List of literary movements

Literary movements are a way to divide literature into categories of similar philosophical, topical, or aesthetic features, as opposed to divisions by genre or period. Like other categorizations, literary movements provide language for comparing and discussing literary works. These terms are helpful for curricula or anthologies.[1]

Some of these movements (such as Dada and Beat) were defined by the members themselves, while other terms (for example, the metaphysical poets) emerged decades or centuries after the periods in question. Further, some movements are well defined and distinct, while others, like expressionism, are nebulous and overlap with other definitions. Because of these differences, literary movements are often a point of contention between scholars.[1]

The list

This is a list of modern literary movements: that is, movements after the Renaissance. Ordering is approximate, as there is considerable overlap.

Movement	Description	Notable authors
Cavalier Poets	17th-century English royalist poets, writing primarily about courtly love, called Sons of Ben (after Ben Jonson)	Richard Lovelace, William Davenant
Metaphysical poets	17th-century English movement using extended conceit, often (though not always) about religion.	John Donne, George Herbert, Andrew Marvell
Amatory fiction	Romantic fiction popular around 1660 to 1730; notable for preceding the modern novel form and producing several prominent female authors [2]	Eliza Haywood, Delarivier Manley, Aphra Behn
The Augustans	18th-century literary movement based chiefly on classical ideals, satire and skepticism	Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift
Sturm und Drang	A precursor to the romantic movement, Sturm und Drang is named for a play by Friedrich Maximilian Klinger. Sturm and Drang literature often features a protagonist which is driven by emotion, impulse and other motives that run counter to the enlightenment rationalism. [3][4]	Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller
Romanticism	19th-century (1800 to 1860) movement emphasizing emotion and imagination, rather than logic and scientific thought. Response to the Enlightenment	Mary Shelley, Victor Hugo, Lord Byron, Camilo Castelo Branco Adam Mickiewicz
Dark romanticism	19th-century American movement in reaction to Transcendentalism. Finds man inherently sinful and self-destructive and nature a dark, mysterious force	Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Edwin Arlington Robinson
American Romanticism	Distinct from European Romanticism, the American form emerged somewhat later, was based more in fiction than in poetry, and incorporated a (sometimes almost suffocating) awareness of history, particularly the darkest aspects of American history	Washington Irving, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Ambrose Bierce
Gothic novel	Fiction in which Romantic ideals are combined with an interest in the supernatural and in violence	Ann Radcliffe, Bram Stoker, Harper Lee, Edgar Allan Poe
Lake Poets	A group of Romantic poets from the English Lake District who wrote about nature and the sublime	William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, Robert Southey
Pre-Raphaelitism	19th-century, primarily English movement based ostensibly on undoing innovations by the painter Raphael. Many were both painters and poets	Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Christina Rossetti
Transcendentalism	19th-century American movement: poetry and philosophy concerned with self-reliance, independence from modern technology	Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau
Realism	Late-19th-century movement based on a simplification of style and image and an interest in poverty and everyday concerns	Gustave Flaubert, William Dean Howells, Stendhal, Honoré de Balzac, Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Frank Norris, Eça de Queiroz
Naturalism	Late 19th century. Proponents of this movement believe heredity and environment control people	Émile Zola, Stephen Crane, Guy de Maupassant, Theodore Dreiser
Verismo	Verismo is a derivative of naturalism and realism that began in post-unification Italy. Verismo literature uses detailed character development based on psychology, in Giovanni Verga's words 'the science of the human heart.[5]'	Giovanni Verga, Luigi Capuana, Matilde Serao, Grazia Deledda
Socialist realism	Socialist realism is a subset of realist art which focuses on communist values and realist depiction.[6] It developed in the Soviet Union and was imposed as state policy by Joseph Stalin in 1934,[7] though authors in other socialist countries and members of the communist party in non-socialist counties also partook in the movement	Maxim Gorky, Nikolai Ostrovsky, Mikhail Sholokhov, Lu Xun, Takiji Kobayashi, Mike Gold
Magical realism	Literary movement in which magical elements appear in otherwise realistic circumstances. Most often associated with the Latin American literary boom of the 20th century	Gabriel García Márquez, Octavio Paz, Günter Grass, Julio Cortázar, Sadegh Hedayat, Malay Roy Choudhury
Decadent movement	In the mid 19th century, decadence came to refer to moral decay, and was attributed as the cause of the fall of great civilizations, like the Roman empire. The decadent movement was a response to the perceived decadence within the earlier Romantic, naturalist and realist movements in France at this time.[8] The decadent movement takes decadence in literature to an extreme, with characters who debase themselves for pleasure,[9] and the use of metaphor, symbolism and language as tools to obfuscate the truth rather than expose it[10]	Joris-Karl Huysmans, Gustav Flaubert, Charles Baudelaire, Oscar Wilde
Symbolism	Principally French movement of the fin de siècle, symbolism is codified by the Symbolist Manifesto in 1886, and focused on the structure of thought rather than poetic form or image;[11] influential for English language poets from Edgar Allan Poe to James Merrill	Stéphane Mallarmé, Arthur Rimbaud, Paul Valéry
Futurism	Codified in 1909 by the Manifesto of Futurism, futurism avoids being intellectual and using fixed syntax or style, makes use of irony and analogy, and is to be written intuitively or from inspiration[12]	Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, Mina Loy, Jaroslav Seifert
Stream of consciousness	Early-20th-century fiction consisting of literary representations of quotidian thought, without authorial presence	Virginia Woolf, James Joyce
Modernism	Variegated movement of the early 20th century, encompassing primitivism, formal innovation, or reaction to science and technology	Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, H.D., James Joyce, Gertrude Stein, Fernando Pessoa, Knut Hamsun
Expressionism	Part of the larger expressionist movement, literary and theatrical expressionism is an avant-garde movement originating in Germany, which rejects realism in order to depict emotions and subjective thoughts[13]	Franz Kafka, Alfred Döblin, Gottfried Benn,[13] Heinrich Mann, Oskar Kokoschka
Imagism	Poetry based on description rather than theme, and on the motto, "the natural object is always the adequate symbol."	Ezra Pound, H.D., Richard Aldington
First World War Poets	British poets who documented both the idealism and the horrors of the war and the period in which it took place	Siegfried Sassoon, Rupert Brooke, Wilfred Owen
The Lost Generation	The term 'Lost Generation' is traditionally attributed to Gertrude Stein and was then popularized by Ernest Hemingway in the epigraph to his novel The Sun Also Rises, and his memoir A Moveable Feast. It refers to a group of American literary notables who lived in Paris and other parts of Europe from the time period which saw the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression	F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Ezra Pound, Waldo Pierce, John Dos Passos
Dada	Touted by its proponents as anti-art, dada focused on going against artistic norms and conventions	Kurt Schwitters, Subimal Mishra
Stridentism	Mexican artistic avant-garde movement. They exalted modern urban life and social revolution	Manuel Maples Arce, Arqueles Vela, Germán List Arzubide
Los Contemporáneos	A Mexican vanguardist group, active in the late 1920s and early 1930s; published an eponymous literary magazine which served as the group's mouthpiece and artistic vehicle from 1928 to 1931	Xavier Villaurrutia, Salvador Novo
Harlem Renaissance	African American poets, novelists, and thinkers, often employing elements of blues and folklore, based in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City in the 1920s	Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston
Jindyworobak movement	The Jindyworobak movement originated in Adelaide, South Australia during the great depression. It sought to preserve uniquely Australian culture from external influence by incorporating Australian aboriginal languages and mythology and unique Australian settings[14][15]	Rex Ingamells, Xavier Herbert
Surrealism	Originally a French movement, influenced by Surrealist painting, that uses surprising images and transitions to play off of formal expectations and depict the unconscious rather than conscious mind	Jean Cocteau, José María Hinojosa Lasarte, André Breton, Sadegh Hedayat, Mário Cesariny
Southern Agrarians	A group of Southern American poets, based originally at Vanderbilt University, who expressly repudiated many modernist developments in favor of metrical verse and narrative. Some Southern Agrarians were also associated with the New Criticism	John Crowe Ransom, Robert Penn Warren
Postmodernism	Postwar movement skeptical of absolutes and embracing diversity, irony, and word play	Jorge Luis Borges, Thomas Pynchon, Alasdair Gray, Samir Roychoudhury, Kurt Vonnegut
Absurdism	The absurdist movement is derived from absurdist philosophy, which argues that life is inherently purposeless and questions truth and value. As such, asburdist literature and theatre of the absurd often includes dark humor, satire, and incongruity.[16]	Jean-Paul Satre, Samuel Beckett, Albert Camus, Gao Xingjian
Black Mountain Poets	A self-identified group of poets, originally based at Black Mountain College, who eschewed patterned form in favor of the rhythms and inflections of the human voice	Charles Olson, Denise Levertov, Robert Creeley
Postcolonialism	A diverse, loosely connected movement of writers from former colonies of European countries, whose work is frequently politically charged	Jamaica Kincaid, V. S. Naipaul, Derek Walcott, Salman Rushdie, Giannina Braschi, Wole Soyinka, Chinua Achebe
Hungryalist Poets	A literary movement in postcolonial India (Kolkata) during 1961–65 as a counter-discourse to Colonial Bengali poetry	Shakti Chattopadhyay, Malay Roy Choudhury, Binoy Majumdar, Samir Roychoudhury, Debi Roy, Sandipan Chattopadhyay, Subimal Basak
Prakalpana Movement	This ongoing movement launched in 1969 based in Calcutta, by the Prakalpana group of Indian writers in Bengali literature, who created new forms of Prakalpana fiction, Sarbangin poetry and the philosophy of Chetanavyasism, later it had spread worldwide	Vattacharja Chandan, Dilip Gupta
Beat poets	American movement of the 1950s and 1960s concerned with counterculture and youthful alienation.	Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, William S. Burroughs, Ken Kesey, Gregory Corso
Spoken Word	A postmodern literary movement where writers use their speaking voice to present fiction, poetry, monologues, and storytelling arising from Beat poetry, the Harlem Renaissance, and the civil rights movement in the urban centers of the United States.[17] The textual origins differ and may have been written for print initially then read aloud for audiences	Spalding Gray, Laurie Anderson, Hedwig Gorski, Pedro Pietri, Piri Thomas, Giannina Braschi, Taalam Acey
Performance Poetry	This is the lasting viral component of Spoken Word and one of the most popular forms of poetry in the 21st century. It is a new oral poetry originating in the 1980s in Austin, Texas, using the speaking voice and other theatrical elements. Practitioners write for the speaking voice instead of writing poetry for the silent printed page. The major figure is American Hedwig Gorski who began broadcasting live radio poetry with East of Eden Band during the early 1980s. Gorski, considered a post-Beat, created the term Performance Poetry to define and distinguish what she and the band did from performance art. Instead of books, poets use audio recordings and digital media along with television spawning Slam Poetry and Def Poets on television and Broadway	Beau Sia, Hedwig Gorski, Bob Holman, Marc Smith, David Antin, Taalam Acey
Confessional poetry	Poetry that, often brutally, exposes the self as part of an aesthetic of the beauty and power of human frailty	Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath, Alicia Ostriker
New York School	Urban, gay or gay-friendly, leftist poets, writers, and painters of the 1960s	Frank O'Hara, John Ashbery
Oulipo	Mid-20th-century poetry and prose based on seemingly arbitrary rules for the sake of added challenge	Raymond Queneau, Walter Abish, Georges Perec, Italo Calvino
Spiralism	A literary movement founded in the late 1960s by René Philoctète, Jean-Claude Fignolé, and Frankétienne. Spiralism defines life at the level of relations (colors, odors, sounds, signs, words) and historical connections	René Philoctète, Jean-Claude Fignolé, Frankétienne
Misty Poets	The Misty Poets were Chinese poets who resisted state artistic restrictions imposed during the Cultural Revolution. They made use of metaphors and hermetic imagery and avoided objective facts.[18]	Bei Dao, Gu Cheng, Shu Ting, Yang Lian
New Wave science fiction	The New Wave is a movement in science fiction produced in the 1960s and 1970s and characterized by a high degree of experimentation, both in form and in content, a "literary" or artistic sensibility, and a focus on "soft" as opposed to hard science. New Wave writers often saw themselves as part of the modernist tradition and sometimes mocked the traditions of pulp science fiction, which some of them regarded as stodgy, adolescent and poorly written.[19]	John Brunner, M. John Harrison, Norman Spinrad, Barrington J. Bayley, Thomas M. Disch
New Formalism	A late-20th and early 21st century movement in American poetry advocating a return to traditional accentual-syllabic verse	Molly Peacock, Brad Leithauser, Timothy Steele, Mary Jo Salter

References

1. Milne, Ira Mark (2009). Literary Movements for Students: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Literary Movements (2 ed.). Detroit: Gale. pp. xi–xii. ISBN 978-1-4144-3719-4.
2. Backscheider, Paula R.; Richetti, John J. (1996-01-01). Popular Fiction by Women, 1660-1730: An Anthology. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198711360.
3. Leidner, Alan C. Sturm Und Drang: The German Library. 14. New York: The Continuum Publishing Company, 1992
4. "Sturm und Drang". Merriam Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature. Springfield, MA: Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 1995.
5. Giger, Andreas (August 2007). "Verismo: Origin, Corruption, and Redemption of an Operatic Term". Journal of the American Musicological Society. 60 (2): 271–315. doi:10.1525/jams.2007.60.2.271.
6. Korin, Pavel, “Thoughts on Art”, Socialist Realism in Literature and Art. Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1971, p. 95.
7. "1934: Writers' Congress". Seventeen Moments in Soviet History. Archived from the original on 8 December 2013. Retrieved 11 December 2013.
8. Desmarais, Jane (2013). Edited by Jane Ford, Kim Edwards Keates, Patricia Pulham. "Perfume Clouds: Olfaction, Memory, and Desire in Arthur Symon's London Nights (1895)". Economies of Desire at the Victorian Fin de Siècle: Libidinal Lives: 62–82.
9. Huneker, James (1909). Egoists, a Book of Supermen: Stendahl, Baudelaire, Flaubert, Anatole France, Huysmans, Barrès, Nietzsche, Blake, Ibsen, Stirner, and Ernest Hello. ISBN 0404105254 – via Kindle Edition.
10. "The Differences between Symbolism and Decadence". Oscar Wilde and the French Decadents. 2014-03-03. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
11. Conway Morris, Roderick The Elusive Symbolist movement article – International Herald Tribune, March 17, 2007.
12. Clough, Rosa Trillo (1942). Looking Back on Futurism. New York: Cocce Press. pp. 53–66. ISBN 9781258532314.
13. Richard Murphy, Theorizing the Avant-Garde: Modernism, Expressionism, and the Problem of Postmodernity. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,1999, p. 43.
14. "Jindyworobak movement". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 13 August 2018.
15. Smith, Ellen (1 May 2012). "Local Moderns : The Jindyworobak Movement and Australian Modernism". Australian Literary Studies. 27 (1): 1–17. doi:10.20314/als.927d4ae36b. ISSN 0004-9697.
16. Cornwell, Neil (2006), The Absurd in Literature, New York, NY: Manchester University Press, ISBN 978-0-7190-7409-7
17. Folkways, Smithsonian. "Say It Loud". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 15 February 2013.
18. "A Brief Guide to Misty Poets". Poets.org. Archived from the original on 2010-04-12. Retrieved 2010-10-19.
19. Moorcock, Michael. "Play with Feeling." New Worlds 129 (April 1963), pp. 123-27.