List of first female physicians by country

This is a list of the first qualified female physician to practice in each country, where that is known. Many, if not all, countries have had female physicians since time immemorial, however modern systems of qualification have often commenced as male only, whether de facto or de jure. The dates given in parentheses below are the dates the women graduated from medical school. Studies have shown that patients treated by female physicians may have better outcomes than patients treated by male physicians.[1][2]

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Africa
Country Physician Year graduated

medical school

 Year began

practice

 Algeria Aldjia Noureddine-Benallègue 1946 1946
 Ghana Susan Ofori-Atta 1949 1949
 Kenya Mary de Sousa[3] 1919
 Mauritania Two women[4] 2015 2015
 Morocco Françoise Legey[5] (born in France) 1900 1909
 Namibia Libertina Amathila 1969 1969
 Nigeria Elizabeth Abimbola Awoliyi 1938 1938
 Senegal Marie-Thérèse Basse[6]
 Somalia Hawa Abdi 1971 1971
 South Africa Jane Elizabeth Waterston 1880
 Sudan Khalida Zahir[7] 1952 1952
And one other woman[8] 1952
 Tanzania Esther Mwaikambo[9] 1969 1969
 Tunisia Tewhida Ben Sheikh 1936 1936
 Uganda Josephine Nambooze 1959 1962
 Zimbabwe Madeline Nyamwanza-Makonese 1970 1970

Americas
Country Physician Year graduated

medical school

 Year began

practice

 Argentina Cecilia Grierson 1889 1889
 Bermuda Barbara Ball 1949 1949
 Bolivia Amelia Chopitea Villa 1926 1929
 Brazil Marie Durocher 1834 1834
 Canada Emily Stowe

* Canadian licenses granted 1880

 1867

1875

 1867

1875

Jennie Kidd Trout 1875 1875
 Chile Eloísa Díaz 1886 1887
 Colombia Ana Galvis Hotz 1877 1877
 Costa Rica Anita Figueredo (lived in USA)
 Cuba Laura Martínez de Carvajal 1889 1889
 Dominican Republic Andrea Evangelina Rodríguez Perozo
and Sarah Loguen Fraser
 Ecuador Matilde Hidalgo 1921 1921
 El Salvador Estela Gavidia 1945 1945
 Haiti Yvonne Sylvain 1940 1940
 Honduras Martha Raudales de Midence 1947 1947
 Jamaica Cicely Williams 1923 1923
 Mexico Matilde Montoya 1887 1887
 Nicaragua Concepción Palacios Herrera 1927 1928
 Panamá Lidia Gertrudis Sogandares[10] 1934 1936
 Peru Laura Esther Rodriguez Dulanto 1899 1900
 Puerto Rico María Elisa Rivera Díaz 1909 1909
Ana Janer 1909 1909
 United States Elizabeth Blackwell (born in England) 1849 1851
 Uruguay Paulina Luisi 1908 1909
 Venezuela Lya Imber 1936 1936

Asia
Country Physician Year graduated

medical school

 Year began

practice

 Afghanistan Maghul M. Ali[11] Late 1950s Late 1950s
 Azerbaijan Sona Valikhan 1908 1908
 Bahrain Sadeeqa Ali Al-Awadi[12]
 Bangladesh Zohra Begum Kazi
 Cyprus Maria Michaelides[13] 1927 1927
 Hong Kong Lai Po-cheun[14]
 India Anandi Gopal Joshi / Kadambini Ganguly [15][16] 1886
 Indonesia Marie Thomas 1912 1922
 Iran Badri Teymourtash 1920s 1920s
 Iraq 1922[17]
 Israel Bat Sheva Yonis-Guttman (first recorded)[18] 1909
 Japan Ogino Ginko 1882 1885
 Korea Jang-geum 16th century
 Kuwait Eleanor Jane Taylor Calverley (born in USA)[19] 1908 1911
 Lebanon Edma Abouchdid 1931 1936
 Malaysia Salma Ismail 1947 1947
 Palestine Sonia Belkind[20][21] (born in Russia) 1905 1906
 Philippines Honoria Acosta-Sison 1909 1909
 Russia Nadezhda Suslova 1867 1868
 Singapore Lee Choo Neo 1919 1919
 Syria Sabat Islambouli 1890 1890
 Taiwan Tsai Ah-hsin 1921 1925
 Thailand Pierra Vejjabul 1936 1936
 Turkey Safiye Ali 1922
 Vietnam Henriette Bùi Quang Chiêu 1934
 Yemen 1990s[22]

Europe
Country Physician Year graduated
medical school		 Year began
practice
 Austria Gabriele Possanner 1897 1897
 Austria-Hungary Sofia Okunevska 1894 1894
 Belgium Isala Van Diest 1879 1879
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Teodora Krajewska c. 1897[23]
 Bulgaria Anastasia Golovina 1878 1878
 Croatia Karola Maier Milobar 1900 1906
 Czech Republic Anna Honzáková 1902 1902
 Denmark Nielsine Nielsen 1886 1889
 England Elizabeth Garrett Anderson 1862 1865
 Estonia Selma Feldbach 1904
 Finland Rosina Heikel 1878 1878
 France Madeleine Brès 1875 1875
 Germany Dorothea Erxleben 1754 1754
 Greece (Athens) Agnodice[24] 4th century BCE
 Hungary Vilma Hugonnai 1879 1897
 Iceland Kristín Ólafsdóttir 1917[25]
 Ireland Eleanora Fleury 1890 1890
 Italy Dorotea Bucca [26] pre-1390
 Lithuania Veronika Alseikaitė[27] 1908 1908
 Malta Blanche Huber[28] 1925 1925
 Montenegro Divna Veković 1940s
 Netherlands Aletta Jacobs 1879 1879
 Norway Marie Spångberg Holth 1893 1893
 Poland Anna Tomaszewicz-Dobrska 1877 1877
 Portugal Amélia dos Santos Costa Cardia 1891 1891
 Romania Maria Cuțarida-Crătunescu 1884 1891
 Russia Nadezhda Suslova 1867 1868
 Scotland Marion Gilchrist
(Grace Cadell)		 1894
(1891 - non university)		 1894
(1891)
 Serbia Draga Ljočić 1879 1881
 Spain Dolors Aleu i Riera 1879 1882
 Sweden Lovisa Åhrberg [29] Never educated;
certified 1850s		 1840
  Switzerland Marie Heim-Vögtlin 1874 1874
 Ukraine Sofia Okunevska 1894 1897
 United Kingdom Elizabeth Garrett Anderson 1862 1865
 Wales Frances Hoggan 1870 1870

Oceania
Country Physician Year graduated
medical school		 Year began
practice
 Australia Constance Stone 1890
 Fiji Jiko Luveni 1967 1967
 New Zealand Emily Siedeberg 1896 1905
 Tuvalu Nese Ituaso-Conway 1999
Miliama Simeona[30] 1999

See also

References
  1. Tsugawa, Yusuke; Jena, Anupam B.; Figueroa, Jose F.; Orav, E. John; Blumenthal, Daniel M.; Jha, Ashish K. (1 February 2017). "Comparison of Hospital Mortality and Readmission Rates for Medicare Patients Treated by Male vs Female Physicians". JAMA Internal Medicine. 177 (2): 206–213. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.7875. ISSN 2168-6106. PMC 5558155. PMID 27992617.
  2. Wallis, Christopher JD; Ravi, Bheeshma; Coburn, Natalie; Nam, Robert K.; Detsky, Allan S.; Satkunasivam, Raj (10 October 2017). "Comparison of postoperative outcomes among patients treated by male and female surgeons: a population based matched cohort study". BMJ. 359: j4366. doi:10.1136/bmj.j4366. ISSN 0959-8138. PMC 6284261. PMID 29018008.
  3. Greenwood, Anna; Topiwala, Harshad (2016). Indian Doctors in Kenya, 1895-1940: The Forgotten History. Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 129, 132, 133, 138, 140, 142, 146. doi:10.1057/9781137440532_7. ISBN 9781137440532. OCLC 944066831.
  4. "Mauritania's Only Medical School Graduates Its First Class - Al-Fanar Media". Al-Fanar Media. 18 August 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  5. Ha, Marie-Paule (2014). French Women and the Empire: The Case of Indochina. Oxford University Press. p. 76. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199640362.001.0001. ISBN 9780199640362. OCLC 934656566. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  6. Hayter-Menzies, Grant (15 March 2015). Lillian Carter: A Compassionate Life. McFarland. ISBN 9781476619330.
  7. Mubarak, Khalid Al (23 June 2015). "Khalida Zahir obituary". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  8. http://www.sudanjp.org/uploads/9/2/7/0/9270568/sjp_v12_2_sudanese_female_doctors_in_paediatrics.pdf
  9. "Tanzania's First Female Physician begins Medical School, Builds Alliances with U.S. Institutions". Duke Global Health Institute. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  10. "Lidia Gertrudis Sogandares Rivera". EnCaribe (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 10 March 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  11. Emadi, Hafizullah (1 January 2002). Repression, Resistance, and Women in Afghanistan. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275976712.
  12. "First for Bahrain: Women in medicine". www.citizensforbahrain.com. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  13. "Maria Michaelides (Roussos) (1902 - 1955)". Geni family tree. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  14. "Dr. Lai Po-cheun, First Woman Medical Student at HKU". Hong Kong's First. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  15. "First lady doctor of India". The Telegraph. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  16. http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol46_4_4_SKMajumdar.pdf
  17. Kristof, Nicholas D. (1 October 2002). "Iraq's Little Secret". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  18. http://in.bgu.ac.il/bgi/iyunim/DocLib1/gender_abstracts.pdf
  19. Windsor, Laura Lynn (1 January 2002). Women in Medicine: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781576073926.
  20. "Alexandra Belkind, First Woman Doctor in Palestine, Dies at 72". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. 22 September 1943. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  21. Hirsch, Luise (2013). From the Shtetl to the Lecture Hall: Jewish Women and Cultural Exchange. Studies in Judaism. UPA. p. 48. ISBN 9780761859932. OCLC 856869816. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  22. Burns, John F. (3 December 2000). "Death, and Life, in a Medical School in Yemen". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  23. North-western Christian Advocate. Swormstedt & Poe. 1 January 1897.
  24. Maria Kalapothakes became the first female physician in modern Greece in 1894.
  25. Karlsson, Gunnar (1 January 2000). The History of Iceland. U of Minnesota Press. ISBN 9780816635894.
  26. First woman doctor in modern Italy was Maria Montessori in 1896.
  27. "Belili: Marija Gimbutas Bio". www.belili.org. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
  28. http://www.um.edu.mt/umms/mmj/PDF/463.pdf
  29. First Swedish woman doctor who graduated from a University was Charlotte Yhlen, and first woman doctor to graduate from a Swedish University was Karolina Widerström.
  30. AusAID. "Tuvalu's first female doctors return home" (PDF). focus magazine June 2001 p. 21 (Vol.16 No.2). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 August 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2015. List of pages Archived 15 August 2015 at the Wayback Machine

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