List of rivers by age

This is a selected list of the oldest rivers on Earth for which there is knowledge about their existence in past times.

Determination of age

Generally, the age is estimated based primarily upon the age of any mountains it dissects; the age of the sea or ocean to which it eventually outflows can be irrelevant; for example, several rivers of the east side of the Appalachian Mountains of the Atlantic Ocean, which did not exist 130 million years ago. If a river fully dissects a mountain range, then this generally indicates that the river existed at least at the time that the mountain range rose.

List of some of the world's oldest rivers

Continent color key Africa Asia Australia Europe North America South America

River	Age (Mya)	Outflow	Most significant criterion for the age
Finke	350–400	Lake Eyre (intermittent)	Predates the Alice Springs Orogeny; several other smaller rivers in the Northern Territory are of a similar age[1][2]
Meuse	320 to 340	North Sea	Paleozoic, dissects the Ardennes during the Hercynian[3]
New	260 to 325	Kanawha River	Dissects the Appalachian Mountains, formed by the Alleghenian orogeny, 320–340 ma [4]
Susquehanna	260 to 325	Chesapeake Bay	Dissects the Appalachian Mountains, formed by the Alleghenian orogeny, 320–340 ma
French Broad	260 to 325	Tennessee River	Dissects the Appalachian Mountains, formed by the Alleghenian orogeny, 320–340 ma. The New, Susquehanna, French Broad are the only significant rivers that fully dissect the Appalachian core; the Hudson River is of more recent geologic origin.[5]
Rhine	240	North Sea	Triassic, possibly older if it dissected mountains uplifted during the Hercynian in addition to the Eocene with the Alps or the Miocene with the Upper Rhine Graben
Save	205	Indian Ocean	Formed during rifting when Gondwana broke up.[6]
Amur	125	Sea of Okhotsk	Known to be at least Cretaceous in age, but crosses mountains even older[7]
Macleay	80	Tasman Sea	Predates uplift of Great Escarpment[8]
Colorado	75	Gulf of California	Uplift during Laramide orogeny, see Geology of the Grand Canyon area
Murrumbidgee	75	Murray River	Predates uplift of Australian Alps[8]
Nile	65 to 75	Mediterranean Sea	65 to 75 for the Sudd section; the rest of the river is only 1 or 2 million years old [9]
Thames	58	North Sea	Late Palaeocene Period Thanetian Stage.[10]
Indus (Sindhu)	45	Arabian Sea	Source in the Himalayas and Karakoram Mountains[11]
Tyne	30	North Sea	The Tyne, 30 MYA began to carve its valley, by removing softer chalk rocks and exposing harder rocks.[12] Significantly predates the last Ice Age.
Yangtze (Chang Jiang)	23 to 36.5	East China Sea	Post-dates the Three Gorges formation (36.5 ma) [13][14]
Columbia	6 to 17	Pacific Ocean	Between 17 million and 6 million years ago, huge outpourings of flood basalt lava covered the Columbia River Plateau and forced the lower Columbia into its present course.[15]
Amazon	11.3 to 11.8	Atlantic Ocean	Waters worked through the sandstone from the west and the Amazon began to flow eastward.[16] The river flowed through a former basin of a proto-Amazon, which flowed in the opposite direction at least as old as 65 Mya, long before the formation of Andes, when it originated in the highland area that formed when the South American and African plates separated.[17] This river may predate the break-up of western Gondwana as an extension of a proto-Congo river system, 200 Mya during the Jurassic.
Ohio	2.5 to 3	Mississippi River	Formed when the Laurentide Ice Sheet dammed the north flowing Teays River during the Pre-Illinoian glaciation. The drainage area of the Teays could no longer drain to the north, and so instead drained to the south, forming the Ohio River.

See also

• Lists of rivers

References

1. Wells AT, Forman DJ, Ranford LC, Cook PJ (1970). "Geology of the Amadeus Basin, Central Australia". Bureau of Mineral Resources, Australia, Bulletin. 100.
   
2. Haines PW, Hand M, Sandiford M (2001). "Palaeozoic synorogenic sedimentation in central and northern Australia: a review of distribution and timing with implications for the evolution of intracontinental orogens". Australian Journal of Earth Sciences. 48 (6): 911–928. doi:10.1046/j.1440-0952.2001.00909.x. Abstract
   
3. Environmental History of the Rhine-Meuse Delta
4. Mary S. Biswal, TERTIARY ORIGIN OF THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS
5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 4, Atlanta, GA, Record of Decision: Overview of Site (p. 14) Archived 2014-09-03 at the Wayback Machine
6. Landscape evolution in Zimbabwe from the Permian to present, with implications for kimberlite prospecting. Moore, Cotterill, Broderick, Plowes. 2006, South African Journal of Geology.
7. Potter, Paul Edwin & Hamblin, W. Kenneth; “Big Rivers Worldwide” Archived 2013-07-08 at the Wayback Machine
8. Flannery, Tim; The Future Eaters; An Ecological History of the Australasian Lands and Peoples; p. 78 ISBN 0802139434
10. "History of the major rivers of southern Britain during the Tertiary". Quaternary Palaeoenvironments Group. 2006. Retrieved 2007-10-28.
11. Clift, Peter D.; Shimizu, N.; Layne, G.D.; Blusztajn, J.S.; Gaedicke, C.; Schlüter, H.-U.; Clark, M.K.; Amjad, S. (August 2001). "Development of the Indus Fan and its significance for the erosional history of the Western Himalaya and Karakoram". GSA Bulletin. 113 (8): 1039–1051. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(2001)113<1039:DOTIFA>2.0.CO;2.
12. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-12-09. Retrieved 2016-12-03.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
13. Hongbo Zheng, Pre-Miocene birth of the Yangtze River
14. Encyclopædia Britannica: Yangtze River
15. Bishop, Ellen Morris (2003). In Search of Ancient Oregon: A Geological and Natural History. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-789-4.
16. Figueiredo, J.; Hoorn, C.; van der Ven, P.; Soares, E. (2009). "Late Miocene onset of the Amazon River and the Amazon deep-sea fan: Evidence from the Foz do Amazonas Basin". Geology. 37 (7): 619–22. doi:10.1130/g25567a.1.
17. "A River Runs Backward".