Leaky feeder

A leaky feeder is a communications system used in underground mining and other tunnel environments.[1] Manufacturers and cabling professionals use the term "radiating cable"[2][3][4] as this implies that the cable is designed to radiate: something that coaxial cable is not generally supposed to do.

Diagram of leaky feeder cable

Principle

A leaky feeder communication system consists of a cable run along tunnels which emits and receives radio waves, functioning as an extended antenna. The cable is "leaky" in that it has gaps or slots in its outer conductor to allow the radio signal to leak into or out of the cable along its entire length. Because of this leakage of signal, line amplifiers are required to be inserted at regular intervals, typically every 350 to 500 metres, to boost the signal back up to acceptable levels. The signal is usually picked up by portable transceivers carried by personnel. Transmissions from the transceivers are picked up by the feeder and carried to other parts of the tunnel, allowing two-way radio communication throughout the tunnel system.

The system has a limited range and because of the frequency it uses (typically VHF or UHF), transmissions cannot pass through solid rock, which limits the system to a line-of-sight application. It does, however, allow two-way mobile communication.

Applications

Mining

Leaky feeders are used in the mining industry as a method of wireless communication between miners. The system is used as a primary communication system which has a transceiver small enough to be comfortably worn on a miner throughout an entire shift.[5]

Underground railways

The leaky feeder system is used for underground mobile communication in mass transit railways. In the Delhi Metro, rail transport systems of Hong Kong, and the Copenhagen Metro (Danish: CityRingen), leaky feeders were incorporated in the specification of the capital project and installed during construction. This gives emergency services seamless mobile communication from the underground to the surface.

London Underground uses a leaky feeder system for its internal communication network Connect.[6] The emergency services' communications system, however, was not compatible and did not work underground. The fact that this situation continued to exist after the 1987 King's Cross fire was criticized in the reports from the 7 July 2005 London bombings, where it hampered rescue efforts.[7]

An alternative to using leaky feeder in underground railways is to use Distributed Antenna System (DAS). A DAS system was deployed in some New York City Subway stations by Transit Wireless to provide WiFi and mobile phone and data coverage for customers.[8]

In-flight wireless networks

Leaky feeder antenna system can also be used to allow reception of on-board GSM and WiFi signals on passenger aircraft.[9][10] The weight and space requirements of leaky feeder systems are usually lower than comparable antenna systems, thus saving space and fuel. The even field strengths produced by runs of leaky feeders spanning the entire fuselage improve coverage while requiring less transmitting power.

Industrial buildings

Leaky feeders are used in hotels, warehouses and other industrial buildings where it is difficult to get WiFi coverage using normal access points. Some installations have 50–75 meters of leaky wire connected to the antenna output of access points.[11]

See also

References
  1. "Improvements coming soon to mine communications". Kentucky New Era. Associated Press. 19 February 2007. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
  2. "Times Microwave Radiating Cable Catalogue" (PDF). Times Microwave. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  3. "Radiating Cable". CommScope. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
  4. "Radiating cable revealed". Radio Frequency Systems. Archived from the original on 30 August 2017. Retrieved 13 September 2014.
  5. "Basic Tutorial on Wireless Communication and Electronic Tracking: Technology Overview". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  6. "Victoria line heads Metronet renewal". Railway Gazette International. 1 August 2003. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
  7. "Communications blamed in London bomb response". PC Advisor. 23 February 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2012.
  8. Nally, Jonathan (30 September 2013). "Tunnel vision: getting New York talking". CriticcalComms. Archived from the original on 1 October 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2014.
  9. ETSI White Paper No. 4 GSM operation onboard aircraft (PDF), January 2007
  10. W. L. Gore & Associates (15 October 2013), "Leaky Feeder Antennas for Airborne Wi-Fi", Microwave Journal
  11. Wall to Wall Communications https://walltowallcomms.co.uk/2019/02/11/leakyfeederinstallation/. Retrieved 12 March 2019. Missing or empty |title= (help)
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