Kanrei

Kanrei (管領) or, more rarely, kanryō, was a high political post in feudal Japan; it is usually translated as shōgun's deputy. After 1349, there were actually two Kanrei, the Kyoto Kanrei and the Kantō Kanrei.

Originally, from 1219 until 1333, the post was synonymous with the Rokuhara Tandai,[1] and was based in Kyoto. The Hōjō clan monopolized this post, and there were during this period two Deputies – a southern chief, and a northern chief. From 1336 to 1367, the Deputy was called Shitsuji (執事). The first to hold this title was Kō no Moronao.

In 1367, Hosokawa Yoriyuki was chosen by a council to become Deputy (Kyoto Kanrei). In order to ensure the loyalty of his colleagues, the Hatakeyama and Shiba clans, he proposed that three families share the position of Kanrei, alternating between them every time a new appointment was needed. Thus was born the San-Kan or Three Kanrei. However, in 1379, Yoriyuki's actions attracted the resentment of certain powerful lords, who pressed for his dismissal. After that, the Kyoto Kanrei no longer held the responsibilities of Shogun's Deputy, and merely carried out his orders in an advisory and executive position.

Following the fall of the Kamakura shogunate, and abolition of the Rokuhara Tandai position, Ashikaga Takauji created the post of Kantō Kanrei, or Shogun's Deputy in the East (Kantō generally refers to the area around and including modern Tokyo).

The Kantō Kanrei

In the first weeks of 1336[2] Ashikaga Takauji left Kamakura for Kyoto in pursuit of Nitta Yoshisada.[3] He left behind his 4-year-old son Yoshiakira as his representative in the trust of three guardians: Hosokawa Kiyouji, Uesugi Noriaki, and Shiba Ienaga.[4] In 1349 Takauji called Yoshiakira to Kyoto, replacing him with another of his sons, Motouji, to whom he gave the title of Kantō Kanrei.[3] Because the kanrei was the son of the shōgun, ruled Kantō and controlled the military there, the area was usually called Kamakura Bakufu, or Kamakura shogunate, and Motouji Shogun or Kamakura/Kantō Gosho, an equivalent title.[3] When later the habit of calling kubō the shogun spread from Kyoto to the Kantō, the ruler of Kamakura came to be called Kamakura kubō.[3] The Kanrei title was then passed on to the Uesugi hereditary shitsuji (執事).[3][4] Members of the Uesugi clan thereafter dominated the Kantō kanrei post until 1552, when it was abolished.

The political organization of the Ashikaga shogunate was complex, and shifted from time to time. The responsibilities and official title of the Kanrei or Deputy changed a number of times, as other positions were created or abolished. In addition, they worked alongside a number of other posts, such as the Kyūshū Tandai, who represented the shōgun's interests and orders in the southernmost of the main islands.

The Kyoto Kanrei

Notes
  1. The Kamakura shogunate reserved for itself an area in Kyōto called Rokuhara (六波羅) where lived its representatives, who were supposed to protect its interests
  2. Gregorian date obtained directly from the original Nengō using Nengocalc Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine: (Kenmu era, 1st month)
  3. Kokushi Daijiten (1983:542)
  4. Jansen (1995:119–120)

References
  • Kokushi Daijiten Iinkai. Kokushi Daijiten (in Japanese). Vol. 3 (1983 ed.).
  • Jansen, Marius (1995). Warrior Rule in Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521482394;ISBN 9780521484046; OCLC 31515317
  • Sansom, George Bailey. (1961). A History of Japan: 1334-1615. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-0523-3; OCLC 224793047
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