List of Sapindaceae genera

This is a list of genera in the soapberry family, Sapindaceae, which includes the soapberries (Sapindus), maples (Acer), and paullinias, amongst others. As currently circumscribed, the family contains approximatively 1900 species into over 140 genera classified into 4 subfamilies.[1]

The fruits of Sapindus saponaria, western or wingleaf soapberry, give the family its vernacular name.

Phylogeny and circumscription

The circumscription of Sapindaceae encompasses the former Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae families as tribes in subfamily Hippocastanoideae. Although the classification at subfamilial level is fairly well-established, the circumscription at tribal and generic level remains only partially resolved, especially in the larger subfamily Sapindoideae, which has led the most recent revision to treat the majority of these genera without placing them in a tribe.[1] Another recent study hints at even more incongruity between traditional circumscription and molecular evidence.[2]

Changes have included the synonymization of Distichostemon with Dodonaea,[3] and Neotina and Tinopsis with Tina.[4] Additionally, not all authors agree about the broad circumscription that ensues from placing Xanthoceras as the sister group to the three traditional families as the resulting Sapindaceae sensu lato, unlike the traditional families, is difficult to characterize.[1][5] As a result, the elevation of Xanthoceroideae to family level was proposed, which would have removed six genera from Sapindaceae and Hippocastanoideae.[5]

This list follows Acevedo-Rodríguez et al.[1] as modified by more recent research.[3][4][6][7][8][9]

Subfamily Dodonaeoideae

• Arfeuillea[N 1] Radlkofer (1 Species; Thailand and Laos)
• Averrhoidium Baill.[10] (4 Species; Mexico, Tropical South America)
• Cossinia Comm. ex Lam.[11] (3; Mauritius, New Caledonia)
• Diplokeleba N.E.Br.[12] (2 species; South America)
• Diplopeltis Endl.[13] (5 species; Australia)
• Distichostemon F. Mueller[14]
• Dodonaea Mill.[15] (60+ species; Pantropical)
• Doratoxylon Thouars ex Hook.f.[16] (6 species; Mauritius, Madagascar)
• Euchorium[N 2] Ekman & Radlk.[17] (1 species; Cuba)
• Euphorianthus[N 3] Radlk.[18] (1; Eastern Malesia)
• Eurycorymbus Hand.-Mazz.[19] (1 species; China)
• Exothea Macfad.[20] (3; West Indies, Central America)
• Filicium[N 4] Thwaites ex Benth.[16] (3-4; Madagascar, East Africa to India, Sri Lanka)
• Ganophyllum Blume[21] (1-2; Paleotropics)
• Harpullia Roxb.[22] (26; India and China to Australasia)
• Hippobromus Eckl. & Zeyh.[23] (1; Africa)
• Hypelate P.Browne[24] (1; West Indies, Florida)
• Llagunoa Ruiz & Pav.[25] (3-4; Andes)
• Loxodiscus Hook.f.[26] (1; New Caledonia)
• Magonia A.St.-Hil.[27][N 5] (1;[N 6] Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay)
• Majidea J.Kirk ex Oliv.[28] (4-5; Africa and Madagascar)
• Zanha Hiern[29] (23; Southern Africa, Madagascar)

Hippocastanoideae

Acereae

• Acer L.[30] (120+; Northern hemisphere)
• Dipteronia Oliv.[31] (2; China)

Hippocastaneae

• Aesculus L.[30] (13; Temperate Northern hemisphere)
• Billia Peyr.[32] (2; Mexico to South America)
• Handeliodendron Rehder[33] (1; China)

Sapindoideae

Paullinieae

• Allophylastrum Acev.-Rodr.[6] (1; Brazil, Guyana)
• Allophylus L.[30](?[N 7]; Pantropical)
• Athyana Radlk.[34] (1; Peru, Bolivia, Argentina)
• Balsas J.Jiménez Ram. & K.Vega[7] (1; Mexico)
• Bridgesia Bertero ex Cambess.[35] (1; Chile)
• Cardiospermum L.[30] (15; Pantropical)
• Diatenopteryx Radlk.[36] (2; Southern South America)
• Lophostigma Radlk.[37] (2; Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia)
• Paullinia L.[30] (c. 190; Neotropics & Africa)
• Serjania Mill.[15] (c. 230; Neotropics)
• Thinouia Triana & Planch.[38] (c. 12; Central and South America)
• Urvillea Kunth[39] (c. 15; Central and South America)

Tribe Incertae sedis

• Talisia Aubl. (52; Southern Mexico to South America)
• Alatococcus Acev.-Rodr.[9] (1; Brazil)
• Alectryon Gaertn.[40] (25; Malesia, Australasia and Micronesia)
• Amesiodendron Hu[41] (1–3; Southern China to Sumatra)
• Aporrhiza Radlk.[36] (4–6; Tropical Africa)
• Arytera
  Blume[42] (c. 28; India, Southeast Asia to Australasia)
• Atalaya Blume[42] (12; South Africa, Australia, Malesia)
• Beguea Capuron[43] (1; Madagascar)
• Bizonula Pellegr.[44] (1; Gabon)
• Blighia K.D.Koenig[45] (3; Tropical Africa)
• Blighiopsis Van der Veken[46] (1; Central Africa)
• Blomia Miranda[47] (1; Mexico, Guatemala and Belize)
• Camptolepis Radlk.[48] (4; East Africa, Madagascar)
• Castanospora F.Muell.[49] (1; Australia)
• Chouxia Capuron[43] (6; Madagascar)
• Chytranthus Hook.f.[16] (25+; Western tropical Africa)
• Conchopetalum Radlk.[34] (2; Madagascar)
• Cnesmocarpon Adema[50] (1; Australia, Papua New Guinea)
• Cubilia Blume[42] (1; Malesia)
• Cupania L.[30] (c. 50; Neotropical)
• Cupaniopsis Radlk.[18] (60; Malesia to Australasia)
• Deinbollia Schumach.[51] (c. 38; Southern Africa, Madagascar, Mascarene)
• Delavaya Franch.[52][N 8] (1; China)
• Dictyoneura Blume[42] (2–3; Malesia, Philippines, Australia)
• Dilodendron Radlk.[36] (3; Neotropical)
• Dimocarpus Lour.[53] (6; Southern Asia to Australia)
• Diploglottis Hook.f.[16] (12; Australia, Papua New Guinea)
• Elattostachys (Blume) Radlk.[54] (c. 20; Malesia, Australasia)
• Eriocoelum Hook.f.[16] (10+; Tropical Africa)
• Erythrophysa[N 9] E.Mey. ex Arn.[55] (5; South Africa, Madagascar)
• Gereaua (Capuron) Buerki & Callm.[8] (1; Madagascar)
• Glenniea Hook.f.[16] (8; Paleotropical)
• Gloeocarpus Radlk.[56] (1; Philippines)
• Gongrodiscus Radlk.[18] (3; New Caledonia)
• Gongrospermum Radlk.[56] (3; Philippines)
• Guindilia Gillies ex Hook. & Arn.[57] (3; Southern South America)
• Guioa Cav.[58] (c. 64; Southeastern Asia to Australasia)
• Haplocoelopsis F.G.Davies[59] (1; Central and East Africa)
• Haplocoelum Radlk.[36] (c. 7; Tropical Africa and Madagascar)
• Hornea Baker[60] (1; Mauritius)
• Houssayanthus Hunz.[61] (5; Central and Southern America)
• Jagera Blume[42] (2; Moluccas, New Guinea, Australia)
• Koelreuteria Laxm.[62] (c. 4; Eastern Asia)
• Laccodiscus Radlk.[18] (c. 6; West Africa)
• Lecaniodiscus {small|Planch. ex Benth.}}[63] (2; Tropical Africa)
• Lepiderema Radlk.[54] (8; Australia, New Guinea)
• Lepidopetalum Blume[42] (6; Malesia, Australia)
• Lepisanthes Blume[64] (c. 24; Paleotropics, Australia)
• Litchi Sonn.[65][N 10] (1; Southeastern China to Malesia)
• Lychnodiscus Radlk.[36] (c. 7; Tropical Africa)
• Macphersonia Blume[42] (8; Aldabra, Madagascar, West Tropical Africa)
• Matayba Aubl.[66] (c. 50; Neotropical)
• Melicoccus P.Browne[24] (10; Dominican Republic, South America)
• Mischarytera (Radlk.) H.Turner[67] (3; Australia, Papua New Guinea)
• Mischocarpus ({small|Blume}}[64] (c. 15; Southeastern Asia to Australia)
• Molinaea Comm. ex Juss.[68] (c. 10; Madagascar and Mascarenes Islands)
• Neotina Capuron
• Nephelium L.[69][N 11] (c. 16; Southeastern Asia to Malesia)
• Otonephelium[N 12]
  Radlk.[70] (1; Southern India)
• Pancovia Willd.[71] (10–12; West Africa)
• Pappea Eckl. & Zeyh.[23] (1; Southern Africa)
• Paranephelium Miq.[72] (4; Yunnan to Malesia)
• Pavieasia Pierre[73][N 13] (1–3; China)
• Pentascyphus Radlk.[18] (1; French Guiana, Surinam, Brazil)
• Phyllotrichum Thorel ex Lecomte[74] (1; Laos)
• Placodiscus Radlk.[36] (c. 10; Tropical Africa)
• Plagioscyphus Radlk.[36] (c. 10; Madagascar)
• Podonephelium Baill.[10] (4; New Caledonia)
• Pometia J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.[75] (2; India and Pacific Islands)
• Porocystis Radlk.[36] (2; Brazil, French Guiana)
• Pseudima Radlk.[76] (1; Continental neotropics)
• Pseudopancovia Pellegr.[77] (1; West Equatorial Africa)
• Pseudopteris Baill.[10] (3; Madagascar)
• Radlkofera Gilg[78] (1; Western Africa)
• Rhysotoechia Radlk.[54] (c. 14; Australia, Malesia)
• Sapindus L.[30] (c. 10; Circumtropical)
• Sarcopteryx Radlk.[54] (12-13; Australia, Moluccas, New Guinea)
• Sarcotoechia Radlk.[18] (c. 11; Australia, Moluccas, New Guinea)
• Schleichera Willd.[71] (1; Sri Lanka and India to Malesia)
• Scyphonychium Radlk.[36] (1; Brazil, French Guiana)
• Sinoradlkofera F.Meyer[79] (1; China)
• Sisyrolepis Radlk.[80] (1; Thailand & Cambodia)
• Smelophyllum Radlk.[36] (1; South Africa)
• Stadmania Lam.[81] (6; East Tropical Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius)
• Stocksia Benth.[82] (1; Near East, Afghanistan)
• Storthocalyx Radlk.[18] (4; New Caledonia)
• Synima Radlk.[18] (2; Australia, New Guinea)
• Thouinia Poit.[83] (c. 30; West indies, Central America)
• Thouinidium radlk.[36] (6;| Central America & Greater Antilles)
• Tina Schult.[54] (c. 8; Australia, New Guinea)
• Toulicia Aubl.[66] (12; South America)
• Trigonachras Radlk.[54] (8; Non-Javanese Malesia & Lesser Sunda)
• Tripterodendron Radlk.[70] (1; Brazil)
• Tristira Radlk.[54] (1;| Philippines, Moluccas, Celebes)
• Tristiropsis Radlk.[34] (3; Malesia & Australasia)
• Tsingya Capuron[43] (1; Madagascar)
• Ungnadia Endl.[84] (1; Mexico, Texas)
• Vouarana Aubl.[66] (2; Costa Rica to Brazil)
• Xerospermum Blume[42] (2; Bangladesh, Indochina to Eastern Malesia)
• Zollingeria Kurz[85] (3-4; Indochina, Borneo)

Xanthoceratoideae

• Xanthoceras Bunge[86][N 14] (1; China)

Notes

1. The genus might not be distinct from Majidea (Acevedo-Rodríguez et al., 2011, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 10:375)
2. Because its fruit has not been described in the literature, this genus' tribal placement is not entirely clear (Acevedo-Rodríguez et al., 2011, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 10:378).
3. A replacement name for Radlkofer's own Euphoriopsis (Actes Congr. Bot. Amsterdam 1877:128, 1877) which was preoccupied by a genus of fossil Sapindaceae named by Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo (Sapind. Foss. Monogr.:12, 1852).
4. Thwaites had originally (Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 6:65. 1854) named the genus Pterophyllum, but that name had already been applied by Siebold et Zuccarini to a genus of Papaveraceae in 1843 (Abh. Math.-Phys. Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 3(3):719).
5. Not Hist. Pl. Remarq. Brésil:239: although the title page for that work gives the year of publication as 1824, the relevant part was not issued before late 1825 (Stafley & Cowan, Taxon. Lit., ed. 2 4:1067).
6. Saint-Hilaire originally described two species, now treated as one, but a generic type has yet to be defined.
7. The definition of species in the genus is a difficult matter, and species number have ranged from 250 to a single polymorphic one. Since the latter proposal by Pieter Willem Leenhouts (Blumea 15(2):313. 1967), "no progress in an understanding of the systematic structure of Allophylus has been made" (Acevedo-Rodríguez et al., 2011, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 10:380).
8. The paper was issued in two part, the first (pp. 358–368) was included with the November 1886 issue containing proceedings of the society's July meeting. the rest was published in March 1887 alongside the proceedings of the November meeting (Leussink, 1986, Taxon 35(2):256).
9. Arnott published the name as Erythrophila, which Otto Wilhelm Sonder later (Fl. Cap. 1:237, 1860) "corrected" to Erythrophysa. Nonetheless, the original spelling is correct under the ICBN (Vienna, 2005, art. 60); the need to conserved the corrected spelling was noted as early as 1962 (Verdcourt, J. Linn. Soc. London, Bot. 58(372):201), but no formal proposal was published.
10. The first book was published in several edition, the in-octavo edition, vol. 3, p. 255 is often cited.
11. The Mantissa Plantarum (Mat. Pl.:125) is often also cited. This was a work published simultaneously as an appendix to volume 2 of the Systema Naturae's 12th and 13th editions. The link is to an online scan of the 13th edition (without the Mantissa), a page-for-page reprint done in Vienna missing only the third volume's errata. See Stafleu & Cowan (1981; Taxon. Lit. 3:106–108) for further details and references.
12. According to Acevedo-Rodríguez et al. (2011, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 10:396), the difference from Dimocarpus is "doubtful".
13. According to Stafleu & Cowan (1983; Taxon. Lit. 4:273), different copies may be bound differently. Other sources cite "1894" as the year of publication.
14. This preprint eventually appeared as Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. St.-Pétersbourg Divers Savans 2:75–147 (1835).

References

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