List of non-marine molluscs of Dominica

The non-marine molluscs of Dominica are species of land and freshwater molluscs, i.e. land snails, land slugs and one small freshwater clam that are part of the wildlife of Dominica, an island in the Lesser Antilles. In malacology, the non-marine molluscs of an area are traditionally listed separately from the marine molluscs (those molluscs that live in full-salinity saltwater).

Location of Dominica in the Caribbean
An outline map of Dominica

Dominica is a Caribbean island, part of the Windward Island chain of the Lesser Antilles. Fifty-five species of non-marine molluscs have been found in the wild in Dominica, including sixteen endemic species of land snails, species which occur nowhere else on Earth.

Dominica is a mountainous, 750 square kilometres (290 sq mi), volcanic, tropical island. It is undeveloped compared with most other Caribbean islands, and it is known for its wildlife and unspoiled natural landscapes. The rugged terrain includes a great deal of tropical rainforest, numerous rivers, and several officially protected areas, including Morne Trois Pitons National Park and Cabrits National Park. The rich natural landscapes of Dominica provide suitable habitat for a wide range of different species of wildlife, including many rarities, and a relatively large number of species of non-marine molluscs, both native and introduced.

Living in the wild in Dominica there are 54 species of gastropods, (11 species of freshwater gastropods including 2 neritids that live in brackish water,[1][2] 43 species of land gastropods)[2][3] and 1 species of freshwater bivalve.[2]

Summary table of number of species:
Numbers of molluscs by habitat Number of species
Freshwater gastropods 11 (7[1] + 4[2])
Land gastropods 43 (42[3] + 1[2])
Total number of non-marine gastropods 54
Freshwater bivalves 1[2]
Total number of non-marine molluscs 55

History of surveys of land gastropods

The first records of land gastropods from Dominica were published by the English naturalist Robert John Lechmere Guppy in 1868.[4] During his visit (a vacation which he turned into an active malacological field trip)[3] Guppy collected a total of 20 species[4] from Dominica. Out of these twenty, he described 9 as new species.[3][4]

Subsequently, additional records were added by Thomas B. Bland (1869),[5] A. D. Brown (1881),[6] George French Angas (1884), Edgar Albert Smith (1888, 1888)[7][8] and Henry Augustus Pilsbry (1892).[9] Four surveys of the terrestrial malacofauna were carried out in the 2000s: 2001 (Ramnath), 2003, 2005 (Robinson, Fields & Zimmerman) and 2008 (Hovestadt). These studies were summarized in 2009.[3]

Land gastropods overview
Rainforest habitats in Morne Trois Pitons National Park have a high biodiversity of land gastropods and other organisms.[10]

The list of Dominican land gastropods contains 43[2][3] species, making it one of the richest known faunas of land snails and slugs in the Lesser Antilles.[3]

Of these, 16 species (38%) are endemic to the island.[3] The endemic species of Dominican gastropods are mainly found on the leeward (or Caribbean Sea) side of the island.[3] Amphibulima pardalina, Diplopoma sp., Laevaricella perlucens, Naesiotus stenogyroides and Veronicella sp. are very restricted in range, and probably meet the IUCN-criteria for Critically Endangered species.[3] Amphibulima browni and Lucidella sp. are likely to meet the criteria for being listed as endangered species.[3]

There are striking faunal relationships with the islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique.[3] Furthermore, 9 of the species (21%) are widespread, and 13 species are considered to have been introduced into Dominica.[3]

The landsnail fauna can be analyzed according to the elevational range of the species. There is a distinction between the windward (east) and leeward (west) side of the island, according to the parishes in which the localities are situated.[3] While most species exhibit a rather wide elevational range, several are restricted in this respect.[3] Very few species only occur at lower elevations: Diplopoma, Allopeas, Beckianum and Huttonella species.[3] These taxa are largely introduced species. Some species are restricted to higher localities: Lucidella sp., veronicellids (except the introduced Veronicella cubensis and Veronicella sloanei), Naesiotus stenogyroides, Amphibulima pardalina and Laevaricella perlucens.[3] These do not occur, however, on the upper slopes of the higher peaks, but seem to be restricted to the hygrophytic vegetation zone, i.e. the cloud forest.[3]

Many localities have a rather low species richness.[3] For example, in surveys from 2001–2008, at six localities no snails were encountered; at the remaining 64, species richness ranged from 1 to 17 (mean 4.54).[3] Taking into account the rareness of species, the southeast of the island scores well when the total diversity is considered.[3]

The area of Freshwater Lake in Morne Trois Pitons National Park is a biodiversity hotspot for land snails.[3] However, several other localities situated in the national parks are also important areas for the occurrence of endemic species: the Syndicate Parrot Preserve and the Lake Boeri area.[3] These national parks lie on the leeward side of the island at relatively high elevations (above 600 m).[3]

Freshwater gastropods
Helisoma trivolvis is an introduced species in Dominica.

The systematic list uses scientific names including the authority, and is arranged according to families:

Neritidae

Planorbidae

Thiaridae

  • Melanoides tuberculata (Müller, 1774) – Introduced.[2] Its initial introduction to Dominica was probably around 1975.[1] Previous reports of Tarebia granifera from Freshwater Lake in Dominica were probably large Melanoides tuberculata.[1] (However, it may be possible to find Tarebia granifera on Dominica; this species does occur on the nearby island of Martinique.)

Physidae

Neritiliidae

Ampullariidae

Land gastropods

Helicinidae

Helicina platychila

Neocyclotidae

Pomatiidae

A shell of a Diplopoma sp. from Dominica.
  • Diplopoma sp. – Endemic.[3] A snail in the family Pomatiidae was first reported from Dominica in 2009.[3] Most members of this family – and certainly of this genus – typically are obligate calciphiles, occurring only when the substrate contains high levels of environmental calcium carbonate.[3] Therefore, the occurrence of this species on the island was unexpected.[3] It closely resembles Diplopoma crenulatum crenulatum (Potiez & Michaud, 1835), which occurs in Guadeloupe, Marie-Galante and La Désirade.[3] This species may have been introduced from one of those islands when the British and French struggled for possession of Dominica, at the end of the 18th century.[3] The taxon appears to be restricted to the battlements of Fort Shirley at Cabrits Point.[3] The Dominican specimens differ from those of Guadeloupe in having weaker sutural crenulation and in some other minor details.[3] Further research is required in order to establish the taxonomic position of these specimens.[3]

Veronicellidae

Succineidae

Endemic Succinea sp. from Dominica
  • Succinea sp. – Endemic.[3] First reported in 2009.[3] Because West Indian succineid taxonomy is in complete disarray, Robinson et al. (2009)[3] simply placed this material in the genus Succinea, pending a comprehensive study of this poorly understood group.[3] More than one Succinea species appears to be present in Dominica.[3]
  • Omalonyx matheroni (Potiez & Michaud, 1838) – Introduced.[3] There are slight differences in the mantle pattern (often a diagnostic feature in some succineids) compared to typical Omalonyx matheroni.[3] Further work is needed to establish the taxonomic position of this material from Dominica.[3]
  • Omalonyx unguis (d’Orbigny, 1837) – This species was reported by the Austrian-French Hydrobiological Mission in 1979,[2] but see also comments to Omalonyx matheroni above.

Subulinidae

Subulina octona

Streptaxidae

Bulimulidae

Banded form of Drymaeus laticinctus

Amphibulimidae

Oleacinidae

Scolodontidae

Tamayoa decolorata
  • Tamayoa decolorata (Drouët, 1859) – This species is probably an introduced one, as it was found only in disturbed habitats.[3]

Haplotrematidae

  • Zophos cf. baudoni (Petit, 1853) – Guppy (1868)[4] expressed some doubts whether the Dominican specimens belonged to this species, which was described by Petit de la Saussaye from Guadeloupe. Ramnath & Fields (2002)[14] were of the same opinion, considering it possibly new to science.[3]

Agriolimacidae

  • Deroceras laeve (Müller, 1774) – Introduced.[3] First reported in 2009.[3] Although generally associated with cooler climates, it survives on the island at higher altitudes and is locally quite common.[3]

Pleurodontidae

Pleurodonte guadeloupensis dominicana

The following species have been reported from Dominica in the literature, but supporting material has not been found. These species, recorded due to inaccuracies of provenance of specimens or misidentifications, should be removed from the faunal list of the island:

  • Helicina antillarum (G. B. Sowerby, 1842) – The identity of this taxon remains uncertain. Brown’s report (Brown, 1881)[6] might be a misidentification of Helicina guppyi Pease, 1871.[3]
  • Lucidella plicatula (L. Pfeiffer, 1849) – This helicinid has been reported from throughout the West Indies. However, the Dominican Lucidella is clearly different.[3]
  • Amphicyclotulus schrammi (Shuttleworth, 1857) – Brown (1881)[6] incorrectly synonymized the Dominican Amphicyclotulus amethystinus with the Guadeloupe taxon.[3]
  • Succinea approximans Shuttleworth, 1854 – This taxon occurs on Puerto Rico and has not been reported from intermediate islands. The reports from Thomas B. Bland (1869)[5] and George French Angas (1884)[12] are thus dubious.[3]
  • Vaginulus buergueri (Simroth, 1914) – This slug was reported from “Salilia, Dominica” by Forcart (1973).[15] This locality is not known in the island and could not be found in any gazetteer. However, the taxon is reported from the Dominican Republic (Baker, 1925),[16] so confusion seems likely.[3]
  • Veronicella tenax H. B. Baker, 1931 – This Cuban endemic species was reported from Dominica by Forcart (1973),[15] based on some specimens that — judging from his descriptions — probably belong to either Veronicella cubensis or Veronicella floridana.[3]
  • Drymaeus liliaceus (Férussac, 1821) – This species was reported from Dominica by Angas (1884) and Smith (1888). Férussac’s species is from Puerto Rico and Pilsbry (1899) mentions that he had not seen Dominican specimens. So far, no trace was found of any material that could confirm the presence of this taxon on Dominica. However, the occurrence of a Drymaeus species with a “uniform pale primrose colour” from the island should be further investigated.[3]
  • Drymaeus multifasciatus (Lamarck, 1822) – This name was used by several authors for the endemic Dominican species that is here recognized as Drymaeus laticinctus (Guppy, 1868).[3]
  • Amphibulima rubescens (Deshayes, 1830) – This species has been reported by various workers from Guadeloupe, Marie-Galante, Dominica and Martinique.[3] It is assumed now that this taxon is endemic to Martinique and that all other reports are misidentifications.[3]

Freshwater bivalves
Drawing of Pisidium punctiferum, the only freshwater bivalve on Dominica.

Sphaeriidae

  • Pisidium punctiferum (Guppy, 1867) – Up to the 1980s there were no reports of any freshwater bivalves on Dominica. This very small species is the only known freshwater bivalve on Dominica. It was discovered by the Austrian-French Hydrobiological Mission in 1979.[2]

See also

References

This article incorporates CC-BY-3.0 text from the reference.[3]

  1. Reeves, W. K.; Dillon, R. T.; Dasch, G. A. (2008). "Freshwater snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from the Commonwealth of Dominica with a discussion of their roles in the transmission of parasites". American Malacological Bulletin. 24: 59–63. doi:10.4003/0740-2783-24.1.59. S2CID 6282227. PDF Archived 7 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine.
  2. (in German) Starmühlner F. von (1988). "Ergebnisse der Österreichisch-Französischen Hydrobiologischen Mission 1979 nach Guadeloupe, Dominica und Martinique (Kleine Antillen). Teil II: Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Süß- und Brackwassermollusken von Guadeloupe, Dominica und Martinique". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien Serie B, 90: 221–340. PDF.
  3. Robinson D. G., Hovestadt A., Fields A. & Breure A. S. H. (July 2009). "The land Mollusca of Dominica (Lesser Antilles), with notes on some enigmatic or rare species". Zoologische Mededelingen 83 http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/83/nr03/a13 Archived 7 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  4. Guppy R. J. L. (1868). "On the terrestrial mollusks of Dominica and Grenada, with an account of some new species from Trinidad". Annals and Magazine of Natural History (4)1: 429-442.
  5. Bland T. (1869). "Notes on the land-shells of Trinidad, Grenada and Dominica, and also of Curaçao and Buen Ayre, W.I." American Journal of Conchology 4: 177–192.
  6. Brown A. D. (1881). "Notes on the land-shells of Dominica". American Naturalist 15: 56–57.
  7. Smith E. A. (1888). "On the Mollusca collected by G.A. Ramage at the island of Dominica". Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6)2: 227-234.
  8. Smith E. A. (1888). "On the Mollusca collected by G.A. Ramage at the island of Dominica. Report II." Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6)2: 419-420.
  9. Pilsbry H. A. (1892). "On a collection of land Mollusca from the Island of Dominica, West Indies". Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Science 8: 356-358.
  10. Morne Trois Pitons National Park. UNESCO World Heritage Centre, accessed 29 March 2010.
  11. Prentice, M. A. (1980). "Schistosomiasis and its intermediate hosts in the Lesser Antillean islands of the Caribbean". Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization. 14 (3): 258–268. PMID 7006720..
  12. Angas G. F. (1884). "On the terrestrial Mollusca of Dominica, collected during a recent visit to that island". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1883: 594–597, figs. 1–3.
  13. Breure A. S. H. (1974). "Caribbean land molluscs: Bulimulidae, I. Bulimulus". Studies on the Fauna of Curaçao and other Caribbean Islands 45: 1–80, figs. 1–80, pls 1–7, tables 1–17.
  14. Ramnath N. & Fields A. (2002). "A survey of the land snails of four islands in the Lesser Antilles: Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and Grenada". Abstracts Annual Meeting American Malacological Society, Charleston: 90.
  15. Forcart L. (1973). "Notes on Veronicellidae and Athoracophoridae in Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago". The Nautilus 87: 25–27.
  16. Baker H. B. (1925). "North American Veronicellidae". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 77: 157–184, pl. 4.

Further reading
  • Starmühlner F. von (1984). "Occurrence, longitudinal distribution and geographical range of the fresh- and brackish-water mollusks of the Lesser Antillean Islands (Guadeloupe, Dominica, Martinique)". Soossiana 12: 83–102.
  • Cockerell D. T. A. (1897). "A few notes on slugs". The Journal of Malacology 6(1): 3–5. page 5.

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