List of minor biblical places

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A

Abana

Abana, according to 2 Kings 5:12, was one of the "rivers of Damascus", along with the Pharpar river.

Abdon

Abdon was a Levitical city in Asher allocated to the Gershonites according to Joshua 21:30 and 1 Chronicles 6:74.

Abel-Shittim

Abel-Shittim, the last Israelite encampment before crossing into the Promised Land, is identified by Josephus with Abila in Peraea, probably the site of modern Tell el-Hammam in Jordan.

Adam

Adam was a location which, according to Joshua 3:16, was along the Jordan River, near Zarethan. According to Cheyne and Black, it may be a scribal error for "Adamah".[1]

Adadah

Adadah is the name of a town mentioned in Joshua 15:22, in a list of towns inside the territory of the Tribe of Judah. The name "Adadah" appears nowhere else in the Bible.[2] According to the Encyclopaedia Biblica, the name "Adadah" may be a miswritten version of Ararah, a name equivalent to "Aroer".[2]

Addan

Addan or Addon is a Babylonian location mentioned in Ezra 2:59 and Nehemiah 7:61.

Adithaim

Adithaim, mentioned only in Joshua 15:30, is listed among locations belonging to Judah in the Shephelah.[3]

Adria

Adria, mentioned in Acts 27:27, is a term used for "the division of the Mediterranean which lies between Sicily and Malta on the West and Crete on the East".[4]

Aesora

Aesora (or Esora) is a location mentioned only in Judith 4:4.[5] The Book of Judith is considered canonical by some Christians, but not by Jews and most Protestants.

The Septuagint calls it Aisora, Arasousia, Aisoraa, or Assaron, depending on the manuscript.[6] The book of Judith places it between Choba and the Valley of Salem.[6] According to Cheyne and Black (1899), the exact location is uncertain.[6]

Aetan

Aetan appears in the Septuagint version of the Book of Joshua (Joshua 15:59-60).[7]

Ahava

Ahava is the name of a canal or river mentioned in the Book of Ezra.[8][9] The location is unknown.[9] Albert Barnes says it was both a town and a river.[10]

Almon

Almon is a location mentioned in Joshua 21:18 given to the Kohathites, and thought to be near the modern Israeli settlement at Almon, Mateh Binyamin in the West Bank.

Amad

Amad is a biblical place-name mentioned only in Joshua 19:26.[11] It appears in a list of locations that make up the borders of the territory assigned to the biblical Tribe of Asher.[11]

Amam

Amam (Hebrew: אמם‎, 'amam) is an unidentified site in the Negeb of Judah, near the border with Edom, mentioned in Joshua 15:26.[12]

Anaharath

Anaharath is described in Joshua 19:19 as a location on the border of the territory belonging to the Tribe of Issachar. It was most likely located at the site now known as Tel Rekhesh.[13]

Arah of the Sidonians

Arah of the Sidonians is a place-name which appears in Joshua 13:4.[14] Other translations render the name Mearah.[15] The initial syllable me- here is commonly interpreted as a preposition, yielding the translation "from Arah" instead of "Mearah". The me- is also interpreted as "from" by Thomas Kelly Cheyne, although he additionally proposed that further scribal error had influenced the word.[16]

Arumah

Arumah is a location mentioned in Judges 9:41, as the place where Gideon's son Abimelech lived for a time. The location is generally considered to be the same as the modern Jebel el-Urmah.[17]

Ascent of Luhith

See Luhith.

Ashnah

Ashnah is the name given in Joshua 15[18] for two places in the Shephelah of Judah. For the first, the modern location Aslin has been proposed; for the second, Idna.[19]

Ataroth-addar

Ataroth-addar is a location mentioned in Joshua 16:5. It may be the same location as the Ataroth mentioned in 16:2.[20]

Aznoth-tabor

Aznoth-tabor is the name of a place in the territory of the Tribe of Naphtali. It is probably the modern Khirbet el-Jebeil.[21]

B

Beer

Beer was a location reached by the Israelites during their Exodus journey, mentioned in Numbers 21:16–18. After the death of Aaron, the Israelites moved on, apparently at pace, through a series of locations along the Moabite/Amorite border. There was a well at Beer, where Moses was able to assemble and refresh the travelling community, and which was associated with a song regarding the Israelite leaders and 'the lawgiver' in providing water.

Another Beer (or Bera) [22] is mentioned in Judges 9:21 as the place to which Gideon's youngest son, Joatham or Jotham, fled to escape from Abimelech after his 69 brothers had been killed. Matthew Poole described Beer as "a place remote from Shechem, and out of Abimelech’s reach";[23] and the Pulpit Commentary suggests it is "either the same as Beeroth, among the heights of the tribe of Benjamin (Joshua 9:17), now El-Birch, 'the first halting-place for caravans on the northern road from Jerusalem' (Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, 'Sinai and Palestine', p. 210); or a place called by Eusebius 'Beta', now El-Birch, eight Roman miles from Eleutheropolis (now Beit Jibrin), and possibly the same as the place of the same name described by Maundrell as four hours from Jerusalem, and two hours west of Bethel; or, as Ewald thinks, Beer beyond Jordan (Numbers 21:16 - see above)". The commentary concludes that "it is impossible to decide which, or whether any, of these is the place designated as Jotham's place of refuge.[24]

Beer-lahai-roi

Beer-lahai-roi or well of the Life which saw me is the name of a well in the Negev which is known for its appearance in a story in which God appears to Hagar.[25][26] Later the Book of Genesis claims that Isaac stayed near it.[27] Genesis locates this well in the wilderness of Beer-sheba,[28] "on the way to Shur ... between Kadesh and Bered".[29][25]it Because the Beer in Beer-lahai-roi is simply the Hebrew word "well", the King James Version renders the whole expression "the well Lahairoi".

The biblical references to it may place it somewhere in the vicinity of the modern Bir 'Asluj.[30]

Beeroth

See Beeroth (biblical city).
Beeroth (Hebrew: בְּאֵרוֹת‎; in LXX Ancient Greek: Βηρωθ) is a minor city in Gibeon mentioned in Joshua 9:17. Maspero, Petrie, also Müller and Budge identify the place name Baertou mentioned in the Annals of Thutmose III at Temple of Karnak as biblical Beeroth.[31]

Beon

Beon is a location mentioned only in Numbers 32:3. It may be a copying error for "Meon".[33]

Bera

An alternative name for Beer (Judges 9:21)

Bered

Bered is a location mentioned only in Genesis 16:14, which locates Hagar between Kadesh and Bered at the time of her meeting with an angel while pregnant.

Berothah

Berothah is a place mentioned in passing in Ezekiel 47:16.

Beth-anath

A place mentioned in Judges 1:33 and situated in the tribal territory of Naphtali.

Beth-barah

A place mentioned in Judges 7:24.

Beth Car

The point to which the Israelites drove back the Philistines following their raid on the Israelite assembly convened by Samuel at Mizpah, recorded in 1 Samuel 7:5–12.

Beth Jeshimoth

Beth Jeshimoth (Hebrew, Beit ha-Yeshimot) was a town in the Transjordan, which is mentioned in four verses of the Hebrew Bible: Numbers 33:49, Joshua 12:3 and 13:20, and Ezekiel 25:9. Numbers mentions it in a description of where the Israelites encamped during their wilderness journeys. According to Joshua 13:20, it was part of the land allocated to the Tribe of Reuben. Ezekiel 25:9 lists it as one of three cities which constitute "the glory of the country" of Moab, in a passage in which God promises to punish Moab. During the First Jewish-Roman War, Beth Jeshimoth (Bezemoth) was captured by the Roman Imperial army, and was used by them to resettle deserters who had joined the Roman ranks.[34]

The King James Version spells the name as Bethjesimoth and Bethjeshimoth. Classical Greek sources: Bezemoth

Beth Lebaoth

Beth Lebaoth or Lebaoth is located in the Negev, and in territory which according to the Book of Joshua was assigned to the Tribe of Simeon.[35][36]

Beth Pelet

Beth Pelet (spelled Bethpalet and Bethphelet in the King James Version) was a location in the territory assigned to the Tribe of Judah by Joshua 15:27, and was occupied by Judahites in Yehud Medinata following the return from the Babylonian captivity according to Nehemiah 11:26. Its location is not certain, but may have been along the southern edge of Judah near the border with Edom.[37]

Beth Peor

Beth Peor (also transliterated as Bethpeor,[38] Beth-peor,[39] Beth-pe'or,[40] Beit-P'or[41] or Phogar[42]) is, according to Deuteronomy 3:29 and Deuteronomy 4:46, the location "opposite which" the Israelites were camped after their victories over Sihon, king of the Amorites and Og, king of Bashan, after their captured lands were allocated to the tribes of Reuben, Gad and Manasseh, and where Moses delivered his sermon summarizing covenant history and the Ten Commandments in the narrative of the book of Deuteronomy.[43] See SWP III, 1883, pp. 35,112.

Bohan

See Stone of Bohan.

C

Caleb-ephrathah

Caleb-ephrathah or Caleb-ephratah is a place mentioned only in 1 Chronicles 2:24, where it is said that Hezron died there.

Camon

Camon, Kamon or Camoun was the place where the biblical judge Jair was buried (Judges 10:5). It was a city of Gilead according to Josephus, and in the opinion of the editors of the Pulpit Commentary: "Polybius mentions a Camoun among other trans-Jordanic places, but its site has not been verified by modern research".[44] However, Easton disagrees:

It has usually been supposed to have been a city of Gilead, on the east of Jordan.[45]

Carem

Carem appears in the Septuagint version of the Book of Joshua (Joshua 15:59-60)[7]

Casiphia

Casiphia or Kasiphia is a place-name found only in Ezra 8:17, referring to an unknown location in Babylon.[46] Ezra is recorded as having gotten Levites from Casiphia in order to serve in the temple of Jerusalem.

Cave of Makkedah

See Makkedah.

Chephirah

See Chephirah.

Chezib

Chezib, a Canaanite village where the sons of Judah were born, thought to be Khirbet Ghazy; now a ruin.

Culon

Culon appears in the Septuagint version of the Book of Joshua (Joshua 15:59-60)[7]

D

Diblah

Diblah (also called Diblath) is a place-name found in Ezekiel 6:14. It is probably a variant form of the name Riblah.[47][48]

Dilean

Dilean is a place-name found in Joshua 15:38, in a list of locations allotted to the tribe of Judah in the Shephelah. The site is unknown, but from the position of the town in the list, it would appear to be somewhere north of Tel Lachish and Eglon.[49][50]

Dimonah

Dimonah is a place listed in Joshua 15:22 as being inside the territory of Judah along its southern border with Edom. It may be the same as Dibon.[51]

Dura

The "plain of Dura" is a location mentioned in Daniel 3:1, as the place where the king of Babylon built an image of himself. The location is uncertain, as there were several places named Dura in the region.[52]

E

Eglaim

Eglaim is a Moabite city mentioned by Isaiah in his proclamation against Moab (Isaiah 15:8). Its location is unknown.

Elealeh

Elealeh was a Moabite town. Every time it is mentioned in the Bible, Heshbon is mentioned as well.[53] The Book of Numbers assigns Elealeh to the Tribe of Reuben.[54] Thomas Kelly Cheyne believed that where the present Hebrew text of Isaiah 15:8 reads Beer Elim, the original likely read b- [Hebrew preposition "in"] Elealeh.[53] Today the location of the biblical Elealeh is called el-ʿAl.[55]

Eleph

Eleph is the name given in Joshua 18:28, apparently for a town in territory of the Tribe of Benjamin. Because the name "Eleph" means thousand, and because the form found in Joshua is in Hebrew ha-eleph, literally, "the thousand," Thomas Kelly Cheyne believed there was an error in the text, and that ha-eleph was a copyist's mistake for either Taralah or Irpeel.[56] Another understanding of the word is that it is part of a compound name for a town called Zela Haeleph, instead of "Zela" and "Eleph" being two distinct towns, as in the King James Version.[57]

Elon-beth-hanan

Elon-beth-hanan (sometimes written Elonbethhanan, Elonbeth-hanan, Elon Bethhanan, etc.) is apparently the name of a place recorded in 1 Kings 4:9. 1 Kings 4 asserts that Solomon, king of Israel, divided his kingdom into twelve administrative districts, each with a governor responsible for delivering taxation from the region to the king. The region assigned to a Ben-Deker is recorded as including Makaz, Shaalbim, Beth-shemesh, and Elon-beth-hanan. Instead of beth, some manuscripts read ben, the Hebrew word for "son of," yielding the reading "Elon son of Hanan."[58] Instead of "Elon-beth-hanan," the Septuagint reads "and Elon as far as Beth-hanan", a reading endorsed as "probably right" by the Encyclopaedia Biblica, although the Encyclopaedia expresses doubt as to whether "Beth-hanan" is correct.[58]

Elon-meonenim

See Meonenim.

Eltolad

Eltolad is a location in Canaan mentioned in the Book of Joshua. Joshua 15:30 considers it a part of the territory of Judah in the Negev along the southern border with Edom, but Joshua 19:4 treats it as part of the territory of the Tribe of Simeon. 1 Chronicles 4:29 refers to it as "Tolad."[59]

Enam

Enam, according to Joshua 15:34, was a town in the Shephelah of the Tribe of Judah. It may be the same location as the Enaim where, in the narrative found in the book of Genesis, Tamar seduced the patriarch Judah.[60][61]

En-eglaim

En-eglaim (Eneglaim, En Eglaim) is a location mentioned in a vision of the prophet Ezekiel. According to his vision, the Dead Sea (a salty lake in which fish cannot live) would one day be filled with fresh water, and fishers would cast their nets "from Engedi to En-eglaim."[62] According to Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1899), a likely theory would be that the place referred to is near where the Jordan River empties into the Dead Sea, resulting in the freshwater fish washed into the Dead Sea dying of the excessive salt content and washing up dead on the beach. Cheyne suggested Ain Hajleh (Ain Hajlah) as a possible location, thinking that the Hebrew Eglaim might be a later version in a text which originally read "Hoglah," as in the place-name "Beth-hoglah."[62] At present the exact location is still unidentified, though proposals include Ain Hajlah, Ain Feshka, or Eglaim.[63]

En-gannim

En-gannim is the name of two towns mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.[64]

En-haddah

En-haddah is a town mentioned only once in the Bible, in Joshua 19:21, where it is assigned to the territory of the Tribe of Issachar. Due to its placement in a list of towns, it would appear to be close to En-gannim, which immediately precedes it.[65]

En-hakkore

En-hakkore is the name of a fountain, mentioned only in Judges 15:18-19. In the biblical narrative, Samson the Israelite hero is thirsty, and calls (kara) to God in fear that he will die of thirst. In response, God causes a spring to miraculously appear. Samson memorializes the incident by naming the spring En Hakkore, Hebrew for "spring of the caller." According to Encyclopaedia Biblica, the original etymology of En-hakkore is "spring of the partridge," while the meaning "spring of the caller" is a later legendary invention.[66]

Ephratha

Ephratha (Bethlehem); from the Septuagint version of the Book of Joshua (Joshua 15:59-60)[7]

Esek

Esek is the name of the first of two wells which, according to Genesis, were the object of an argument between Isaac and herdsmen from the Philistine city of Gerar.[67] The Hebrew form of the name as preserved in the Masoretic Text is Esek, while manuscripts Greek Septuagint have the forms Adikia or Sykophantia.

En-shemesh

En-shemesh, meaning "fountain of the sun", is the name of a place along the border between Judah and the Tribe of Benjamin, between Ein Rogel and Adummim.[68][69]

Eshan

Eshan (Eshean) is the name of a place in the hill-country of the territory of the Tribe of Judah.[70] The location has not been identified.[71]

Esora

Esora is the King James Bible and Revised Version spelling of "Aesora".[72] See Aesora.

Eth-kazin

Eth-kazin (KJV Ittah-kazin) is the name of a place along the border of the territory of the Tribe of Zebulun, according to Joshua 19:13.

Ezel

Ezel appears to be the name given to a cairn, rock or milestone in a biblical story concerning David and Jonathan (1 Samuel 20:19). David, the future king of Israel, is a close friend of Jonathan, the son of then-king Saul. Jonathan warns David that Saul may be seeking to kill him, and instructs David to flee. Jonathan instructs David to wait "at the rock Ezel" until Jonathan can understand Saul's intentions, which he will then signal to David so that David can know whether to flee or stay in Saul's court. According to some biblical critics, the word "Ezel" is not a proper noun in Hebrew, and is either a scribal mistake of some kind or a word which is not understood by biblical scholars.[73] The Revised Standard Version refers to it as "yonder stone heap".[74]

G

Galeed

Galeed, according to Genesis 31:47-48, is the name given by Jacob to the place where he and Laban reached a peace agreement. The name is Hebrew for "testimonial[75] mound", and is a reference to the pile of stones erected by Jacob and Laban as a memorial, or "witness", of the agreement between the two relatives. Laban called the stone "Jegar-Sahadutha", the Aramaic equivalent of the Hebrew "Galeed".[76] The place is also called mizpah.

Gallim

Gallim is a biblical place-name. In the Masoretic Text of the Hebrew Bible, Gallim is the name of one location, while the Greek Septuagint contains two locations by that name.

In Isaiah 10:30, the village of Gallim is mentioned alongside Laishah (Tel Dan) and Anathoth, placing it somewhere north of Jerusalem.[77] Michal in 1 Samuel, best known for being the wife of David, was briefly the wife of Palti, son of Laish, a man identified as coming from Gallim.[78]

An additional Gallim (or Galem) is mentioned in the Septuagint text of 15:59a, which contains additional cities assigned to the tribe of Judah which are not recorded in the Masoretic Text.[77][79]

Gath-rimmon

Gath-rimmon, the Levitical city from Joshua 19:45, Joshua 21:25 and 1 Chronicles 6:69, has been identified by Benjamin Mazar with Tel Gerisa.[80] Anson Rainey supported the notion that it is identical with Gittaim and is to be found at or near Ramla.[81]

Gebim

Gebim is a biblical place-name which appears only in Isaiah 10:31,[82] in which it is said that "the inhabitants of Gebim gather themselves to flee." The location of Gebim is unknown.[83]

Gederothaim

Gederothaim is a place-name which appears only in Joshua 15:36, in a list of locations possessed by the Tribe of Judah in the Shephelah.[84] Because it appears immediately after the mention of Gederah, some scholars have suggested that "Gederothaim" was introduced by a mistaken copying of the name "Gederah."[84]

Geliloth

Geliloth is a place-name mentioned in Joshua 18:17, where it describes a location along the boundaries of the territory assigned to the Tribe of Benjamin. The name means "stone-circles."[85]

Gibbar

Gibbar is a "district of Judah" mentioned in a list of returnees from the Babylonian captivity, where the list claims that 95 of the "sons [i.e. people] of Gibbar" returned.[86][87]

Ginath

For the possible place-name Ginath, see List of biblical figures § Ginath.

Gittaim

Gittaim is a place-name which appears several times in the Hebrew Bible. According to Thomas Kelly Cheyne, "there were probably several Gittaims".[88]

  • A town called Gittaim in the territory of the Tribe of Benjamin appears in Nehemiah 11:33.
  • A town called Gittaim is where the Beerothites were accepted as resident aliens according to 2 Samuel 4:3.
  • Based on readings found in the Greek Septuagint, Cheyne suggested that "Gittaim is also probably the name of a town in or near Edom", referred to in Genesis 36:35 and 1 Chronicles 1:46, where the Hebrew text now reads "Avith".[88] Anson Rainey also places "Gath/Gittaim/Gath-rimmon", clearly different from Gath of the Philistines, at or near Ramla.[89]
  • In the Septuagint, 1 Samuel 14:33 contains a reference to a Gittaim (Greek geththaim), although Cheyne believes the Septuagint's reading here to be a "manifest error".[88]

Gur-baal

Gur-baal is the name of a place mentioned in 2 Chronicles 26:7. According to the Chronicler, it was inhabited by "Arabians", and was the object of a successful attack by Uzziah, the king of Judah.

H

Habor

Habor is the biblical name for the Khabur River, which was in the wilderness of Judah, and mentioned in 2 Kings 17:6, 18:11.

Hachilah

The Hill of Hachilah is a place in the wilderness of Judah.[90] It is mentioned in 1 Samuel 23:19, 26:1 as a place where David hid from Saul.

Hadashah

Hadashah (Hebrew: חֲדָשָׁה‎; in LXX Ancient Greek: Ἀδασὰν), mentioned only in once in the Bible in the Book of Joshua, was a city in the valley of Judah (Joshua 15:37).[94] Its name means 'new'.[94] It is mentioned among the cities smitten by Ramesses III in his lists at the Temple of Karnak and the Mortuary Temple of Ramesses III at Medinet Habu as Houdasatha.[91][92][93]

Hali

Hali is mentioned only in Joshua 19:25, in a list of cities assigned to the Tribe of Asher.[95] Stanley Cook believed the name "Hali" may have been a scribal error for "Helbah."[95]

Hammath

Hammath was one of the fortified cities of Naphtali (Joshua 19:35).

Hammon

Hammon is the name of two places in the Hebrew Bible.[96] The first is along the borders of the Tribe of Asher (Joshua 19:28).[96] The second is a Levitical city inside the territory of the Tribe of Naphtali, which is probably identical to Hammath and Hammoth-dor (1 Chronicles 6:76), or verse 61 in some Bibles).[96]

Hammoth-dor

Hammoth-dor was a Levitical city of Naphtali (Joshua 21:32). See Hammoth-dor.

Hamonah

Hamonah is a city mentioned in Ezekiel's apocalyptic prophecy, located, according to the text as it now stands, in the "Valley of Hamon-Gog." (Ezekiel 39:16). Thomas Kelly Cheyne expressed doubt as to whether the text originally read "Hamonah," suggesting that scribal error may have obscured a more original reading.[97]

Hapharaim

Hapharaim or Haphraim is a town listed as being part of the territory of the Tribe of Issachar in the Book of Joshua (Joshua 19:19).[98]

Hareth

Hareth or Hereth is a forested area in Judah to which David and his family return after leaving refuge in Moab, at the direction of the prophet Gad (1 Samuel 22:5). It is thought to have been somewhere on the border of the Philistine plain, in the southern part of Judah.[99]

Hazar-addar

Hazar-addar is a name which appears only in Numbers 34:4, where it refers to a location on the southern edge of the territory belonging to the Tribe of Judah. According to Thomas Kelly Cheyne, the original text of Joshua 15:3 probably contained a reference to the place city.[100]

Hazar-enan

Hazar-enan (sometimes spelled Hazar Enan or Hazarenan) is mentioned in Ezekiel 47:17 as a location along the northeastern edge of the land of Canaan according to Ezekiel's "ideal" borders.[101] The Aramaic Targum Jonathan ben Uzziel on Numbers 34:9–10 renders its translation as ṭirath ʿenawatha ("walled suburb of the springs"). According to the Encyclopaedia Biblica, Ezekiel 47:16 probably originally contained the name "Hazar-enan" where it now contains "Hazar-hatticon.[101]

Hazar-gaddah

Hazar-gaddah is a location listed in Joshua 15:27 as one of the cities along the southern border of Judah with Edom.[102]

Hazar-shual

Hazar-shual was a city in the territory of the Tribe of Simeon, along its border with Judah.[103][104]

Hazar-susah

Hazar-susah, also called Hazar-susim, is among the cities listed in the Book of Joshua as being part of the inheritance of the Tribe of Simeon.[105] It is mentioned only in Joshua 19:5 and 1 Chronicles 4:13.[105]

Hazer-hatticon

Hazer-hatticon is a location that appears on the northern border of the land of Canaan according to Ezekiel's idealized conception its borders.[106][107] According to the Encyclopaedia Biblica, the name is likely a miswritten form of Hazar-enan.[107]

Hazor-hadattah

Hazor-hadattah, Aramaic for "New Hazor," was a place mentioned in Joshua 15:25, on the border between Judah and the Edom.[108]

Heleph

Heleph, as the Masoretic Text now stands, appears to be the name of a place located in the territory of the Tribe of Naphtali.[109] It appears only in Joshua 19:33.[109] According to Thomas Kelly Cheyne, the verse appears to have undergone copying errors, and the word "Heleph" was probably not an original part of the verse.[109]

Helkath

Helkath (Hebrew: חֶלְקַת‎) is a location on the boundary of the tribe of Asher.[110]

Helkath-hazzurim

Helkath-hazzurim, a term which appears in 2 Samuel 2:16, is the name of a site where the troops of David fought the troops of Ish-bosheth. The location is described as "Helkath-hazzurim, which is in Gibeon," although Stanley A. Cook suggested that the words "which is in Gibeon" were a later explanatory note added to the text, and that the story may originally have been set in another location.[111]

Hena

Hena is the name of a place or nation mentioned only in a single speech in the Hebrew Bible, by the Rabshakeh, an official of Sennacharib, who mentioned it in threatening the Judahites in the time of king Hezekiah. The Rabshakeh warned the Israelites that his employer, the Assyrian Empire, would defeat the kingdom of Judah, and that the Israelites should not trust their deity to save them. He supported his argument by pointing to other places conquered by the Assyrians, and pointed out that the gods of those locations had not managed to prevent conquest. "Where is the king of Hamath, and the king of Arpad, and the king of the city of Sepharvaim, of Hena, and Ivvah?"[112] The locations of Hena and Ivvah are unknown to the present day.[113] Thomas Kelly Cheyne suggested that the name "Hena" has found its way into the verse "through a scribe's error."[114]

Hepher

Hepher is a place name found in the Hebrew Bible. In the conquest narratives of the Book of Joshua, there is a list of 31 kings defeated by the invading Israelites.[115] These kings are unnamed, but referred to simply in terms of what town they ruled, and a "king of Hepher" is listed among them in Joshua 12:17. Later, in the narratives about Solomon, Solomon divides his land into twelve districts, each ruled by a governor in charge of collecting tribute. The district assigned to the Ben-Hesed included "all the land of Hepher."[116] In addition to these explicit references to a place known as Hepher, there are veiled references to Hepher in etiological genealogical passages, in which historical regions and ethnic groupings are described as if descended from a family tree populated by individual forefathers.[117] In these narratives, a "person" named Hepher is described as being a descendant of Manasseh, indicating that Hepher was, at some point, ruled by people identified with the Tribe of Manasseh.[118][117] The people of Hepher are identified as "Hepherites" in Numbers 26:32.

The biblical mentions of Hepher are not enough to locate the town with any precision: it is not even certain whether Hepher is to be found in the Transjordan or in Cisjordan.[117]

Heshmon

Heshmon is the name of a town mentioned in Joshua 15:27, in a list of towns on the border between Judah and Edom. The name Heshmon may be the basis for the term Hasmonean (Hebrew hashmoni), as the Hasmoneans may have had their origin in Heshmon.[119]

Holon

This section is about the biblical towns named Holon. For the modern town, see Holon.

Holon (Hilen, Hilez) is the name of two biblical towns.

  • A city in the hill-country of Judah according to Joshua 15:21 and Joshua 21:15, but its site is unknown.[120] It is also referred to as Hilen or Hilez in 1 Chronicles 6:58 (verse 43 in some Bibles).[121]
  • A town in Moab, mentioned in Jeremiah 48:21 at the head of a list of towns to be "judged" by God for Moab's misdeeds.

Horem

Horem was one of the fortified cities of Naphtali according to Joshua 19:38. The exact location is unknown.[122]

Hosah

Hosah (Hebrew: חֹסָה‎), according to Joshua 19:29, was a city on the border between the Tribe of Asher and Tyre.[125] Where the Masoretic Text reads "Hosah," an important Greek Septuagint manuscript reads "Iaseif," leading to uncertainty about what the original reading was.[125] The location is unknown.[126]

Hukkok

Hukkok was a town near Zebulun, on the border of Naphtali (Joshua 19.34). Many commentators have identified it with Yaquq.[127]

Humtah

Humtah was a city of Judah according to Joshua 15:54, whose location has not been identified. Its name in Hebrew means 'snail'.

Hushah

Hushah was a place in the hill country of Judah founded by a son of Ezer (1 Chronicles 4:4). It is generally identified with Husan, south-west of Bethlehem.[128] One of David's Mighty Warriors is identified in the Bible as "Sibbecai the Hushathite." 1 Chronicles 11:29, 1 Chronicles 27:11</ref>

I

Idalah

Idalah is the name of a town in the territory of the Tribe of Zebulun according to Joshua 19:15, the only place in the Hebrew Bible where it is mentioned.[129]

Ijon

Ijon (Hebrew: עיּוֹן‎; in LXX Ancient Greek: Άίν) is the name of a place mentioned three times in the Hebrew Bible. In 1 Kings 15:20 and the parallel passage in 2 Chronicles 16:4, along with Dan and Abel-beth-maacah (Kings account, Chronicles reads "Abel-maim"), it is conquered by Ben-Hadad I of Aram during the time of Baasha of Israel (c.900 to c.877 BCE). In 2 Kings 15:29, Ijon along with Abel-beth-maacah and several other places are taken captive by Tiglath-Pileser III (reigned 745-727 BCE) during the reign of Pekah. It was slightly north of the modern-day site of Metula.[132] Budge and Paton equate Ijon with the hieroglyphic place name 'Aiina.[131]

Iphtah

Iphtah (the King James Version spells it Jiphtah) was, according to Joshua 15:43, a place in the Shephelah of the Tribe of Judah. The location is unknown today.[133]

Iphtah-el

Iphtah-el (the King James Version spells it Jiphtah-el) is the name of a place mentioned only in Joshua 19:14 and 19:27.[134] Joshua describes it as being along the northern border of the Tribe of Zebulun, in the area adjoining the territory of the Tribe of Asher. The biblical Iphtah-el is probably the place known today as Khirbet Japhet.[135]

Irpeel

Irpeel is the name of a town mentioned only in Joshua 18:27, in the territory of the Tribe of Benjamin.[136]

Ithlah

Ithlah (King James Version Jethlah) is a location which, according to Joshua 19:42, was part of the territory of the Tribe of Dan. The location has not been identified by modern scholarship.[137]

Ittah-kazin

See Eth-kazin.

J

Jabneel

Jabneel (once Jabneh) is the name given in the Hebrew Bible for two locations.

  • The first is a Philistine city, considered by Joshua 15:11 to have belonged to the territory of the Tribe of Judah.[138] In 2 Chronicles 26:6, where the name is shortened to "Jabneh," it is recorded that Uzziah, as part of his attacks on Philistine cities, broke down its wall.[138]
  • The second is assigned by Joshua 19:33 to the territory of the Tribe of Naphtali.

Jahaz

Jahaz (or Jahaza, Jahazah, Jahzah) was the site of the battle between King Sihon and the advancing Israelite people, according to Numbers 21:23 and later became a levitical city in the territory of Reuben, east of the River Jordan.[139]

Janim

Janim or Janum is a location mentioned only in Joshua 15:33, which places it in the hill-country of Judah, somewhere near Beth-tappuah.[140]

Jearim

Mount Jearim is mentioned in Joshua 15:10, a verse which described the northern border of the Tribe of Judah.[141] According to the Encyclopaedia Biblica the term described in this case not a mountain in the modern sense of the word, but a ridge, and "Jearim" is probably an incorrect reading where "Jarib" or "Ephron" was originally intended.[141]

Jegar-sahadutha

See Galeed.

Jeruel

The "wilderness of Jeruel" is the place where, according to 2 Chronicles 20:16\NKJV, Jahaziel told Jehoshaphat to expect an invading army of Moabites, Ammonites, and Edomites.

Jethlah

See Ithlah.

Jiphtah

See Iphtah.

Jiphtah-el

See Iphtah-el.

Jogbehah

Jogbehah is a city east of the Jordan River, mentioned in Numbers 32:35, as one of the locations in the Transjordan granted to the Tribe of Gad by Moses. It reappears in the story of Gideon.[142] It was probably an Ammonite fortress, now named Rugm al-Gubekha.[143]

Jokdeam

Jokdeam is the name of a location mentioned only once in the Bible, in Joshua 15:56.[144] The passage identifies it as being in the hill-country of Judah, but beyond that its location is unknown today.[145]

K

Kamon

See Camon

Kasiphia

See Casiphia

Kirjathjearim

See Kiriath-Jearim

L

Laharoi

See Beer-lahai-roi.

Lebaoth

See Beth Lebaoth.

Lecah

Lecah or Lekah is a place mentioned in 1 Chronicles 4:21, which claims that Er, the son of Judah (son of Jacob) settled there.

Luhith

The "ascent of Luhith" is a location in Moab mentioned in Isaiah 15:5 and Jeremiah 48:5.

M

Mahaneh Dan

Mahaneh Dan or Mahaneh-dan is a location associated with the tribe of Dan. According to Judges 18:12, it was located to the west of Kirjath-jearim.[146] On the other hand, Judges 13:25 names it as the place where Samson lived and where "the spirit of the LORD began to stir in him", but gives it a different location, "between Zorah and Eshtaol".[146]

Makaz

Makaz is a location mentioned in 1 Kings 4:9, in a passage which describes king Solomon administering the kingdom of Israel by division into twelve districts. Makaz appears in a list of cities the rest of which belonged to the territory traditionally assigned to the Tribe of Dan, so it appears likely that Makaz was originally intended as a reference to some location in Dan.[147]

Makkedah

Makkedah (Hebrew: מַקֵּדָה‎; in LXX Ancient Greek: Μακηδά or Μακέδ as in 1 Maccabees; in Vulgate Latin: Mageth) was a city in the land of Canaan. Joshua 12:16 gives a list of thirty-one cities whose kings, according to the Book of Joshua, were defeated in the conquest of Canaan following the Exodus, and Makkedah is included. Joshua 15:41 locates it in the part of the Shephelah assigned to the Tribe of Judah. Joshua 10 relates a story of five "Amorite" kings hiding in the "cave of Makkedah" after a battle; afterward, they were removed from the cave and killed in a humiliating fashion. After this, Makkedah was captured.[150][151] Maspero, Müller and Budge identify Makouta mentioned in the Annals of Thutmose III at the Temple of Karnak with biblical Makkeda.[148][149] Historical geographers have struggled with its modern identification, with PEF surveyors Conder & Kitchener thinking the ancient site to be where was once built the Arab village of el-Mughar, north of Nahal Sorek.[152]

Manocho

Manocho appears in the Septuagint version of the Book of Joshua (Joshua 15:59-60)[7]

Maon

This entry is about the location known as Maon or the "Wilderness of Maon". For the ethnic group known by that name, see List of minor biblical tribes § Maon.

Maon, according to Joshua 15:55, was a place in the highlands of the Tribe of Judah identified in modern times with Khirbet Maʿin (or in Hebrew, Horvat Maʿon).[153] According to 1 Samuel 23:24, the Wilderness of Maon, in the plain on the south of Jeshimon, was one of the places where David hid from King Saul.[154] Nabal, the rich but callous property owner who refused to support David's men in 1 Samuel 25:1–11 was from Maon. In the Septuagint version of 1 Samuel, David retreated to the Wilderness of Maon after the death of Samuel,[155] but in the Massoretic Text he went to the Wilderness of Paran.

Through the use of genealogy, Maon was personified as a descendant of Hebron.[156]

There was an Arab village and there is now an Israeli settlement at Ma'on, Har Hebron in the West Bank.

Maralah

Maralah is a place mentioned only in Joshua 19:11, where it describes a locality in the territory of the Tribe of Zebulun, along its southwestern border.[157]

Masrekah

Masrekah, according to Genesis 36:36 and 1 Chronicles 1:47, is where the Edomite king Samlah lived.

Meah

Meah is the name of a tower named in Nehemiah 3:1 and 12:39.

Mejarcon

Mejarcon (also spelled Mejarkon or Me-jarkon) was a location on the border of the tribe of Dan mentioned in.[158]

Meonenim

Meonenim appears in Judges 9:37, in the Hebrew phrase elon meonenim which is variously translated as "plain of Meonenim," "Elon-meonenim," "oak of Meonenim," or "the Diviners' Oak."[159][160]

Mephaath

Mephaath was a levitical city of the Merarites lying in the district of the Mishor in the territory of the tribe of Reuben according to Joshua 21:37, and was mentioned in condemnation by the prophet Jeremiah in Jeremiah 48:21.

Michmethath

Michmethath (Michmethah, Mikmethath, Micmethath) is the name of a place mentioned in Joshua 16:6 and 17:7. 16:6 records that it is along the north end of the territory of the Tribe of Ephraim. 17:7 indicates that it was along the south end of the territory of the Tribe of Manasseh. From the biblical description it would appear to have been southeast of Shechem.[161]

Middin

The town of Middin is mentioned in passing in Joshua 15:61, in a list of six towns in the wilderness of the territory of the tribe of Judah. Its exact location is unknown.[162]

Migron

There is a place called Migron on the outskirts of Gibeah mentioned in 1 Samuel 14:2, where King Saul was based, different from the Migron mentioned in Isaiah 10:28, which is north of Michmash.[163]

Minni

Minni is mentioned in Jeremiah 51:27 as the name of a province in Armenia, which was at this time under the Median kings. Armenia is regarded by some as Har-minni i.e., the mountainous country of Minni.[164]

Minnith

Minnith is mentioned in Judges 11:33 as marking the extent of Jephthah's victory over the Ammonites and in Ezekiel 27:17 as a wheat-farming city. Minnith, Missouri takes its name from the reference in Ezekiel.

Misrephoth-maim

Misrephoth-maim is the name of a place associated with Sidon where, according to the Book of Joshua, Joshua pursued the retreating Canaanites after a battle at Merom.[165][166] According to Joshua 13:6 it is found near the boundary between the northern territory of the Tribes of Israel and the Sidonians.[166]

Mount Jearim

See Jearim.

N

Neah

Neah is a location mentioned only in Joshua 19:13.[167] The Book of Joshua places it in the territory of the Tribe of Zebulun, near the valley of Iphtah-el.[168]

Neballat

Neballat is the name of a town listed among the towns where people of the Tribe of Benjamin lived according to Nehemiah 11:34.[169] Today it is known as Beit Nebala.[170]

Nibshan

Nibshan is the name of a town in the wilderness of Judah, mentioned only in Judges 15:62.

No

No or No-amon is the name of a city in Egypt mentioned in negative terms by the prophets Jeremiah (46:25), Ezekiel (30:14-16), and Nahum (3:8). It is most commonly identified in modern scholarship with Thebes, but in the Septuagint, Vulgate, and a variety of rabbinical commentators it is interpreted as Alexandria.[171][172]

P

Parbar

Parbar, according to the King James Version, is a place-name mentioned in 1 Chronicles 26:18, in a description of the divisions of gatekeepers for the Temple in Jerusalem. However, in more recent scholarship, the word parbar or parwar is generally taken not as a proper noun, but as a common noun, with various proposals as to its meaning. Canadian academic Donna Runnalls suggests that "it seems to refer to a structure which was located at the top of the road on the west side of the temple".[173] The New Revised Standard Version translates the word as " the colonnade on the west".[174]

Perez Uzzah

Perez Uzzah (Hebrew, "outburst against Uzzah")[175] is a place name which appears only in the biblical narrative about Uzzah, a man who was killed by God for touching the Ark of the Covenant (2 Samuel 6:8; 1 Chronicles 13:11). David named it in commemoration of Uzzah's death. The location has not been identified.[176]

Phagor

Phagor (Greek: Φαγὼρ) appears in the Septuagint version of the Book of Joshua (Joshua 15:59),[7] in a grouping of 11 cities of Judah not listed in the Hebrew text. It is rendered as "Peor" in the Contemporary English Version (1995).[177]

R

Rabbith

Rabbith, according to Joshua 19:20, was a location within the territory of the Tribe of Issachar.[178]

Racal

Racal (or Rachal or Rakal), according to 1 Samuel 30:29, was one of the locations were David sent plunder after defeating a group of Amalekites. The site is unknown and mentioned nowhere else. It may have been a copyist's error for Carmel.[178]

Rakkath

Rakkath (or Rakat or Rakkat) is mentioned in Joshua 19:35 as a fenced or fortified city in the territory of the Tribe of Naphtali and is considered according to Jewish tradition to be the location developed as the city of Tiberias from around 20 CE.[179]

Rakkon

Rakkon, according to the Masoretic Text of Judges 19:46, is a place-name for a locality along the borders of the Tribe of Dan. A common opinion is that the place-name Rakkon (Hebrew hrqwn) originally through a mis-copying of part of the previous place-name Me Jarkon (Hebrew my hyrqwn), which is mentioned immediately preceding it.[180] If it is a genuine place-name, its location is uncertain, and it is unclear whether it refers to a town or a river.[180] The Septuagint omits it altogether.[181]

Ramath-Mizpeh

Ramath-Mizpeh, according to Joshua 13:26, was a location in the territory of the Tribe of Gad, a Transjordanian tribe. It is possibly the same as present-day Iraq al-Amir.[182]

Rammath-Lehi

'Rammath-Lehi, according to the Old Testament Book of Judges, was the name given to this place by Samson when he defeated a thousand Philistines.

Ramat-Negev

A place named Ramat-Negev (Hebrew rmt ngb) is assigned to the Tribe of Simeon by Joshua 19:8. It is likely the same as location as the Ramot-Negev (rmwt ngb) in 1 Samuel 30:27, where it is named as a location to which David sent plunder from his raid against the Amalekites.[178] Ramat or Ramot Negev is also mentioned in one of the Arad ostraca, a series of letters recovered from Tell Arad, ordering that soldiers be sent to Ramat-Negev as protection against Edomite invasion.[183]

It is possible that Ramot-Negev is the place now known as Hurvath Uza.[184] See also Baalath-Beer.

Rekem

This is about the city. For individuals of the same name, see List of minor biblical figures § Rekem.

Rekem is the name of a city or fortified town in the territory of the Tribe of Benjamin according to Joshua 18:27. The location is unknown.[185]

Rock of Escape

See Sela Hammahlekoth.

Rogelim

Rogelim is a place mentioned twice in 2 Samuel, both times in relation to Barzillai the Gileadite. It is identified as his city (17:27) and the place from which he came to meet King David after the revolt of Absalom (19:31). Its location was in Gilead but has not been precisely identified.[186] Strong's Concordance calls is "a (place of) fullers.[187]

Rumah

Rumah or Ruma is a place-name in the Hebrew Bible. It is mentioned in 2 Kings 23:26, which identifies king Jehoiakim's mother as "Zebudah, the daughter of Pedaiah of Rumah." A widespread, but not unanimous, identification sees this as the modern site of Ruma (Tell Rumeh) in the Lower Galilee.[188][189]

Joshua 15:52 lists a "Rumah" or "Dumah" (depending on the manuscript followed) as a city in the hill-country of Judah.[190] This is often associated with the modern village of Dūme, although scholars have expressed some uncertainty about this location as well.[191][189]

S

Salim

A place-name Salim appears in John 3:23, in the phrase "Aenon of Salim." The location has not been identified, though several possibilities have been suggested.[192]

Sansannah

Sansannah appears in Joshua 15:31, in a list of towns in the Negev of Judah. Scholars equate it with the modern Kirbet esh-Shamsaniyat, although with some doubt.[193] In Joshua 19, a portion of the territory of Judah is assigned to the Tribe of Simeon, and in this list instead of Sansannah the text reads "Hazar Susah" (verse 5).[194]

Sebam

See Sibmah.

Secu

Secu (also Seku, Sechu) is a place-name found in 1 Samuel 19:22. Its site has not been identified, and it is mentioned nowhere else in the Bible.[195]

Sela Hammahlekoth

Sela Hammahlekoth (or Rock of Escape) is the name which according to 1 Samuel 23:28 was given to a location where David narrowly escaped being killed by Saul. The location has not been definitely identified, but the biblical story places it in the Wilderness of Maon.[196]

Seneh

Seneh is the name of one of two rocky cliffs (the other being Bozez) through which Jonathan had to pass during his attack against a Philistine garrison (1 Samuel 14:4).

Shaalbim

Shaalbim is the name of a location which appears twice (in the form "Shaalbim") in the Hebrew Bible, in Judges 3:5 and again in 1 Kings 4:9. The passage in Judges 1 discusses the situation after the death of Joshua, in which the Tribe of Dan had difficulty expelling the Amorites from the land allotted to them, and the Amorites forced the Danites to live in the hill-country, keeping the valley for themselves (Judges 1:1-34). "But the Amorites were resolved to dwell in Harheres, in Aijalon, and in Shaalbim; yet the hand of the house of Joseph prevailed, so that they became tributary. And the border of the Amorites was from the ascent of Akrabbim, from Sela, and upward."[197]

1 Kings 4 records that Solomon divided his kingdom into districts under various governors, and chose a man named Ben Deker as governor "in Makaz, and in Shaalbim, and Beth-shemesh, and Elon-beth-hanan".[198]

In Joshua 19:42, a Shaalabbin is listed as a location within the territory allotted to Dan, and it is thus likely to be the same as the location "Shaalbim" which Dan was unable to occupy.[137] This is generally considered to have been located on the site of modern Salbit.[137][199]

It may also be the same as the location referred to as "Shaalban" (2 Samuel 23:32; 1 Chronicles 11:33), and may have been the "Shaalim" of 1 Samuel 9:4.[199]

Shaalim

Saul and his assistant passed through the land of Shaalim looking for his father's lost donkeys, according to 1 Samuel 9:4, probably in the highlands of Ephraim. Some manuscripts of the Septuagint locate the burial place of Abdon in Pirathon, in the hill country of Ephraim, in the land of Shaalim,[200] although other versions read "in the hill country of the Amalekites".[201]

Shamir

This is about the biblical locations, not the person mentioned in 1 Chronicles 24:24.

Shamir is the name of a biblical place which according to Joshua 15:48 was found in the hill-country of the Tribe of Judah.

According to Judges 10:1-2, the Israelite leader Tola lived, died, and was buried in a location called Shamir in the hill-country of the Tribe of Ephraim.

Shaveh Kiriathaim

According to Genesis 14:5, Chedorlaomer defeated the Emim at Shaveh Kiriathaim.

Shaveh, Valley of

A valley named Shaveh is the location where, according to Genesis 14:17, the king of Sodom went to meet Abram after the defeat of the forces of Chedorlaomer.

Sibmah

Sibmah (Hebrew, Sibmah) is a location which according Numbers 32:37–38 and Joshua 13:19NKJV was in the territory of the Tribe of Reuben. In the King James Version it is sometimes spelled Shibmah. Isaiah 16:7-8 refers to it as a Moabite city, as does Jeremiah 48:31-32. In one case it is called Sebam[202] (Hebrew Sebam), spelled Shebam in the King James Version (Numbers 32:3). Its specific location is not known.[203]

Stone of Bohan, son of Reuben

The stone of Bohan, son of Reuben is mentioned in Joshua 15:6 as a point along the boundary of the land allocated to the tribe of Judah. Bohan is not named as one of Reuben's sons where they are listed in Genesis 46:9. Bohan is a name which appears twice in the Hebrew Bible.[204] In both cases it appears in the phrase "the stone of Bohan the son of Reuben," which refers to a place along the boundary between Judah and the Tribe of Benjamin.[205]

Suphah

Suphah is mentioned in Numbers 21:14, quoting the lost Book of the Wars of the Lord, and is possibly the same as Suph.

T

Tatam

Tatam appears in the Septuagint version of the Book of Joshua (Joshua 15:59-60)[7]

Theco

Theco appears in the Septuagint version of the Book of Joshua (Joshua 15:59-60)[7]

Thether

Thether appears in the Septuagint version of the Book of Joshua (Joshua 15:59-60)[7]

Thobes

Thobes appears in the Septuagint version of the Book of Joshua (Joshua 15:59-60)[7]

W

Well Lahairoi, the

See Beer-lahai-roi.

Z

Zaphon

Zaphon (Hebrew: Tsaphonah‎, rendered Sephenia in some manuscripts of the Septuagint)[206] is mentioned in Joshua 13:27 as a location within the territory of the tribe of Gad and in Judges 12:1 as the location where the Ephraimites met with Jephthah and his army to complain that Jephthah had fought the Ammonites without calling on the Ephraimites for military assistance. The Easy-to-Read Version calls it a "city".[207] Some translations (e.g. the King James Version) render Tsaphonah as "northwards".

Zereda

Zereda(h) is the birthplace of Jeroboam, the first king of the northern Kingdom of Israel and the son of Nebat of the Tribe of Ephraim (1Kings 11:26).

Ziz

The "ascent of Ziz" is the place where, according to 2 Chronicles 20:16, Jahaziel told Jehoshaphat to expect an invading army of Moabites, Ammonites, and Edomites to ascend in front of the wilderness of Jeruel.

See also

References
  1. Cheyne and Black (1899), Encyclopaedia Biblica, first entry for "Adam"
  2. T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. "Adadah". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 1, A–D. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  3. T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. "Adithaim". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 1, A–D. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  4. W. J. Woodhouse (1899), "Adria", in Cheyne and Black, eds., Encyclopaedia Biblica,
  5. Cheyne and Black, Encyclopaedia Biblica, entry for "Aesora."
  6. Cheyne and Black (1899), Encyclopaedia Biblica, entry for "Esora."
  7. Anson Rainey (1982). "Wine from the royal vineyards". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. The American Schools of Oriental Research. 245 (Winter): 57–62, p. 59. doi:10.2307/1356528. JSTOR 1356528. S2CID 164003915. External link in |journal= (help)
  8. Ezra 8:15,21,31
  9. Derek Kidner (2 April 2016). Ezra and Nehemiah. InterVarsity Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-8308-9473-4.
  10. Barnes, A., Barnes' Notes on Ezra 8, accessed 6 April 2020
  11. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Amad". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 1, A–D. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  12. "Amam", Encyclopedia Biblica
  13. J. D. Douglas; Merrill C. Tenney (3 May 2011). Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Harper Collins. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-0-310-49235-1.
  14. See the NIV, Holman, NET, OJB, CSB, EXB, MEV, CEV, and the Message.
  15. For example, the ESV, KJV, RV, ASV, JPS (1917), ESV, NASB, and NLT.
  16. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Mearah". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  17. Daniel I. Block (13 October 2009). Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1 & 2 Samuel. Zondervan. p. 173. ISBN 978-0-310-25574-1.
  18. Verses 33 and 43
  19. J. D. Douglas; Merrill C. Tenney, eds. (3 May 2011). "Ashnah". Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Harper Collins. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-310-49235-1.
  20. J. D. Douglas; Merrill C. Tenney (3 May 2011). Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Harper Collins. p. 138. ISBN 978-0-310-49235-1.
  21. Richard D. Nelson (1 August 1997). Joshua (1997): A Commentary. Presbyterian Publishing Corporation. p. 285. ISBN 978-1-61164-509-5.
  22. Douai-Rheims Bible
  23. Matthew Poole's Commentary on Judges 9, accessed 30 October 2016
  24. Pulpit Commentary on Judges 9, accessed 30 October 2016
  25. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Beer-lahai-roi". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 1, A–D. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  26. Genesis 16:4
  27. Genesis 24:62, 25:11
  28. Genesis 21:14
  29. Genesis 16:7, 14
  30. Nadav Naʼaman (2005). Ancient Israel and Its Neighbors: Interaction and Counteraction. Eisenbrauns. p. 273. ISBN 978-1-57506-108-5.
  31. Gauthier, Henri (1925). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 2. p. 2.
  32. Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II. John Murray. p. 977.
  33. Holman Bible Dictionary (1991), Beon
  34. Josephus, De Bello Judaico (Wars of the Jews) 4.7.6 (4.437)
  35. See Joshua 15:32, 19:6
  36. T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. "Beth-lebaoth". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 1, A–D. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  37. Aaron M. Gale (31 December 2000). David Noel Freedman; Allen C. Myers (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. p. 173. ISBN 978-90-5356-503-2.
  38. KJ21
  39. ASV
  40. RSV
  41. CJB
  42. Douai-Rheims Bible
  43. Deuteronomy 5:1–21
  44. Pulpit Commentary on Judges 10, accessed 5 November 2016
  45. Easton's Bible Dictionary: Camon, accessed 5 November 2016
  46. Holman Bible Dictionary (1991), "Casiphia."
  47. Keith W. Carley (14 November 1974). The Book of the Prophet Ezekiel. CUP Archive. p. 48. GGKEY:LGKJ9RGUSCS.
  48. The King James Version calls it "Diblath," while New International Version, New American Standard Bible, Holman Christian Standard Bible read "Diblah." It is emended to "Riblah" in the New Living Translation, and New English Translation.
  49. T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. "Dilean". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 1, A–D. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  50. J. D. Douglas; Merrill C. Tenney (3 May 2011). Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Harper Collins. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-310-49235-1.
  51. T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. "Dimonah". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 1, A–D. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  52. J. D. Douglas; Merrill C. Tenney (3 May 2011). Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Harper Collins. p. 378. ISBN 978-0-310-49235-1.
  53. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Elealeh". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  54. Numbers 32:3, 37
  55. J. D. Douglas; Merrill C. Tenney (3 May 2011). Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Harper Collins. p. 399. ISBN 978-0-310-49235-1.
  56. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Eleph". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  57. Pekka Pitkänen (19 October 2010). Joshua. InterVarsity Press. p. 316. ISBN 978-0-8308-2506-6.
  58. T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. "Elon-beth-hanan". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  59. T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. "Eltolad". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  60. Richard R. Losch (May 2013). All the Places in the Bible. Xlibris Corporation. p. 597. ISBN 978-1-4836-2826-4.
  61. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Enaim". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  62. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "En-eglaim". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  63. Monica L. W. Brady (2000). David Noel Freedman (ed.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. W.B. Eerdmans. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-8028-2400-4.
  64. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "En-gannim". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  65. Stanley Arthur Cook (1901) [1899]. "En-haddah". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  66. T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. "En-hakkore". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  67. Genesis 26:20
  68. On the location, see Joshua 15:7 and 18:17
  69. On the etymology and proposed locations, see T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. "En-shemesh". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  70. Joshua 15:52
  71. Tremper III Longman (1 August 2013). The Baker Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Baker Books. p. 888. ISBN 978-1-4412-3886-3.
  72. Cheyne and Black (1899), Encyclopaedia Biblica, entry for "Aesora."
  73. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Ezel". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  74. 1 Samuel 20:19
  75. 1-better translation
  76. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Galeed". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  77. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Gallim". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  78. 1 Samuel 25:44
  79. Most existing translations of the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament into English are based primarily on the Masoretic Text. For a scholarly translation of the Septuagint into English, see the New English Translation of the Septuagint. For the Septuagint reading of Joshua 15:59a, see this PDF, on page 187: . The name Iesous found in the PDF is the Greek equivalent of Joshua.
  80. Negev,Avraham/Gibson,Shimon, Archaeological Encyclopedia of the Holy Land, New York/London 2001, p.195, ISBN 0-8264-1316-1 (English)
  81. Rainey, Anson (1998). "Review by: Anson F. Rainey". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 118 (1): 73. JSTOR 606301.
  82. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Gebim". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  83. Nadav Naʼaman (2005). Ancient Israel and Its Neighbors: Interaction and Counteraction. Eisenbrauns. p. 353. ISBN 978-1-57506-108-5.
  84. T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. "Gederothaim". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  85. Geliloth (1901) [1899]. "TITLE". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  86. Ezra 2:20
  87. T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. "Gibbar". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  88. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Gittaim". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  89. Rainey, Anson (1998). "Review by: Anson F. Rainey". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 118 (1): 73. JSTOR 606301.
  90. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Hachilah, Hill of". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  91. Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II. John Murray. p. 1021.
  92. Gauthier, Henri (1927). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 4. p. 23.
  93. Gaston Maspero. Daressy, Georges (ed.). Recueil de travaux relatifs à la philologie et à l'archéologie égyptiennes et assyriennes: pour servir de bullletin à la Mission Française du Caire Vol. XX (in French). p. 118. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  94. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Hadashah". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  95. Stanley A. Cook (1901) [1899]. "Hali". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  96. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Hammon". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  97. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Hamonah". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  98. T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. "Hapharaim". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  99. McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia: Forest
  100. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Hazar-addar". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  101. William Robertson Smith; Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Hazar-enan". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  102. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Hazar-gaddah". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  103. Joshua 15:28, Joshua 19:3, 1 Chronicles 4:28, Nehemiah 11:27.
  104. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Hazar-shual". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  105. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Hazar-susah". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  106. Ezekiel 47:16
  107. Hazar-hatticon (1901) [1899]. "Hazar-hatticon". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  108. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Hazor-hadattah". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  109. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Heleph". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  110. Joshua 19:25
  111. Stanley A. Cook (1901) [1899]. "Helkath-hazzurim". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  112. 2 Kings 19:13, Revised Version. The Rabshakeh's remarks are repeated in Isaiah 37:13.
  113. E. Ray Clendenen; Jeremy Royal Howard (1 August 2015). The Holman Illustrated Bible Commentary. B&H Publishing Group. p. 403. ISBN 978-0-8054-9930-8.
  114. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Hena". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  115. Joshua 12
  116. 1 Kings 4:10
  117. Yohanan Aharoni (1 January 1979). The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 310. ISBN 978-0-664-24266-4.
  118. See Numbers 26:32-33; 27:1; Joshua 17:2-3
  119. T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. "Heshmon". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  120. Holman Bible Dictionary (1991), "Holon."
  121. T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. "Holon". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  122. J. D. Douglas; Merrill C. Tenney (3 May 2011). Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Harper Collins. p. 621. ISBN 978-0-310-49235-1.
  123. Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II. John Murray. p. 1025.
  124. Gauthier, Henri (1927). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 4. p. 164.
  125. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Hosah". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  126. Pekka Pitkänen (19 October 2010). Joshua. InterVarsity Press. p. 327. ISBN 978-0-8308-2506-6.
  127. Woudstra, Martin H. (1981). The Book of Joshua. Wm. B. Eerdmans. p. 291.
  128. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University press. 2000. p. 620.
  129. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Idalah". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  130. Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II. John Murray. p. 967.
  131. Gauthier, Henri (1925). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 1. p. 131.
  132. David Noel Freedman (2000). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. W.B. Eerdmans. p. 628. ISBN 978-0-8028-2400-4.
  133. Marten Woudstra (27 March 1981). The Book of Joshua. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-8028-2525-4.
  134. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Jiphtah-el". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  135. Gene M. Tucker (1990). The Book of Joshua. CUP Archive. p. 176. GGKEY:LGLXENDA9WK.
  136. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Irpeel". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  137. Pekka Pitkänen (19 October 2010). Joshua. InterVarsity Press. p. 330. ISBN 978-0-8308-2506-6.
  138. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Jabneel". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  139. Joshua 13:18
  140. T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. "Janum". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  141. T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. "Jearim, Mount". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  142. Judges 8:11
  143. Joseph Coleson; Lawson G. Stone; Jason Driesbach (2012). Joshua, Judges, Ruth. Tyndale House Publishers. p. 293. ISBN 978-0-8423-3429-7.
  144. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Jokdeam". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 2, E–K. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  145. Pekka Pitkänen (19 October 2010). Joshua. InterVarsity Press. p. 295. ISBN 978-0-8308-2506-6.
  146. Stanley Arthur Cook (1901) [1899]. "Mahaneh-dan". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  147. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Makaz". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  148. Gauthier, Henri (1926). Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques Vol. 3. p. 19.
  149. Wallis Budge, E. A. (1920). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary: with an index of English words, king list and geological list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, coptic and semitic alphabets, etc. Vol II. John Murray. p. 998.
  150. 10:21
  151. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Makkedah". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  152. Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H. H. (1882). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. 2. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund., pp. 411–412
  153. Jodi Magness, The Archaeology of the Early Islamic Settlement in Palestine, Eisenbrauns, 2003 Vol.1 pp.96–97
  154. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Maon (first entry)". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  155. 1 Samuel 25:1 in Brenton's Septuagint Translation
  156. 1 Chronicles 2:45
  157. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Maralah". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  158. Joshua 19:46
  159. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Meonenim". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  160. For "plain of Meonenim," see KJV. For Elon-meonenim, see the Jewish Publication Society translation of 1917. For "oak of Meonenim" see the Revised Version. For "Diviners' Oak," see English Standard Version.
  161. Liverani, Mario. “Amarna Mikmate — Biblical Michmethath.” Zeitschrift Des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins, vol. 114, no. 2, 1998, pp. 137–138., www.jstor.org/stable/27931587.
  162. Yohanan Aharoni (1 January 1979). The Land of the Bible: A Historical Geography. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 356. ISBN 978-0-664-24266-4.
  163. Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on 1 Samuel 14, accessed 6 May 2017
  164. Easton's Bible Dictionary: Minni, accessed 7 November 2016
  165. Joshua 11:8
  166. Thomas Kelly Cheyne (1901) [1899]. "Misrephoth-maim". In T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black (eds.). Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  167. T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. "Neah". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  168. Joshua 19:10-16
  169. T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. "Neballat". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 3, L–P. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  170. Chad Brand; Archie England; Charles W. Draper (1 October 2003). Holman Illustrated Bible Dictionary. B&H Publishing Group. p. 1618. ISBN 978-1-4336-6978-1.
  171. Laurel Lanner (24 May 2006). Who Will Lament Her?: The Feminine and the Fantastic in the Book of Nahum. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-567-54397-4.
  172. Huddlestun, John R. “Nahum, Nineveh, and the Nile: The Description of Thebes in Nahum 3:8–9.” Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 62, no. 2, 2003, pp. 97–110. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/376364.
  173. Runnalls, Donna, “The Parwār: A Place of Ritual Separation?”, Vetus Testamentum, vol. 41, no. 3, 1991, p. 324. JSTOR
  174. 1 Chronicles 26:18
  175. Joze Krasovec (8 March 2010). The Transformation of Biblical Proper Names. A&C Black. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-567-45224-5.
  176. Peter R. Ackroyd (8 December 1977). The Second Book of Samuel. Cambridge University Press. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-521-09754-3.
  177. Joshua 15:59: CEV
  178. Ronald F. Youngblood (7 March 2017). 1 and 2 Samuel. Zondervan. p. 469. ISBN 978-0-310-53179-1.
  179. Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Joshua 19, accessed 27 March 2016
  180. Pekka Pitkänen (19 October 2010). Joshua. InterVarsity Press. p. 331. ISBN 978-0-8308-2506-6.
  181. Gene M. Tucker (1918). The Book of Joshua. Cambridge University Press Archive. p. 186. GGKEY:LGLXENDA9WK.
  182. T. Desmond Alexander; David W. Baker (13 January 2003). Dictionary of the Old Testament: Pentateuch: A Compendium of Contemporary Biblical Scholarship. InterVarsity Press. p. 345. ISBN 978-0-8308-1781-8.
  183. Baruch Halpern; André Lemaire (7 July 2010). The Books of Kings: Sources, Composition, Historiography and Reception. BRILL. p. 238. ISBN 978-90-474-3073-5.
  184. Samuel Rocca (20 October 2012). The Fortifications of Ancient Israel and Judah 1200–586 BC. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 45. ISBN 978-1-84908-256-3.
  185. Marten Woudstra (27 March 1981). The Book of Joshua. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 225. ISBN 978-1-4674-2295-6.
  186. J. D. Douglas; Merrill C. Tenney (3 May 2011). Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Harper Collins. p. 1245. ISBN 978-0-310-49235-1.
  187. Strong's Concordance: Rogelim
  188. Elitzur, Yoel. "Rumah in Judah." Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 44, no. 1/2, 1994, p. 127. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/27926337.
  189. Zvi Gal (1992). Lower Galilee During the Iron Age. Eisenbrauns. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-931464-69-0.
  190. Elitzur, Yoel. "Rumah in Judah." Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 44, no. 1/2, 1994, pp. 125-6. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/27926337.
  191. Elitzur, Yoel. "Rumah in Judah." Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 44, no. 1/2, 1994, p. 123. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/27926337.
  192. James H. Charlesworth (28 July 2006). Jesus and Archaeology. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 555. ISBN 978-0-8028-4880-2.
  193. Pekka Pitkänen calls the identification "probably . . . fairly uncertain." Pekka Pitkänen (19 October 2010). Joshua. InterVarsity Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-8308-2506-6.
  194. Richard D. Nelson (1 August 1997). Joshua (1997): A Commentary. Presbyterian Publishing Corporation. p. 220. ISBN 978-1-61164-509-5.
  195. David Toshio Tsumura (15 March 2007). The First Book of Smauel. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 498. ISBN 978-0-8028-2359-5.
  196. J. D. Douglas; Merrill C. Tenney (3 May 2011). Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary. Harper Collins. p. 1307. ISBN 978-0-310-49235-1.
  197. Judges 1:35-36, Jewish Publication Society translation of 1917.
  198. 1 Kings 4:9, Jewish Publication Society translation of 1917
  199. Eric. F. Mason (31 December 2000). "Shaalbim". In David Noel Freedman; Allen C. Myers (eds.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. p. 1193. ISBN 978-90-5356-503-2.
  200. Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges on Judges 12, accessed 11 April 2018
  201. Judges 12:15
  202. M. Jack Suggs; Katharine Doob Sakenfeld; James R. Mueller (12 March 1992). The Oxford Study Bible: Revised English Bible with Apocrypha. OUP USA. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-19-529000-4.
  203. Ernest W. Nicholson (8 May 1975). The Book of the Prophet Jeremiah, Chapters 26-52. Cambridge University Press. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-521-09867-0.
  204. Joshua 15:6; 18:17.
  205. T. K. Cheyne; J. Sutherland Black, eds. (1901) [1899]. "Bohan". Encyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary of the Literary, Political, and Religious History, the Archaeology, Geography, and Natural History of the Bible. 1, A–D. New York: The Macmillan Company.
  206. Ellicott's Commentary for Modern Readers on Judges 12, accessed 9 November 2016
  207. Judges 21:1: Easy-to-Read Version

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons. Missing or empty |title= (help)
 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons. Missing or empty |title= (help)
 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Easton, Matthew George (1897). Easton's Bible Dictionary (New and revised ed.). T. Nelson and Sons. Missing or empty |title= (help)

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