List of Armenian Olympic medalists

Due to historical and political reasons,[lower-alpha 1] only a small portion of Armenian athletes and athletes of Armenian descent have competed for Armenia in the Olympic Games. Armenian kings Tiridates III and Varazdat were recorded as champions in the Ancient Olympic Games. The first Armenians to participate in modern Olympics were athletes Mkrtich Mkryan and Vahram Papazyan, who represented the Ottoman Empire at the 1912 Stockholm Games.[1] The first Armenian to win a medal was Hal Haig Prieste, a son of Armenian immigrants, who won a bronze medal in diving at the 1920 Antwerp Games for the United States.[2] Soviet Armenian gymnast Hrant Shahinyan became the first Armenian gold medalist of the modern Olympics in 1952.

Soviet gymnast Albert Azaryan (pictured on a 2009 postage stamp) is the most decorated Armenian Olympian of all time with three gold and one silver medals.

Mkrtich Mkryan (left) and Vahram Papazyan (right) from the Ottoman Empire were the first Armenians to compete in the modern Olympic Games.[1]

From 1952 to 1988, most Armenian athletes represented the Soviet Union. Although Armenia became an independent state in 1991, during the 1992 Barcelona Games Armenia and other former Soviet states (except the Baltic states) were part of the Unified Team. The National Olympic Committee of Armenia was founded in 1990 and became an International Olympic Committee member in 1993.[3] Since the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, the Republic of Armenia participates separately, but some Armenian athletes still compete under foreign flags, including ethnic Armenians born abroad and those who emigrated from Armenia.

Ancient Olympic Games

One of the most prominent Armenian kings, Tiridates III, who is best known for adopting Christianity as Armenia's state religion in 301, became a champion in wrestling in the 265th Olympics in 281 at age 22-23.[4] King of Armenia Varazdat (Varasdates) from the Arshakuni dynasty, who reigned between 374 and 378,[5] is the last known champion of the Ancient Olympic Games. He became a champion in fisticuffs at the 291st Olympic Games in 385 A.D., seven years after leaving the Armenian throne.[6][lower-alpha 2]

Modern Olympics

Summer Olympics

Medal	Name	Country	Games	Sport	Event	Ref
Bronze	Hal Haig Prieste	United States	1920 Antwerp	Diving	Men's 10 metre platform	[2]
Gold	Hrant Shahinyan	Soviet Union	1952 Helsinki	Gymnastics	Men's team all-around	[20][21]
Silver	Hrant Shahinyan	Soviet Union	1952 Helsinki	Gymnastics	Men's individual all-around	[20][21]
Gold	Hrant Shahinyan	Soviet Union	1952 Helsinki	Gymnastics	Men's rings	[21]
Silver	Hrant Shahinyan	Soviet Union	1952 Helsinki	Gymnastics	Men's pommel horse	[21]
Gold	Rafael Chimishkyan	Soviet Union	1952 Helsinki	Weightlifting	Men's Featherweight	[22]
Bronze	Artem Teryan	Soviet Union	1952 Helsinki	Wrestling	Men's Greco-Roman Bantamweight	[23]
Gold	Vladimir Yengibaryan	Soviet Union	1956 Melbourne	Boxing	Men's Light Welterweight	[24]
Gold	Albert Azaryan	Soviet Union	1956 Melbourne	Gymnastics	Men's team all-around	[25]
Gold	Albert Azaryan	Soviet Union	1956 Melbourne	Gymnastics	Men's Rings	[25]
Gold	Nikita Simonyan	Soviet Union	1956 Melbourne	Football	Men's tournament	[26]
Bronze	Boris Markarov	Soviet Union	1956 Melbourne	Water polo	Men's tournament	[27]
Bronze	Igor Ter-Ovanesyan[28]	Soviet Union	1960 Rome	Athletics	Men's long jump	[29]
Gold	Albert Azaryan	Soviet Union	1960 Rome	Gymnastics	Men's rings	[25]
Silver	Albert Azaryan	Soviet Union	1960 Rome	Gymnastics	Men's team all-around	[25]
Bronze	Igor Ter-Ovanesyan[28]	Soviet Union	1964 Tokyo	Athletics	Men's long jump	[29]
Silver	Armenak Alachachian	Soviet Union	1964 Tokyo	Basketball	Men's basketball	[30]
Gold	Norair Nurikyan	Bulgaria	1972 Munich	Weightlifting	Men's Featherweight	[31]
Silver	Edvard Mikaelian	Soviet Union	1972 Munich	Gymnastics	Men's artistic team all-around	[32]
Bronze	Arkady Andreasyan	Soviet Union	1972 Munich	Football	Men's tournament	[33]
Bronze	Oganes Zanazanyan	Soviet Union	1972 Munich	Football	Men's tournament	[34]
Gold	Norair Nurikyan	Bulgaria	1976 Montreal	Weightlifting	Men's Bantamweight	[31]
Silver	Vardan Militosyan	Soviet Union	1976 Montreal	Weightlifting	Men's middleweight	[35]
Silver	Nelson Davidyan	Soviet Union	1976 Montreal	Wrestling	Men's Greco-Roman 62 kg	[36]
Gold	Suren Nalbandyan	Soviet Union	1976 Montreal	Wrestling	Men's Greco-Roman 68 kg	[37]
Bronze	Anushavan Gassan-Dzhalilov	Soviet Union	1976 Montreal	Rowing	Men's coxless fours	[38]
Silver	Nina Muradyan	Soviet Union	1976 Montreal	Volleyball	Women's tournament	[39]
Bronze	David Torosyan	Soviet Union	1976 Montreal	Boxing	Men's Flyweight	[40]
Silver	Yurik Sarkisyan	Soviet Union	1980 Moscow	Weightlifting	Men's 56 kg	[41]
Gold	Eduard Azaryan	Soviet Union	1980 Moscow	Gymnastics	Men's artistic team all-around	[42]
Silver	Sirvard Emirzyan	Soviet Union	1980 Moscow	Diving	Women's 10 metre platform	[43]
Bronze	Ashot Karagyan	Soviet Union	1980 Moscow	Fencing	Men's team foil	[44]
Gold	Yurik Vardanyan	Soviet Union	1980 Moscow	Weightlifting	Men's 82.5 kg	[45]
Bronze	David Ambartsumyan	Soviet Union	1980 Moscow	Diving	Men's 10 metre platform	[46]
Silver	Ashot Karagyan	Soviet Union	1980 Moscow	Fencing	Men's team épée	[44]
Bronze	Bernard Tchoullouyan	France	1980 Moscow	Judo	Men's Half Middleweight	[47]
Bronze	Sos Hayrapetyan	Soviet Union	1980 Moscow	Field hockey	Men's tournament	[48]
Gold	Sanasar Oganisyan	Soviet Union	1980 Moscow	Wrestling	Men's freestyle 90 kg	[49]
Bronze	Khoren Hovhannisyan	Soviet Union	1980 Moscow	Football	Men's tournament	[50]
Gold	Oksen Mirzoyan	Soviet Union	1988 Seoul	Weightlifting	Men's Bantamweight	[51]
Silver	Israel Militosyan	Soviet Union	1988 Seoul	Weightlifting	Men's Lightweight	[52]
Gold	Levon Julfalakyan	Soviet Union	1988 Seoul	Wrestling	Men's Greco-Roman 68 kg	[53]
Silver	Heorhiy Pohosov	Soviet Union	1988 Seoul	Fencing	Men's team sabre	[54]
Silver	Stepan Sarkisyan	Soviet Union	1988 Seoul	Wrestling	Men's freestyle 62 kg	[55]
Bronze	Manuela Maleeva[56]	Bulgaria	1988 Seoul	Tennis	Women's Singles	[57]
Silver	Alfred Ter-Mkrtchyan	Unified Team	1992 Barcelona	Wrestling	Men's Greco-Roman 52 kg	[58]
Gold	Mnatsakan Iskandaryan	Unified Team	1992 Barcelona	Wrestling	Men's Greco-Roman 74 kg	[59]
Gold	Israel Militosyan	Unified Team	1992 Barcelona	Weightlifting	Men's Lightweight–67.5 kg	[52]
Gold	Hrachya Petikyan	Unified Team	1992 Barcelona	Shooting	Men's 50 metre rifle three positions	[60]
Gold	Elen Shakirova[61]	Unified Team	1992 Barcelona	Basketball	Women's tournament	[62]
Gold	Heorhiy Pohosov	Unified Team	1992 Barcelona	Fencing	Men's team sabre	[54]
Gold	Armen Nazaryan	Armenia	1996 Atlanta	Wrestling	Men's Greco-Roman Flyweight	[63]
Silver	Armen Bagdasarov	Uzbekistan	1996 Atlanta	Judo	Men's Middleweight	[64]
Bronze	Karina Aznavourian[65]	Russia	1996 Atlanta	Fencing	Women's team épée	[66]
Silver	Armen Mkrtchyan	Armenia	1996 Atlanta	Wrestling	Men's Freestyle Light Flyweight	[67]
Gold	Andre Agassi[68]	United States	1996 Atlanta	Tennis	Men's singles	[69]
Gold	Karina Aznavourian[65]	Russia	2000 Sydney	Fencing	Women's team épée	[66]
Silver	Benjamin Varonian	France	2000 Sydney	Gymnastics	Men's horizontal bar	[70]
Bronze	Arsen Melikyan	Armenia	2000 Sydney	Weightlifting	Men's Middleweight–77 kg	[71]
Gold	Varteres Samurgashev	Russia	2000 Sydney	Wrestling	Men's Greco-Roman 63 kg	[72]
Gold	Armen Nazaryan	Bulgaria	2000 Sydney	Wrestling	Men's Greco-Roman flyweight–58 kg	[63]
Gold	Pavel Sukosyan[73]	Russia	2000 Sydney	Handball	Men's tournament	[74]
Gold	Karina Aznavourian[65]	Russia	2004 Athens	Fencing	Women's team épée	[66]
Bronze	Artiom Kiouregkian	Greece	2004 Athens	Wrestling	Men's Greco-Roman 55 kg	[75]
Silver	Ara Abrahamian	Sweden	2004 Athens	Wrestling	Men's Greco-Roman 84 kg	[76]
Silver	Dimitra Asilian	Greece	2004 Athens	Water polo	Women's competition	[77]
Bronze	Mkhitar Manukyan	Kazakhstan	2004 Athens	Wrestling	Men's Greco-Roman 66 kg	[72]
Bronze	Armen Nazaryan	Bulgaria	2004 Athens	Wrestling	Men's Greco-Roman 60 kg	[63]
Bronze	Varteres Samurgashev	Russia	2004 Athens	Wrestling	Men's Greco-Roman 74 kg	[72]
Bronze	Tigran G. Martirosyan	Armenia	2008 Beijing	Weightlifting	Men's Middleweight (69 kg)	[78]
Bronze	Armen Vardanyan	Ukraine	2008 Beijing	Wrestling	Men's Greco-Roman 66 kg	[79]
Bronze	Gevorg Davtyan	Armenia	2008 Beijing	Weightlifting	Men's Middleweight (77 kg)	[80]
Bronze	Tigran V. Martirosyan	Armenia	2008 Beijing	Weightlifting	Men's Middleweight (85 kg)	[81]
Gold	Artur Ayvazyan	Ukraine	2008 Beijing	Shooting	Men's 50 metre rifle prone	[82]
Gold	Biurakn Hakhverdian	Netherlands	2008 Beijing	Water polo	Women's competition	[83]
Bronze	Hrachik Javakhyan	Armenia	2008 Beijing	Boxing	Men's Lightweight	[84]
Gold	Arsen Galstyan	Russia	2012 London	Judo	Men's extra-lightweight–60 kg	[85]
Bronze	Hripsime Khurshudyan	Armenia	2012 London	Weightlifting	Women's +75 kg	[86]
Silver	Arsen Julfalakyan	Armenia	2012 London	Wrestling	Men's Greco-Roman–74 kg	[87]
Bronze	Artur Aleksanyan	Armenia	2012 London	Wrestling	Men's Greco-Roman–96 kg	[88]
Bronze	David Ayrapetyan	Russia	2012 London	Boxing	Men's light flyweight–49 kg	[89]
Gold	Yana Egorian	Russia	2016 Rio	Fencing	Women's sabre	[90]
Silver	Seda Tutkhalyan	Russia	2016 Rio	Gymnastics	Women's artistic team all-around	[91]
Bronze	Kirill Grigoryan	Russia	2016 Rio	Shooting	Men's 50 metre rifle prone	[92]
Gold	Yana Egorian	Russia	2016 Rio	Fencing	Women's team sabre	[93]
Silver	Simon Martirosyan	Armenia	2016 Rio	Weightlifting	Men's 105 kg	[94]
Silver	Mihran Harutyunyan	Armenia	2016 Rio	Wrestling	Men's Greco-Roman 66 kg	[95]
Gold	Artur Aleksanyan	Armenia	2016 Rio	Wrestling	Men's Greco-Roman 98 kg	[96]
Silver	Gor Minasyan	Armenia	2016 Rio	Weightlifting	Men's +105 kg	[97]
Bronze	Artem Harutyunyan	Germany	2016 Rio	Boxing	Men's light welterweight 64 kg	[98]

By games Games Gold Silver Bronze Total 1920 Antwerp 0 0 1 1 1952 Helsinki 3 2 1 6 1956 Melbourne 4 0 0 4 1960 Rome 1 1 1 3 1964 Tokyo 0 1 1 2 1972 Munich 1 1 2 4 1976 Montreal 2 3 2 7 1980 Moscow 3 3 5 11 1988 Seoul 2 3 1 6 1992 Barcelona 5 1 0 6 1996 Atlanta 2 2 1 5 2000 Sydney 4 1 1 6 2004 Athens 1 2 4 7 2008 Beijing 2 0 5 7 2012 London 1 1 3 5 2016 Rio 3 4 2 9 Totals (16 games) 34 25 30 89

By sport Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total Wrestling 8 7 7 22 Gymnastics 6 6 0 12 Weightlifting 6 5 5 16 Fencing 5 2 2 9 Shooting 2 0 1 3 Judo 1 1 1 3 Basketball 1 1 0 2 Water polo 1 1 0 2 Boxing 1 0 4 5 Football 1 0 3 4 Tennis 1 0 1 2 Handball 1 0 0 1 Diving 0 1 2 3 Volleyball 0 1 0 1 Athletics 0 0 2 2 Field hockey 0 0 1 1 Rowing 0 0 1 1 Totals (17 sports) 34 25 30 89

By country Country Gold Silver Bronze Total Soviet Union 14 14 11 39 Russia 7 1 4 12 Unified Team 5 1 0 6 Bulgaria 3 0 2 5 Armenia 2 5 7 14 Ukraine 1 0 1 2 United States 1 0 1 2 Netherlands 1 0 0 1 France 0 1 1 2 Greece 0 1 1 2 Sweden 0 1 0 1 Uzbekistan 0 1 0 1 Germany 0 0 1 1 Kazakhstan 0 0 1 1 Totals (14 countrys) 34 25 30 89

Disqualified athletes

• Ashot Danielyan of Armenia was stripped of his medal and suspended following a positive drug test after winning a bronze medal at the 2000 Sydney Games in Men's +105 kg Weightlifting.[99]
• Ara Abrahamian of Sweden was disqualified after winning a bronze medal at the 2008 Beijing Games in Men's Greco-Roman 84 kg Wrestling due to "violating the spirit of fair play."[100]

Armenian coaches of non-Armenian Olympic medalists

• Adam Krikorian the head coach of the USA water polo women's team. At the 2016 Rio Games the USA water polo women's team wins gold medal.^[1]

Winter Olympics

Medal	Name	Country	Games	Sport	Event	Ref
Gold	Grigory Mkrtychan	Soviet Union	1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo	Ice hockey	Men's tournament	[101]
Gold	Vicki Movsessian	United States	1998 Nagano	Ice hockey	Women's tournament	[102]

By games Games Gold Silver Bronze Total 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 1 0 0 0 1998 Nagano 1 0 0 0 Total 2 0 0 2

By sport Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total Ice hockey 2 0 0 2 Totals (1 sports) 2 0 0 2

By country Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total Soviet Union 1 0 0 1 United States 1 0 0 1 Totals (2 sports) 2 0 0 2

See also

• Armenia at the Olympics

References

Notes

1. At the time of the first modern Olympics in 1896, the Armenian homeland (i.e. the Armenian Highlands that has historically been called simply "Armenia" and held the overwhelming majority of the world's Armenian population until the Armenian Genocide of 1915), was divided between the Ottoman and Russian Empires. In 1918, the First Republic of Armenia was established in the parts of the Armenian homeland where Armenians still lived. It existed only two years and was annexed by the Red Army in late 1920. The Armenian SSR became part of the Soviet Union by the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR in December 1922. Armenia became independent following the 1991 independence referendum during the last months of the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
2. 385 is the most widely accepted date,[7][8][9][10][11] supported by a memorial plate at the museum in Olympia, Greece.[12] Other authors have indicated 369,[13][14][15][16] 365,[17] and 393[18] as the date of his victory. Some authors have erroneously stated that Varazdat was an Olympic champion in wrestling or pentathlon.[19]

Citations

1. "Armenian Sport Life in the pre-WWI Ottoman Empire". Armenian Genocide Museum-Institute. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
2. "One More Olympic Moment Camden's Hal Prieste, 103, The Oldest Living Olympian, Will Go To Sydney To Return A Flag He Captured In 1920". The Philadelphia Inquirer. 9 September 2000. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
3. "Armenia". Official website of the Olympic Movement. Archived from the original on August 31, 2012. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
4. Ispirian 2000, p. 191.
5. According to Faustus of Byzantium; see Hacikyan, Agop Jack; Basmajian, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; Ouzounian, Nourhan (2000). The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the Oral Tradition to the Golden Age. 1. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 184. ISBN 9780814328156.
6. Ispirian 2000, p. 194.
7. Gardiner, E. Norman (2002). Athletics in the ancient world. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 9780486424866. The last Olympic victor whose name we know is the Armenian Prince Varazdates, who won the boxing in the 291st Olympiad (A. D. 385).
8. Mandell, Richard D. (1987). The Nazi Olympics. Champaign: University of Illinois Press. p. 6. ISBN 9780252013256. Under the tolerant, assimilating Romans, the Olympics became polyglot and the last Olympic victor of whom we have record was an Armenian prince, Varaztad, who won a boxing match in A.D. 385.
9. Trypanis, Constantine Athanasius (1964). Grooves in the wind. Chilmark Press. p. 7. By a strange irony of fate the last recorded victor of the national (Olympic) games was Varazdates, a Ascarid from Armenia, who won the boxing in a.d. 385.
10. Baker, William Joseph (1988). Sports in the Western world (Rev. ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 40. ISBN 9780252060427. Fittingly, the last champion for whom there is evidence was not a Greek, but an Armenian boxer named Varaztad.
11. Lambros, Sp. P.; Polites, N. G. (1896). The Olympic Games, B.C.776-A.D.1896: Part First. New York: American Olympic Committee. p. 8. This explains how in the two hundred and ninety first Olympiad (385 B.C.) the victory was carried off by the Armenian pugilist, Varasdates, a descendant of the royal family of Arsacides, who became later the king of Armenia. This Varasdates was the last conqueror in the Olympic Games known to us.
12. Ispirian 2000, pp. 193-194: "Հարցի ճշգրտման վրա լույս է սփռում Հունաստանի Օլիմպիա ավանի օլիմպիական թանգարանում ցուցադրվող դարերի խոքից մեզ հասած հուշագիրը, ուր աղյուսաձև վերից վար նշված են օլիմպիական խաղերի թվերը, դրանց անցկացման տարեթվերը, օլիմպիական խաղերի չեմպիոնների անունները և նրանց երկրների անվանումները: Այդ հուշագիրը տեղեկացնում է որ հին հունական օլիմպիոնոկոսի կոչումը նվաճել է հայաստանցի Վարազդատը:"
13. Scanlon, Thomas F. (2002). Eros and Greek Athletics. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 357. ISBN 9780195348767. Varazdates, a Arsacid from Armenia who won in boxing in A.D. 369.
14. Guttmann, Allen (2004). Sports: The First Five Millennia. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. p. 22. ISBN 9781558496101. The date of the last Olympic is as uncertain as the date of the first. Until quite recently, the last known victor was the Armenian prince Varazdat, who won the boxing competition in 369 A.D., but an inscription discovered at Olympia in 1994 gives the names of several athletes whose victories came as late as 385 A.D. If Theodosius I decreed an end to the Olympics in 394, as some scholars believe, then the last games took place in 393. (The evidence for this belief comes from an eleventh-century manuscript by Georgios Kedrenos.)
15. Wenn, Stephen R.; Schaus, Gerald P., eds. (2007). Onward to the Olympics : historical perspectives on the Olympic Games. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-88920-505-5. Not only does the honour of being the last known Olympian no longer belong to Varazdat(es) of Armenia in AD 369, but it is significant for our understanding of the "end" of the Games that these latest Olympians came from Athens, not from distant parts if the ancient world.
16. Littlewood, A.R. (2010). "Olympia". In Wilson, Nigel (ed.). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. New York: Routledge. p. 515. ISBN 978-0-415-87396-3. Although the Roman conquest initially involved a vast diminution in the games' prestige, they now become open to at least some non-Greeks (the last known victor, of boxing in AD 369, was Varazdates, the crown prince of Armenia).
17. Perrottet, Tony (2004). The Naked Olympics: The True Story of the Ancient Games. New York: Random House. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-8129-6991-7. A.D. 365 - The last Olympic victor on record is the Armenian prince Varazdate, who won the boxing in the 291st Olympiad. A.D. 393 - Last official Olympic Games (the 293rd). The victors' names are lost.
18. Katvalian, Maksim (1985). "Վարազդան [Varazdat]". In Hambardzumyan, Viktor (ed.). Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia (in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian Encyclopedia. pp. 305–306. Վարազդատը աղբյուրներում հայտնի է որպես բազմակողմանի զարգացած մարզիկ (ըստ Մովսես Խորենացու՝ կորովի նետաձիգ, ճարտար գազանամարտիկ, սուսերամարտիկ, ըմբշամարտիկ, բռնցքամարտիկ): Նրա անունը դրոշմվել է մարմարյա սալիկին՝ որպես վերջին օլիմպիադայի (393) չեմպիոնի:
19. Ispirian 2000, p. 193.
20. "Grant Shaginyan". databaseOlympics.com. Archived from the original on 17 October 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
21. "Шагинян Грант Амазаспович [Shaginyan Grant Amazaspovich]" (in Russian). Great Olympic Encyclopedia (2006). Archived from the original on 2014-08-05. Retrieved 2012-08-21.
22. "Rafael Chimishkyan". databaseOlympics.com. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
23. "Artem Teryan". databaseOlympics.com. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
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27. Американские ватерполисты мечтают выступать под флагом Армении
28. Armenian father; see "'Rome 1960': Politics at play in Olympic Games". Today. 7 July 2008. Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012. His father, an Armenian-born discus thrower, and his mother, a Ukrainian volleyball player, had met at the Kiev State Institute of Physical Education, and both taught there while he was growing up.
29. "Igor Ter-Ovanesyan". databaseOlympics.com. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
30. "Armenak Alachachyan". databaseOlympics.com. Archived from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
31. "Norair Nurikyanpublisher=databaseOlympics.com". Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
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56. Armenian mother; see "Manuela Maleeva–Female tennis player". events.bg. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 20 August 2012. The mother, who came from a prominent Armenian family, which found refuge in Bulgaria after the 1896 Armenian massacres in the Ottoman Empire, was the best Bulgarian tennis player in the 1960s.
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