Lorraine Friedman

Lorraine Friedman (January 1, 1919, Dawson, New Mexico – February 12, 2001, Osyka, Mississippi) was an American medical mycologist who was recruited to Tulane University (New Orleans, Louisiana) to create a center for medical mycology. She was a faculty member at Tulane University from 1955-1981 where she extensively researched Tinea capitis, “Ringworm of the hair.” She was instrumental in creating the Medical Mycological Society of the Americas and served as the President in 1975.

Lorraine Friedman
Born
Lorraine Friedman

January 1, 1919
Dawson, New Mexico
DiedFebruary 12, 2001 (age 82)
Osyka, Mississippi
NationalityAmerican
EducationUniversity of Arkansas

University of North Carolina Chapel Hill

Duke University
OccupationMedical Mycologist
Years active1951-1981
Known forTulane University Medical Mycology Program
Notable work
Ringworm of the hair

Early life

Lorraine Friedman was born on January 1, 1919 in Dawson, New Mexico. Shortly after she was born, her parents, Mathe Friedman and Alice Friedman moved their family back to Hot Springs, Arkansas, where they were originally from.[1]

Lorraine Friedman received her Bachelor of Arts from The University of Arkansas in June 1940. In 1942, after graduating from the University of Arkansas, she completed a medical technology training at Menorah Hospital in Kansas City, Missouri.[2] She enlisted on December 14, 1942 to the United States Navy’s Medical Services Corps as a medical laboratory officer until 1946. Before obtaining a master’s in public health from the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill in 1948, she worked for one year as a diagnostic bacteriologist at Johns Hopkins Hospital. Finally, she was advised by Norman Conant, PhD, at Duke University and received her PhD in 1951. Her thesis work was titled “Comparative antigenic and immunologic studies on blastomyces dermatitidis, the cause of North American blastomycosis, and blastomyces brasiliensis, the cause of South American blastomycosis.” A portion of her research, "Immunological studies on the etiologic agents of North and South American blastomycosis"[2] was published in 1953 in Mycopathologia.[3]

Career

After graduating from Duke University, she accepted a position at the University of California Berkeley in the School of Public Health as the Chief of the Mycology Division of the Naval Biological Laboratory. She spent four years working with Charles E. Smith, PhD, the known expert on Coccidiomycosis. She worked on Coccidioides immitis, a fungal pathogen responsible for causing Valley Fever in the southwest United States. One prominent article she wrote on the work she conducted at UC Berkeley was titled “Studies on Coccidioides immitis: Morphology and sporulation capacity of forty-seven strains.”[4]

She was later recruited in 1955 to Tulane University Medical School to open a medical mycology center. She opened a medical mycology program in 1957 after receiving a National Institute of Health grant to fund her program. Most notably, this was only the third such grant to be awarded at this time.[5] This grant was renewed annually for the 24 years she worked at Tulane University. Friedman designed her program and curriculum to allow students to create vital relationships between the graduate school and the medical school. One prominent class that first year PhD students were required to take was her medical mycology course. This course required students to rotate between diagnostic and/or clinical labs and to conduct their own individual research for a year.[6]

As her career at Tulane University went on, most of her time was spent on mentoring students and less on conducting research; however, some of her most notable research was on Tinea capitis, Ringworm of the scalp. Her research lab was foundational to the early understanding of this dermatological fungal infection. During her years as a PhD student the demand for medical mycology was high. In the late 40s and early 50s not much was known about many fungal diseases, therefore, mortality rates for invasive diseases were 50-100%.[7] Therefore, Friedman, along with her collogues, were instrumental in our modern day understanding of several fungal diseases, some of which are easily treated with modern medicine.

Mentorship

While she was at Tulane University, she advised 10 PhD students and 4 master's students. These students were amongst the first generation of students to be trained with molecular-based techniques. Through her success of mentoring, many of Friedman's students went on to be prominent medical mycologists themselves, such as George Kobayashi, William Cooper, Geoffrey Land, and Thomas G. Mitchell. Judith Domer, a lifelong colleague of Friedman, said that her military training led to a mentoring style that was sometimes tough on students. However, this style proved effective since she successfully mentored a number of highly successful students.[5]

List of graduate students

Friedman advised a number of graduate students, including:[8]

  • Geoffery Land, PhD
  • Thomas G. Mitchell, PhD
  • George Kobayashi, PhD
  • J Cutler, PhD
  • William Cooper PhD
  • M Dykstra, PhD
  • K Erke, PhD
  • S Ford, PhD
  • D Greer, PhD
  • S Kraeger, PhD
  • A Bonk, MS
  • M Ivens, MS
  • L Linares, MS
  • M Martin, MS

Medical Mycological Society of America

On November 6, 1961, Lorraine Friedman and Donald Schneidau contacted the president of the American Society of Microbiology (ASM), John E. Blair proposing that a subdivision within the society be created for medical mycology which was gaining momentum at this time. In 1965, a committee composed of Lorraine Friedman, Libero Ajello, Charlotte Champbell, Milton Huppert, Hillel Levine, and Margarita Silva-Hutner met during the Second Coccidioidomycosis Symposium to organize a new Medical Mycology Division.[9] The division opened in 1968 with Libero Ajello, PhD serving as the first president. Lorraine Friedman served as President in 1975. Several of her graduate students served as future presidents. The division is still active today.

Accomplishments and awards
  • 1948 Kellogg Foundation Award recipient[1]
  • 1958- First recipient of the NIH mycology training grant with Morris F. Shaffer[1]
  • 1962 Described the perfect state of Microsporum vanbrueuseghemii, fungal pathogen that causes Ringworm[10]
  • 1963-1964 Chairman of the Mycology Division of American Society for Microbiology
  • 1964-1965 President of American Society for Microbiology (ASM)[11]
  • 1964 Recipient of the Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship to work in Uganda[1]
  • 1966-1971 served on the editorial boards for the Journal of Bacteriology[1]
  • 1970-1974 served on the board for Infection and Immunity[1]
  • 1983 Started a 5 year term on the NIH Training Grant Committee within the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) and later the Bacteriology and Mycology diseases[1]
  • First woman appointed to the NIAID[1]
  • 1993 Alice B Evans Award, named after the first female president of the American Society of Microbiology in 1928[12]

See also
  • BJ Hogg (30 October 2013). "Dr Lorraine Lillian Friedman". Find A Grave. Find A Grave. Retrieved 17 September 2018.

References
  1. "Lorraine Friedman". The Advocate. Baton Rouge LA. 13 February 2001. Retrieved 18 September 2018.
  2. Friedman, Lorraine (1951). Comparative antigenic and immunologic studies on blastomyces dermatitidis, the cause of North American blastomycosis, and blastomyces brasiliensis, the cause of South American blastomycosis (PhD). Duke University.
  3. Friedman, L; Conant, N.F. (1953). "Immunological studies on the etiologic agents of North and South American blastomycosis". Mycopathologia. 6 (4): 317–324. doi:10.1007/BF02056714. PMID 13154366. S2CID 10151228.
  4. Friedman, L; Pappagianis, D; Berman, R.J.; Smith, C.E. (1953). "Studies on Coccidioides immitis: Morphology and sporulation capacity of forty-seven strains". The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine. 42 (3): 438–444. PMID 13085034. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  5. Domer, J.E.; Kobayashi, G (2001). "Obituary for Lorraine Friedman". Mycopathologia. 151 (1): 1–2. doi:10.1023/A:1010955716946. S2CID 33195530.
  6. Espinel Ingroff, Ana (2003). Medical mycology in the United States : a historical analysis 1894-1996. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 75. ISBN 978-1402010675.
  7. Espinel Ingroff, Ana (2003). Medical mycology in the United States : a historical analysis 1894-1996. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 60. ISBN 978-1402010675.
  8. Espinel Ingroff, Ana (2003). Medical mycology in the United States : a historical analysis 1894-1996. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-1402010675.
  9. Espinel Ingroff, Ana (2003). Medical mycology in the United States : a historical analysis 1894-1996. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 68. ISBN 978-1402010675.
  10. Georg, L; Ajello, L; Friedman, L; Brinkman, S (1962). "A new species of Microsporum pathogenic to man and animals". Journal of Medical and Veterinary Mycology. 1 (4): 189–196. doi:10.1080/00362176285190381. PMID 13897744.
  11. "Past MMSA Presidents". Medical Mycological Society of America. Medical Mycological Society of America. 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  12. "EMD MILLIPORE ALICE C. EVANS AWARD PAST LAUREATES". Medical Mycological Society of America.
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