Katharina Jacob
Katharina Jacob (March 6, 1907 – August 23, 1989) was a teacher and member of the German Resistance movement against National Socialism. She was married to Franz Jacob, a German Resistance fighter who was executed by the Nazis.
Katharina Jacob | |
|---|---|
| Born | Katharina Emmermann March 6, 1907 Cologne, Germany |
| Died | August 23, 1989 Hamburg, Germany |
| Nationality | German |
| Occupation | Teacher and member of the German Resistance movement |
| Spouse(s) | Walter Hochmuth (m. 1927-1939), Franz Jacob (m. 1941) |
| Children | 1; Ursel Hochmuth |
Biography
Jacob was born Katharina Emmermann in Cologne. She married Walter Hochmuth in 1927. He was a Communist politician and member of the Hamburg Parliament during the Weimar Republic. She joined the Communist Party (KPD) in 1928.
They had one daughter together, Ursel Hochmuth, born in 1931. After the Nazis seized power in 1933, Hochmuth appeared on a wanted poster and went underground.[1] He had an affair with the woman who gave him a place to stay and they had a son in March 1934. He and Katharina got divorced in 1939.
Katharina was arrested a number of times. She was politically active in the German Resistance and was sent to Lübeck-Lauerhof from 1934–1936 and to KolaFu in 1938. Whenever she was under arrest, her daughter was left with no parent. Political friends took care of Ursel, as well as neighbors and her teacher at school, Gertrud Klempau. A chapter in the book, Schule unterm Hakenkreuz ("School Under the Swastika") is dedicated to her.[1]
In December 1941, she married Franz Jacob, whom she had known from the Young Communist League. He moved in with her and her daughter, Ursel into her apartment at Jarresstraße 21. She continued her Resistance activities, collecting food ration cards for forced laborers and listened to Radio Moscow. The broadcasts enabled the families of soldiers to get information about their loved ones and provided information for the flyers that Franz Jacob was producing. Their friend, Charlotte Groß, a courier, smuggled these illegal leaflets to Berlin.[1]
A wave of arrests in Hamburg in October 1942 prompted Franz Jacob to flee to Berlin.[2] The following month, their daughter, Ilse, was born on November 9, 1942. Groß brought news to Jacob's husband, underground in Berlin. Jacob took a road trip with her daughters, stopping secretly to see Franz in Berlin and staying just one night. It was the only time Franz saw his infant daughter.[1]
Jacob and Groß were arrested on July 6, 1944. Prosecutors sought the death penalty for Groß, but she received a ten-year sentence at hard labor in a Zuchthaus instead. Lack of evidence, prevented the court from passing sentence on Jacob, but nonetheless, she was not released. Rather, she was taken in protective custody and sent to the women's concentration camp at Ravensbrück. There she was freed by Soviet soldiers on May 1, 1945.[1]
Franz Jacob was arrested in Berlin in autumn 1944. He was sentenced to death on September 5, 1944 and he was executed on September 18, 1944 at Brandenburg-Görden Prison.[2]
After 1945
Jacob survived the war and became a teacher at the Schule Winterhuder Weg. She remained politically active and was involved in the Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime (Vereinigung der Verfolgten des Naziregimes), an association of victims of Nazi persecution. Years later, she was asked if her fight against Adolf Hitler had been worth it.[1]
Fifty-five million people in Germany and Europe were wiped out; gassed, fallen on the front lines, died where they lived. Should one not ask here if their deaths had any purpose? ... The Resistance fighters put their lives on the line for humanity and peace. My husband fell on this front. I also followed my conscience and convictions. The decision was not easy. But to see wrong and do nothing about it? I had to be able to face myself and my children.—Katharina Jacob
Jacob died in Hamburg in 1989.
Jacob's daughter, Ursel grew up to become a historian. She has researched the German Resistance for decades and written several books on the subject.[3]
Memorials
In 1992, a street in the Hamburg district of Groß Borstel was named after Katharina Jacob.[4] There is a stolperstein at Jarresstraße 21, where she lived for many years with her two children, and briefly, with her husband, Franz.[1]
References
- Christine Meier. Stolperstein for Franz Jacob Archived 2011-08-11 at the Wayback Machine Listing in English, biography in German. Retrieved March 29, 2010
- Short biography of Franz Jacob German Resistance Memorial Center. Retrieved July 26, 2010
- List of literature by and about Ursel Hochmuth Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine German National Library. Retrieved March 23, 2010 (in German)
- Map link to Katharina-Jacob-Weg, 22453 Hamburg, Germany Google Maps. March 30, 2010
Further reading
- German Resistance Memorial Center Short biography of Franz Jacob. Retrieved March 22, 2010
- Ursula Puls. Die Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen-Gruppe, Berlin (1959) (in German)
- Ursel Hochmuth. Widerstandsorganisation Bästlein-Jacob-Abshagen in Streiflichter aus dem Hamburger Widerstand 1933 - 1945, Frankfurt am Main (1969) (in German)
- Frank Müller. Mitglieder der Bürgerschaft. Opfer totalitärer Verfolgung, 2nd Edition, expanded. Hamburg (1995) pp. 47–50
- Kathleen Marowsky. Die Bästlein-Jacobs-Abshagen Gruppe - Ein Beispiel des kommunistischen Widerstands in Hamburg im „Dritten Reich" (Written by a historian from Hamburg.) Retrieved March 23, 2010 (in German)