Lokot Autonomy
The Lokot Autonomy (Russian: Ло́котское самоуправле́ние) or Lokot Republic (Russian: Ло́котская республика, German: Republik Lokot) comprised a semi-autonomous region in Nazi German-occupied Central Russia from 1941 to 1943. Bronislav Kaminski's administration controlled the area from July 1942 to August 1943. The name is derived from the region's administrative center, the urban-type settlement of Lokot in Oryol Oblast (now located in Bryansk Oblast).
Lokot Autonomy Локотское самоуправление Локотская республика | |||||||||
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| 1941–1943 | |||||||||
 Coat of arms
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| Status | Semi-autonomous territory in Army Rear Area 532 of Nazi Germany[1] | ||||||||
| Capital | Lokot, Bryansk Oblast | ||||||||
| Common languages | Russian | ||||||||
| Starosta | |||||||||
• 1941–1942 | Konstantin Voskoboinik | ||||||||
| Ober-Burgomeister | |||||||||
• 1942–1943 | Bronislav Kaminski | ||||||||
| Historical era | World War II | ||||||||
• Established | 15 November 1941 | ||||||||
• Disestablished | 26 August 1943 | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• Total | 10,280 km2 (3,970 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population | |||||||||
• Estimate | >1,000,000[2] | ||||||||
| Currency | Soviet ruble, Reichsmark | ||||||||
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The "Autonomy" covered the area of eight raions (the present-day Brasovsky, Dmitriyevsky, Dmitrovsky, Komarichsky, Navlinsky, Sevsky, Suzemsky and Zheleznogorsky districts) now divided between Bryansk, Oryol and Kursk Oblasts.[3] The German authorities established the Autonomy to serve as a test case for Russian collaborationist government under the SS in the proposed Reich Commissariat of Muscovy (German: Reichskommissariat Moskowien).[4]
History
Foundation
In October 1941, the Nazi German military advanced into the Soviet Union during Operation Barbarossa, reached the Lokot area near the city of Bryansk, and it was captured by the Germans on October 6, 1941.[5] In November 1941 Bronislav Kaminski (an engineer at a local distillery) and Konstantin Voskoboinik (a local technical school teacher) were approached by the German military administration with proposals to assist them in establishing a civil administration and local police. Voskoboinik was designated by Germans as starosta of the "Lokot volost." Kaminski became Voskoboinik's deputy. Other deputies appointed were Stepan Mosin and Roman Ivanin (the head of the local militia), both former prisoners.[6]
Militia
Initially the militia headed by Voskoboinik numbered no more than 200 men. It assisted Germans in policing the area, and committed numerous atrocities against the civilian population loyal to the Soviet authorities or Soviet partisans, Soviet prisoners of war (POWs), Jews and ordinary civilians.[7][8] By January 1942 the militia's personnel was increased to 400–500.
During a partisan attack headed by Alexander Saburov on January 8, 1942, Voskoboinik was fatally wounded. After his death, Kaminski took over the command and further expanded the militia.[1][8]
In cooperation with German forces, the militia commenced security operations, and by spring of 1942, the militia had 1,400 armed personnel. The number of Soviet partisans in this area was estimated at 20,000 men – they controlled almost the entire rear of the Army Group Centre's area of operations.[9]
In March 1942, Kaminski's representative to the German 2nd Panzer Army in Oryol gave assurances that Kaminski's unit was "ready to actively fight the guerrillas" and to carry on a propaganda campaign against "Jewish Bolshevism" and Soviet partisans. Soon thereafter, the commander of 2nd Army Generaloberst Rudolf Schmidt appointed Kaminski as the mayor of the Korück 532 centered in the township of Lokot. On 19 July 1942, after the Commander of Army Group Centre, Field Marshal Günther von Kluge gave an official approval, the Lokot administration received some degree of autonomy and nominal self-rule under the supervision of major von Veltheim and colonel Rübsam. Kaminsky was appointed the Oberbürgermeister of the Autonomous Administration of Lokot (comprising eight raions) and the brigadier of the local militia.
From June 1942, Kaminski's militia took part in a major security operation code-named Operation Vogelsang, as part of General Werner von Gilsa's Kampfgruppe (battle group) Gilsa II.
Germans did not interfere in the Lokot Autonomy's affairs as long as their transports were kept safe, and the republic delivered the required food quotas to the Wehrmacht. Collective farms were abolished, and a large degree of free enterprise was permitted. Kaminski established the Autonomy's own court, jails, and newspapers. Kaminski's speeches published in the region's newspapers emphasized that the aims of Nazi Germany and Russia "are the same."
The schools (closed after the German invasion) were reopened, and a radio station along with theater groups were established in Lokot, Dmitrovsk and Sevsk [10] Newspapers published in the Lokot Autonomy were typical of all newspapers published on Nazi-occupied Russian territories, featuring articles exposing Judeo-Bolshevik crimes along with Nazi propaganda which included the usual heavy dose of antisemitism. The Jewish population in the Autonomy was annihilated without German assistance: 223 Jews were shot in the township of Suzemka, and 39 at Navlya.[11]
In October 1942, Kaminski renamed Lokot township as the town of Voskoboinik. Streets in other townships of the Autonomy were also renamed.
In the autumn of 1942, Kaminski ordered the compulsory draft into the militia of all able-bodied men. Its units were reinforced with the "volunteers" drafted from Soviet POWs at the nearest Nazi concentration camps. Kaminski ordered the gathering of Soviet tanks and armored cars abandoned in 1941 due to the lack of fuel or minor mechanical failures – by November 1942, his unit has in possession at least two BT-7 tanks and one 76 mm artillery gun. Due to the lack of uniforms and boots (some units were barefoot), the Germans provided Kaminski's brigade with used uniforms: these were sufficient for only four battalions.
By late 1942, the militia of the Lokot Autonomy had expanded to the size of a 14-battalion brigade with close to 8,000 men under arms called the Russian National Liberation Army (RONA). From November 19, 1942, to December 1942, Lokot was inspected by order of Alfred Rosenberg.
In January 1943, the brigade numbered 9,828 people; the armored unit of brigade had (in total 11 vehicles):
- one heavy KV-2,
- two medium T-34,
- three BT-7,
- two BT-5 light tanks,
- three armored cars (BA-10, two BA-20).
In the spring of 1943, the brigade's structure was reorganized. There were five regiments created with three battalions in each, anti-aircraft battalion (three AA guns and four heavy machine guns), armored unit. A separate "guard" battalion was created, with brigade strength estimated to be 12,000 men in total.e
Before Operation Citadel, the massive offensive to destroy the Kursk salient, in May–June 1943, the brigade took part in Operation Zigeunerbaron ("Gypsy Baron") together with other German units.
Similar operations followed this operation, such as Freischütz and Tannhäuser, in which the brigade together with other units under German command was involved in action against partisans and also took part in reprisal operations against the civilian population.
In the summer of 1943, the brigade began to suffer significant desertions, due in part to the recent Soviet victories and in part to the partisans' efforts to "turn" as many of Kaminski's troops as possible. As a part of these efforts, several attempts on Kaminski's life were carried out. Each time, Kaminski narrowly avoided death and punished the conspirators with execution. Several German officers passing through Lokot reported seeing bodies hanging from gallows outside Kaminski's headquarters. Fearing a breakdown in command, a German liaison staff was attached to Kaminski's HQ to restructure the brigade and return stability to the unit.
After the German failure of Citadel, the Soviet counteroffensives forced the brigade, along with their families, to flee with the retreating Germans. On the 29th of July, 1943, Kaminski issued an order to evacuate the RONA brigade and Lokot authorities' property and families. Germans transferred up to 30 thousand persons (10-11,000 of them were brigade members) to the Lepel area of Vitebsk in Belarus by the end of August 1943.
By September 1943, the force had 10,000 men, divided into:[12]
- 5 infantry regiments, each of 3 battalions,
- one artillery battalion (36 field guns),
- and an armour unit of 24 captured Soviet tanks and armoured vehicles,
- in addition to engineer, signal, and medical units.
According to possibly unreliable post-war Soviet estimates, up to 10,000 civilians were killed during the existence of the Kaminski "Autonomy."
Armed Forces
The republic had its armed forces: the Russian National Liberation Army, RONA (not to be confused with the Russian Liberation Army, ROA).
"Lepel republic"
From the end of August 1943, Kaminski tried to set up a new "Lepel Republic" in the Lepel area, which met with strong opposition from the local population. Partisans overran this area, and the brigade was involved in heavy combat for the rest of the year.
During the retreat, desertions from the brigade increased significantly, and the entire formation seemed close to disintegration. When the commander of the 2nd Regiment, Major Tarasov, decided to join the partisans with all of his regiment (he was offered amnesty if his entire regiment joined the partisans), Kaminski flew to his headquarters and, according to one account, strangled him and eight others in front of his men. Despite this, up to 200 people deserted within two days.
By the beginning of October 1943, the brigade lost 2/3 of its previous personnel number.
On January 27, 1944, Heinrich Himmler decorated Kaminski with the Iron Cross 2nd Class and the Iron Cross 1st Class on the same day.
On February 15, 1944, Kaminski issued an order to relocate the brigade and Lokot administration further west to the Dyatlovo area in West Belarus.
War crimes
The auxiliary police completely massacred the Jewish population of the area. The chief of the Suzemka area police Prudnikov took part in the massacres.[13] There were 223 Jews shot in Suzemka, and 39 in Navlya.[11]
After the war
After World War II in Europe, some of the former RONA and Lokot personnel were repatriated by the Western Allies to the Soviet Union. At the end of 1946, the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union sentenced Yury Frolov, Stepan Mosin, and several others to death. In the 1950s and 1960s, several other former officials of the Autonomy were apprehended by the KGB; some of them were also sentenced to death, most notably the Lokot Autonomy's executioner Antonina Makarova-Ginzburg, found in 1978 and sentenced to death.[14]
Cultural references
Anatoli Ivanov portrayed the Lokot Republic in his novel Eternal Call (Russian: Вечный зов) and the corresponding TV sequel, which was popular in the Soviet Union.
References
- Littlejohn, David (1994). Foreign Legions of the Third Reich. Vol. 4 (Poland, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, India, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland and Russia). United States of America. p. 309. ISBN 0-912138-36-X.
- Cf. German order № 1023-42 July 17, 1942, p. 173. Theo J. Schulte, The German Army and Nazi Policies in Occupied Russia, New York: St. Martin's Press, 1989
- De Cordier (2010), The Fedayeen of the Reich: Muslims, Islam, and Collaborationism During World War II, p. 34 China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, 2010.
- "ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА --[ Исследования ]-- Соколов Б.В. Оккупация. Правда и мифы". militera.lib.ru.
- Ермолов И., Дробязко С. Антипартизанская республика. – М., 2001 1. Оккупация Орловской области и организация Локотского самоуправления
- Ермолов И., Дробязко С. Антипартизанская республика. – М., 2001
- "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-05-03. Retrieved 2013-04-21.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- Edgar Howell: The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941-1944, p. 99
- Ермолов И., Дробязко С. Антипартизанская республика. – М., 2001.
- Альтман И. Жертвы ненависти, стр. 263
- Littlejohn, David (1994). Foreign Legions of the Third Reich. Vol. 4 (Poland, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, India, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Finland and Russia). United States of America. p. 309. ISBN 0-912138-36-X.
- Чуев С. Проклятые солдаты. М.: ЭКСМО, 2004. ISBN 5-699-05970-9 стр. 116—117
- История Антонины Макаровой-Гинзбург