Leipzig–Jakarta list
The Leipzig–Jakarta list of 100 words is used by linguists to test the degree of chronological separation of languages by comparing words that are resistant to borrowing. The Leipzig–Jakarta list became available in 2009.[1]
In the 1950s, the linguist Morris Swadesh published a list of 200 words called the Swadesh list, allegedly the 200 lexical concepts found in all languages that were least likely to be borrowed from other languages. Swadesh later whittled his list down to 100 items. The Swadesh list, however, was based mainly on intuition, according to Martin Haspelmath and Uri Tadmor.[2]
The Loanword Typology Project, with the World Loanword Database (WOLD), published by the Max Planck Digital Library, was established to rectify this problem. Experts on 41 languages from across the world were given a uniform vocabulary list and asked to provide the words for each item in the language on which they were an expert, as well as information on how strong the evidence that each word was borrowed was.[3] The 100 concepts that were found in most languages and were most resistant to borrowing formed the Leipzig–Jakarta list. Only 62 items on the Leipzig–Jakarta list and on the 100-word Swadesh list overlap, hence a 38% difference between the two lists.
25% of the words in the Leipzig–Jakarta list are body parts: mouth, eye, leg/foot, navel, liver, knee, etc.[4] Six animal words appear on the list: fish, bird, dog, louse, ant and fly – animals found everywhere humans can be found.[5]
The items house, name, rope and to tie are products of human culture, but are probably found in all present-day human societies. Haspelmath and Tadmor drew the conclusion that "rope is the most basic of human tools and tying is the most basic technology".[6]
The list
Alphabetical
- ant
- arm/hand
- ash
- back
- big
- bird
- to bite
- bitter
- black
- blood
- to blow
- bone
- breast
- to burn (intransitive)
- to carry
- child (reciprocal of parent)
- to come
- to crush/to grind
- to cry/to weep
- to do/to make
- dog
- to drink
- ear
- to eat
- egg
- eye
- to fall
- far
- fire
- fish
- flesh/meat
- fly
- to give
- to go
- good
- hair
- hard
- he/she/it/him/her
- to hear
- heavy
- to hide
- to hit/to beat
- horn
- house
- I/me
- in
- knee
- to know
- to laugh
- leaf
- leg/foot
- liver
- long
- louse
- mouth
- name
- navel
- neck
- new
- night
- nose
- not
- old
- one
- rain
- red
- root
- rope
- to run
- salt
- sand
- to say
- to see
- shade/shadow
- skin/hide
- small
- smoke
- soil
- to stand
- star
- stone/rock
- to suck
- sweet
- tail
- to take
- thick
- thigh
- this
- to tie
- tongue
- tooth
- water
- what?
- who?
- wide
- wind
- wing
- wood
- yesterday
- you (singular)
Ranked
Below are lexical items in the Leipzig–Jakarta list as ranked by semantic stability, i.e. words least likely to be replaced by other words as a language evolves.[7][8]
- 1. fire
- 2. nose
- 3. to go
- 4. water
- 5. mouth
- 6. tongue
- 7. blood
- 7. bone
- 9. 2SG pronoun
- 9. root
- 11. to come
- 12. breast
- 13. rain
- 14. 1SG pronoun
- 15. name
- 15. louse
- 17. wing
- 18. flesh/meat
- 19. arm/hand
- 20. fly
- 20. night
- 22. ear
- 23. neck
- 23. far
- 25. to do/make
- 26. house
- 27. stone/rock
- 28. bitter
- 28. to say
- 28. tooth
- 31. hair
- 32. big
- 32. one
- 34. who?
- 34. 3SG pronoun
- 36. to hit/beat
- 37. leg/foot
- 38. horn
- 38. this
- 38. fish
- 41. yesterday
- 42. to drink
- 42. black
- 42. navel
- 45. to stand
- 46. to bite
- 46. back
- 48. wind
- 49. smoke
- 50. what?
- 51. child (kin term)
- 52. egg
- 53. to give
- 53. new
- 53. to burn (intr.)
- 56. not
- 56. good
- 58. to know
- 59. knee
- 59. sand
- 61. to laugh
- 61. to hear
- 63. soil
- 64. leaf
- 64. red
- 66. liver
- 67. to hide
- 67. skin/hide
- 67. to suck
- 70. to carry
- 71. ant
- 71. heavy
- 71. to take
- 74. old
- 75. to eat
- 76. thigh
- 76. thick
- 78. long
- 79. to blow
- 80. wood
- 81. to run
- 81. to fall
- 83. eye
- 84. ash
- 84. tail
- 84. dog
- 87. to cry/weep
- 88. to tie
- 89. to see
- 89. sweet
- 91. rope
- 91. shade/shadow
- 91. bird
- 91. salt
- 91. small
- 96. wide
- 97. star
- 97. in
- 99. hard
- 100. to crush/grind
Differences with the Swadesh list
Items on the Leipzig-Jakarta list but not on the 100-word Swadesh list:[9]
- ant
- back
- bitter
- to blow
- to carry
- child (kin term)
- to crush/grind
- to cry/weep
- to do/make
- to fall
- far
- fly (noun)
- to go
- hard
- 3SG pronoun
- heavy
- to hide
- house
- in
- to laugh
- navel
- old
- rope
- to run
- salt
- shade/shadow
- to hit/beat
- to suck
- sweet
- to take
- thick
- thigh
- to tie
- wide
- wind
- wing
- wood
- yesterday
Items on the Leipzig-Jakarta list but not on the 207-word Swadesh list:
- ant
- bitter
- to carry
- to crush/grind
- to cry/weep
- to do/make
- to go
- hard
- 3SG pronoun
- to hide
- house
- navel
- to run
- shade/shadow
- sweet
- to take
- thigh
- wood (vs. stick/tree)
- yesterday
Items on the 100-word Swadesh list but not on the Leipzig-Jakarta list:[9]
- all
- bark
- belly
- cloud
- cold
- die
- dry
- feather
- fingernail
- fly (verb)
- full
- grease
- green
- head
- heart
- hot
- kill
- lie
- man
- many
- moon
- mountain
- path
- person
- round
- seed
- sit
- sleep
- sun
- swim
- that
- tree
- two
- walk
- we
- white
- woman
- yellow
References
- "Linguistic Fieldwork: A Student Guide" by J. Sakel and D. L. Everett
- Haspelmath, p. 72
- "WOLD -". wold.clld.org. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
- Haspelmath, p. 71
- Haspelmath, p. 72
- Haspelmath, p. 72
- http://udel.edu/~pcole/fieldmethods2010/The%20Leipzig-Jakarta%20Word%20List.pdf Source: Haspelmath, Martin and Uri Tadmor (eds.), 2009. Loanwords in the World’s Languages: A Comparative Handbook. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
- Tadmor, Uri, Martin Haspelmath, and Bradley Taylor. 2010. Borrowability and the notion of basic vocabulary. Diachronica 27:2 (2010), 226–246. doi:10.1075/dia.27.2.04tad
- Haspelmath, p. 74
External links
- The Leipzig-Jakarta list on Concepticon