Kitch-iti-kipi

Kitch-iti-kipi ("KITCH-i-tee-KI-pee" with short "i"s)[1] is Michigan's largest natural freshwater spring.[1][2][3] The name means "big cold spring" in the Ojibwe language.[1] It is also sometimes referred to as the Big Spring.[2][4] Kitch-iti-kipi, or "Mirror of Heaven" as it is referred to today,[5] was originally given that name by the Ojibwe.[4]

Kitch-iti-kipi
Big Spring
View of the Kitch-iti-kipi spring
LocationSchoolcraft County, Michigan
Coordinates46.00412°N 86.38201°W / 46.00412; -86.38201
Typespring
Kitch-iti-kipi viewing raft
Underwater branches
Kitch-iti-kipi spring bubbling up sand
Fish among underwater tree branches

Kitch-iti-kipi spring is one of the major tourist attractions on Michigan's Upper Peninsula.[4] It is located in Thompson Township of Schoolcraft County, northwest of the town of Manistique, within Palms Book State Park.[6][7] The state of Michigan was granted the spring with accompanying land in 1926, under the condition that it be turned into a public park. The state has since acquired surrounding land and expanded the park considerably.[4]

Appearance and features

Kitch-iti-kipi is an oval pool measuring 300 by 175 feet (91 m × 53 m) and is about 40 feet (12 m) deep with an emerald green bottom.[4] From fissures in underlying limestone flows 10,000 US gallons per minute (630 l/s) of spring water throughout the year at a constant temperature of 45 °F (7 °C).[4][2]

Hydraulic pressure forces the groundwater to the surface. It is not known exactly where this enormous volume of water comes from. The spring's pool bowl is similar to other sinkholes, except that it is connected with an aquifer (underground stream) to nearby Indian Lake. The small spring pool was created when the top layer of limestone dissolved away and collapsed into the cave already created by the underground water.[1]

In the crystal clear waters of the spring, ancient tree trunks with mineral encrusted branches can be seen, as well as fish.[4] Fish species commonly present in the spring are lake trout, brown trout and brook trout. On occasion, one may spot yellow perch and other species that move between Big Spring and Indian Lake.[1]

The name Kitch-iti-kipi is said to have many meanings in the language of the local indigenous Ojibwe people. Some were "The Great Water", "The Blue Sky I See", and "Bubbling Spring". Other Native Americans called it "The Roaring", "Drum Water", and the "Sound of Thunder"—even though there is total silence coming from the spring.[6] A kaleidoscope effect of ever-changing shapes and forms within the spring are caused by the clouds of sand kept in constant motion by the gushing waters.[4]

History

The state of Michigan acquired Kitch-iti-kipi in 1926. History records that John I. Bellaire, owner of a Manistique Five and Dime store, fell in love with the black hole spring when he discovered it in the thick wilderness of Michigan's Upper Peninsula in the 1920s. It was hidden in a tangle of fallen trees and loggers were using the nearby area as a dump.[6]

Bellaire saw its potential as a public recreation spot. He could have purchased the spring and adjoining property himself; however, he persuaded Frank Palms of the Palms Book Land Company to sell the spring and 90 acres (36 ha) to the state of Michigan for $10. The property deed requires the property "to be forever used as a public park, bearing the name Palms Book State Park."[6] The State of Michigan has since acquired adjacent land, and the park now encompasses over 300 acres (120 ha).[4]

Raft

A self-operated observation raft guides park visitors to vantage points overlooking the underwater features.[4][2] This raft is on a cable that is pulled across the spring pool by park visitors or by a park employee. There are viewing windows where visitors can see the fast flowing spring. Visitors can look over the side of the raft for viewing as well. The Michigan Department of Natural Resources and Michigan's Civilian Conservation Corps constructed the raft, dock, concession stand and ranger's quarters in 2003.[8]

Native American legends

There are several purported Native American legends regarding Kitch-iti-kipi. However, some sources suggest that they were made up by Bellaire himself to publicize the park.[1][6]

One legend goes that Kitch-iti-kipi was a young chieftain of the area. He told his girlfriend that he loved her far more than the other dark-haired maidens dancing near his birchbark wigwam. She claimed she wanted to put him through a test of love and demanded, "Prove it!" The test of his devotion was that he must set sail in his canoe on this spring lake deep in the conifer swamp. She would then leap from an overhanging branch in an act of faith. He was to catch her from his canoe proving his love.[4] He then took his fragile canoe onto the icy waters of the lake looking for her. Eventually his canoe tipped over in the endeavor. He drowned in the attempt to satisfy the vanity of his love for this Native American maiden. It turned out that she was back at her village with other Native American maidens, laughing about his frivolous quest. The spring was then named in his memory.[9]

Another legend was that Native American maidens of the area would take a drop of honey on a piece of birch bark and dip it into the spring. This would then be presented to a young chieftain that they adored to make him true forever.[6]

Another legend talks about the tamarack trees growing on the banks of the spring. A small piece of the bark was ground in a mortar and pestle by a local inhabitant. The remnants were then placed in the individual's empty pockets and were magically replaced by glittering gold at exactly midnight that night.[6]

Other Native American legends tell of some local parents who came to the pool seeking names for their newborn sons or daughters. They supposedly found names like Satu (darling), Kakushika (big eye), Natukoro (lovely flower) and We-shi (little fish) in the sounds of the rippling water.[6] Still other legends say the Native Americans had even attributed special healing powers to the spring waters.[6]

References
  1. "A Spring with a story to tell". Detroit Free Press. Detroit, Michigan. August 30, 1999. p. 19 – via Newspapers.com .
  2. Madison, George; Lockwood, Roger N. (October 2004). "Manistique River Assessment". Fisheries Special Report 31 (PDF). Ann Arbor: Michigan Department of Natural Resources. pp. 65–72. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 20, 2007. Retrieved May 12, 2008.
  3. U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Kitch-iti-kipi
  4. "Big Spring (Kitch-iti-kipi)". Exploring the North. Archived from the original on May 10, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2008.
  5. "Michigan". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. St. Louis, Missouri. June 2, 2002. p. 128. Archived from the original on July 13, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2020 – via Newspapers.com .
  6. Michigan Department of Natural Resources. "Palms Book State Park Detail". Michigan Department of Natural Resources. Archived from the original on June 2, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2008.
  7. DuFresne, Jim; Clifton-Thornton, Christine (1998). Michigan State Parks: A Complete Recreation Guide. Seattle: The Mountaineers Books. p. 9. ISBN 0-89886-544-1. Retrieved May 12, 2008 – via Google Books.
  8. "'Big Spring' park gets $140,000 in renovations". Livingston County Daily Press and Argus. Howell, Michigan. June 15, 2003. p. 13 – via Newspapers.com .
  9. "Kitchitikipi: Big Spring". Upper Michigan Waterfalls. Archived from the original on April 15, 2008. Retrieved May 12, 2008.
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