fall" in 1925 opened the door for other singing cowboys like Ken Maynard, Stuart Hamblen, Red River Dave McEnery, Tex Ritter, Gene Autry, and Allen.[11] Allen traveled to Los Angeles to take advantage of the growing cowboy music scene in Hollywood, where he was discovered by Ralph Peer, a scout with Victor Records.[12]

In April 1928, he recorded three songs in El Paso with Victor–"Little Joe the Wrangler," "Jack O'Diamonds," and "Po 'Mourner" (a minstrel song).[2] Despite Sprague's earlier recordings, RCA-Victor copyrighted the phrase "The Original Singing Cowboy" for Allen's records. Allen also acted in a few Westerns.[13] From 1928 to 1929, Allen recorded a total of 24 songs with Victor before his records sales began to slip during the Great Depression when more a more contemporary and romanticized style of country western music became popular.[2][5]

Later life

Allen, who divorced his second wife sometime in the 1920s, married an unknown woman in 1930 and moved to Taos, New Mexico.[2] In 1929, he reunited with his daughter Mary, who discovered her long-lost father after she heard one of his records playing.[7] Although he never recorded another album, Allen continued to perform on the radio, as well as with rodeo shows and traveling circuses throughout the 1930s.[1][5]

In 1933, Allen wrote an autobiography about his life as a cowboy, accompanied by a dictionary of cowboy terms and sayings, a glossary of cattle brands, and collection of songs in a book entitled Cowboy Lore.[1] While Allen claimed the book contained knowledge and songs he learned while working on the trail, Barry Shank (an American studies scholar) notes that almost all of his observations about cowboy life, as well as all but three of the songs, are identical to those previously published by singer John Avery Lomax in 1910. Furthermore, two of the songs were written in the 1920s for the records Allen recorded with Victor Records. How much of Allen's autobiography was a result of his personal experiences as a cowboy rather than Lomax's work is unknown.[13]

Allen divorced his third wife sometime prior to 1940 and moved back to Los Angeles. He continued to perform at rodeos and on radio stations throughout the southwest during the final years of his life. While travelling through Tucson, Arizona in 1945, Allen fell ill and was admitted into the local veterans hospital. Doctors diagnosed him with a gastric ulcer and he died a week later. He is buried at the Evergreen Memorial Park cemetery in Tucson.

Legacy

Although he enjoyed a brief musical career, Allen is considered one of the pioneers of early country music.[14] His cowboy stories and music inspired the next generation of country music singers, including Country Music Hall of Fame member Ernest Tubb.[13] His work also helped popularize western-themed books and films.[15]

References
  1. The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Kingsbury, Paul., McCall, Michael., Rumble, John Woodruff., Gray, Michael, Orr, Jay., Country Music Hall of Fame & Museum, Nashville, TN (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 2012. ISBN 9780195395631. OCLC 671491821.CS1 maint: others (link)
  2. "ALLEN, JULES VERNE". The Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA). May 6, 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  3. "Retelling the West: Jules Verne Allen, The Singing Cowboy By Tony Russell". oldtimeherald.org. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  4. "The Cowboy Live On". The New York Times. June 4, 1933. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  5. Carlin, Richard (2002). Country Music: A Biographical Dictionary. New York: Taylor & Francis. p. 5. ISBN 9781135361112. OCLC 871257227.
  6. Ancestry.com. U.S. Army, Register of Enlistments, 1798–1914 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  7. "Traced Father: Mary Allen in North Dakota Found Parent Through Voice Record". Batavia [NY] Times. June 29, 1929. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  8. Ancestry.com. 1920 United States Federal Census [database on-line]. Provo, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010. Images reproduced by FamilySearch.
  9. "Minstrel Roots of Jules Verne Allen". Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  10. Ancestry.com. Texas, Select County Marriage Index, 1837–1965 [database on-line]. Provo, UT, US: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2014. Retrieved September 19, 2019.
  11. Treviño, Geronimo (2002). Dance Halls and Last Calls: The History of Texas Country Music. Plano, Texas: Republic of Texas Press. p. 3. ISBN 9781461661849. OCLC 820869141.
  12. Mazor, Barry (2015). Ralph Peer and the Making of Popular Roots Music. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 135. ISBN 9781613740248. OCLC 892799407.
  13. Shank, Barry (1994). Dissonant Identities: The Rock'n'Roll Scene in Austin, Texas. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England. pp. 27–28. ISBN 9780819572677. OCLC 731694241.
  15. Green, Douglas B. (2005). Singing in the Saddle: The History of the Singing Cowboy (1st paperback ed.). Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press & Country Music Foundation Press. p. 16. ISBN 0826515061. OCLC 63276046.
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