M40 recoilless rifle

The M40 recoilless rifle[17][18][19] is a lightweight,[20] portable, crew-served 105 mm recoilless rifle made in the United States. Intended primarily as an anti-tank weapon, it could also be employed in an antipersonnel role with the use of an antipersonnel-tracer flechette round. The bore was commonly described as being 106 mm caliber but is in fact 105 mm; the 106 mm designation was intended to prevent confusion with incompatible 105 mm ammunition from the failed M27.[21] The air-cooled, breech-loaded, single-shot rifle fired fixed ammunition and was used primarily from a wheeled ground mount. It was designed for direct firing only, and sighting equipment for this purpose was furnished with each weapon, including an affixed spotting rifle.

Ontos M50A1 with six 106 mm M40 recoilless rifles

M40 Recoilless Rifle
A deactivated M40 on display at the Philippine Army Museum.
Type	Recoilless rifle
Place of origin	United States
Service history
In service	1955 – present
Used by	See Users
Wars	Vietnam War Suez Crisis Algerian War[1] Portuguese Colonial War Cambodian Civil War Indo-Pakistani War of 1965[2] Six-Day War[3] Western Sahara War Angolan Civil War[4] Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War[5] Rhodesian Bush War Nicaraguan Revolution Third Indochina War Soviet–Afghan War Iran–Iraq War Lebanese Civil War[6] Salvadoran Civil War[7] Chadian–Libyan conflict[8] Somali Civil War[9] Gulf War[10] War in Afghanistan (2001–present)[11] Libyan Civil War[12] Syrian Civil War[11] Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)[13] Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)[14]
Production history
Manufacturer	Watervliet Arsenal
Specifications
Mass	209.5 kg (462 lb)
Length	3.404 m (11 ft 2 in)
Height	1.12 m (3 ft 8 in)
Shell	105×607mmR (HEAT, HEP, HEAP, Canister)
Caliber	105 mm (4.1 in)
Recoil	Recoilless
Carriage	Tripod
Elevation	−17° to +65° (between mount legs) −17° to +27° (over mount leg)[15]
Traverse	360°
Muzzle velocity	503 m/s (1,650 ft/s)[15] (M344 HEAT)
Effective firing range	1,350 m (1,480 yd)
Maximum firing range	6,870 m (M346A1 HEP-T)[16]

A limited number of M50 Ontos were built as a self-propelled light armored tracked anti-tank vehicle. They had six 106 mm M40 recoilless rifles as its main armament, which could be fired in rapid succession against a single target to guarantee a kill.

Replacing the M27 recoilless rifle, the M40 primarily saw action during the Vietnam War and was widely used during various conflicts thereafter in Africa or in the Middle East. It was replaced by the BGM-71 TOW anti-tank missile system in the US armed forces.

Design history

The earlier M27 recoilless rifle was a 105-mm weapon developed in the early 1950s and fielded in the Korean War. Although a recoilless rifle of this caliber had been a concept since the Second World War, the weapon was hurriedly produced with the onset of the Korean War. The speed with which it was developed and fielded resulted in problems with reliability caused by trunnions that were mounted too far to the rear. The M27 was also considered too heavy by the U.S. Army and had a disappointing effective range due to the lack of a spotting rifle. Taking the M27 as the basis for a new design, the Army developed an improved version of the M27 that was type-designated the M40 106-mm recoilless rifle in 1955.[22] Although unsuitable for military purposes, M27 recoilless rifles were used to trigger controlled avalanches at ski resorts and mountain passes in the United States.[23]

Description

The M40 is shaped like a long tube with an M8C .50 cal spotting rifle above. The spotting rifle fires a round whose trajectory closely matches that of the 105 mm round and gives off a puff of smoke on impact with the target. On the left side, there is an elevating wheel, in the center of which is the trigger wheel used to fine adjust the elevation and at the same time firing the spotting rifle when pulled, and the gun when pushed. The mounting is a tripod, but the front leg has a castering wheel. On top of the mount is a traverse wheel. On the center of the traverse wheel is a locking wheel, when the wheel is down, the rifle is locked in traverse, and can only be moved right and left with the traverse wheel. When the wheel is raised, the rifle can be traversed by hand. Austria produced a two-wheeled mount for the M40.

The whole mounting can be placed on an M151 Jeep for mobile use.[24] It has also been mounted on M113s, UMM 4x4s,[24] Mahindra jeeps,[25] Fath Safirs,[26] Land Rover Defenders,[27] Mercedes-Benz G-Wagen,[28] Hotchkiss M201 jeeps,[1] Toyota Land Cruisers,[8] Jeep CJs, Willys M38s, HMMWVs, M274 Mechanical Mules, Tiuna 106mm weapons platforms, KADDB Al Jawad vehicles, RBY MK 1s, AIL Abirs and AIL Storms.[7] They were also used on US Navy minesweepers (MSO) during Operation Market Time in Vietnam.

A special vehicle called the Ontos carried six M40s. A version specific to the T195E5 mount, the M40A1C, was used. It was used only by the U.S. Marine Corps. Japan produced a self-propelled gun called the Type 60, which carried two side by side. Some Pakistani M113s have a dual mounting. Three Panagopoulos coastal patrol boats class of the Hellenic Coast Guard and the Hellenic Navy in service of 1976-2003 was armed with two sextuples M40.

The M40 was a very successful export item and continues to be used by South Korea, Ecuador, Estonia, Greece, Honduras, Iran, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, the Philippines, Taiwan, Turkey, Colombia, Venezuela and many others, as well as anti-government forces in the Libyan Civil War and Syrian civil war.[11]

Non-US production

Country	Producer	Local name	Remarks
Austria	Lohner GmbH	10.6 cm rPAK M40A1	Locally produced carriage[29]
China	Norinco	Type 75[30]	Towed and SP versions[24]
India	Ordnance Factory Board		Mounted on tripods or on Mahindra jeeps[25]
Iran	Defense Industries Organization		[24][31]
Pakistan	Pakistan Machine Tool Factory Limited		[32]
South Korea	Kia Machine Tool Company		[24]
Spain	Santa Bárbara Sistemas[33]	CSR-106[34]

Ammunition

Ammunition for the 105 mm rifle was issued as one-piece fixed cartridges. The term "fixed" means that the projectile and the cartridge case are crimped together. This ensures correct alignment of the projectile and the cartridge case. It also permits faster loading because the projectile and the cartridge case are loaded as one unit. The rear end of the cartridge case is perforated, to allow the propellant gas to escape through the vented breech, thus neutralizing recoil. Most projectiles (except HEAT) used are pre-engraved, that is, the rotating bands are cut to engage the rifled bore.[35] If the round was not rotated slightly when loading the M40 it could result in jamming in the breech.

Types of ammunition included HEAT, High Explosive Plastic-Tracer (HEP-T), canister, High Explosive Anti Personnel, and the M368 dummy round which could not be fired and was used for crew drill. The original U.S. HEAT round penetrated more than 400 mm of armor. Near the end of the M40's service life, both Austria and Sweden produced HEAT rounds for the weapon capable of penetrating more than 700 mm of armor.[36]

Producer	Round name	Type	Proj Weight	Proj Filler	Filler weight	Armor penetration	Effective range
United States	M494	APERS-T	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	300 m
United States	M581	APERS	9.89 kg	flechettes	4.94 kg	N/A	300 m
Spain	M-DN11	HEAP	3.6 kg	Hexogen	0.77 kg	N/A	1500 m
West Germany	Diehl 106 mm	Fragmentation	8 kg	steel balls	3.5 kg	N/A	N/A[37]
France	NR 160	HEAT-T	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
France	NR 483	APERS	N/A	flechettes	N/A	N/A	N/A
France	NR 601	HESH-T	7.8 kg	Comp. A3	N/A	N/A	N/A
Italy	PFF	HE	9.89 kg	Comp. B	N/A	N/A	N/A
United States	M346A1	HEP-T	7.96 kg	Comp. A3	3.5 kg	N/A[38]	N/A
United States	M344A1	HEAT	7.96 kg	Comp. B	1.27 kg	over 400 mm[39]	1350 m
Pakistan	M344A1 type round	HEAT	6 kg	N/A	N/A	500 mm	2012 m[32]
India	?	HEAT	16.78 kg (round)	N/A	N/A	600 mm	1.372 m[25]
Sweden	106 3A	HEAT-T	5.5 kg	Octol	1.0 kg	over 700 mm[40]	2000 m
Austria	RAT 700	HEAT	5.0 kg	N/A	1.1 kg	over 700 mm	N/A[41]
Austria	3.1 RAT 700	HEAT-T	5.7 kg	Octastit	1.1 kg	over 700 mm	N/A[42]

Spotting rifle

The ammunition for the M8C spotting rifle is not .50 BMG, but a round often referred to as .50 BAT (Battalion Anti Tank), which is 12.7x77mm. .50 BAT was developed to replicate the trajectory of the 106 mm ammunition, and features a tracer element and a point-detonating incendiary filler to create a puff of smoke at the impact point.

Although the spotting rifle could conceivably be used in an antipersonnel role, historic U.S. military doctrine strongly discouraged this use, for a purely tactical reason—to conceal the vulnerable M40 and its crew from the enemy until the main rifle was ready to fire. However, this restriction is believed to be the source of a long-standing misconception that the laws of war restrict the use of .50-caliber projectiles against enemy personnel more generally.[43]

Civilian use

In the early 1990s, the United States Forest Service (USFS) introduced the M40 for avalanche control as ammunition stocks for their M27 rifles became depleted. The M40 was initially successful due to operational similarities to the familiar M27 and ready availability from the U.S. military; however, in 1995, a USFS gunner was killed by shrapnel after a low-level premature warhead detonation inside an M40 barrel. The accident was attributed to an undiscovered hairline crack in the projectile's base plate. Following this incident, most USFS M40s were quickly replaced with surplus 105 mm howitzers, but a few were kept in service with safety barriers to protect the gunners, who fired the guns remotely. In December 2002, two M40s at Mammoth Mountain were destroyed by catastrophic bore explosions 13 days apart. The gunners were uninjured, having been protected by the safety barriers, but the incidents prompted the USFS to retire all remaining M40s in July 2003.[44]

Users

•  Angola: used by mercenaries of FNLA on Land Rovers[27] and by UNITA.[4]
•  Australia: replaced the 6-pdr gun from 1961. Remained in service into the 1990s[45] and in limited use in Afghanistan.[11]
•  Austria: Locally produced as 10.6 cm rPAK M40A1[29]
•  Bahrain: 25 M40A1s as of 2016[46]
•  Bangladesh: 238 M40A1s as of 2016[47]
•  Bolivia[48]
•  Brazil: 194 M40A1s as of 2016[49]
•  Burkina Faso[50]
•  Cambodia[51]
•  Cameroon: 40 M40A2s as of 2016[52]
•  Canada[53][54]
•  Central African Republic: 14 as of 2016[55]
•  Chad[8][56]
•  Chile: 213 M40A1s as of 2016[57]
•  China: Locally produced as Type 75[30]
•  Colombia: 73 M40A1s as of 2016[58]
•  Comoros
•  DR Congo[59]
•  Cyprus: 144 M40A1s as of 2016[60]
•  Denmark:[53][61] remained in limited service in Afghanistan.[11]
•  Djibouti: 16 M40A1s as of 2016[62]
•  Dominican Republic: 20 M40A1s as of 2016[63]
•  Ecuador: 24 M40A1s as of 2016[64]
•  Egypt
•  El Salvador: 20 M40A1s as of 2016,[65] including some Spanish-made guns[33]
•  Estonia:[66] 30 M40A1s as of 2016[67]
•  France[1]
•  Gabon[68]
•  Guatemala: 56 M40A1s as of 2016,[69] including some Spanish-made guns[33]
•  Greece: 581 M40A1s as of 2016[70]
•  Haiti[71]
•  Honduras: 50 M40A1s as of 2016,[72] including some Spanish-made guns[33]
•  India: M40A1C locally produced.[25] More than 3,000 in service as of 2016[73]
•  Indonesia[74]
•  Iran: Locally produced.[75] ~200 M40s in service[76]
•  Iraq
•  Islamic State[77]
•  Israel[3][78]
•  Italy[53][79]
•  Ivory Coast: ~12 M40A1s as of 2016[80]
•  Japan[81]
•  Jordan[82]
•  Laos[83]
•  Lebanon: 113 M40A1s as of 2016[84]
  • Lebanese Forces[6]
•  Lesotho: 6 M40s as of 2016[85]
•  Liberia[86]
•  Libya: American, Chinese and Iranian variants[12]
•  Luxembourg[53][87]
•  Madagascar[88]
•  Malaysia: 24 M40s as of 2016[89]
•  Mauritania: ~90 M40A1s as of 2016[90]
•  Mexico[91] - including some Spanish-made guns[33]
•  Morocco: 350 M40A1s as of 2016[92]
•  Myanmar: more than 1,000 M40A1 RCLs in service as of 2016,[93] including Spain made CSR-106s and Pakistani-made M40A1s.[32] used for bunker busting and anti-personnel/infantry support role in counter-insurgency campaigns.
•  Netherlands[53]
•  New Zealand[94]
•  Nicaragua
•  Niger: 8 M40s as of 2016[95]
•  Nigeria[96]
•  Norway[53][97] - Identified as 106mm Rekylfri Kanon M40[7]
•  Pakistan: Locally produced.[32] Still in service as of 2020[98]
•  Peru[99]
•  Philippines[100]
•  Portugal: 45 M40A1s as of 2016[101]
•  Rhodesia
•  Saudi Arabia[102]
•  Singapore: 90 M40A1s as of 2016[103]
•  Somalia Transferred from Yemen[104]
•  South Africa: South African National Defence Force.[15][105]
•  South Korea: Locally produced.[75] Still in service in 2016.[106]
•  South Vietnam[107]
•  Spain: Locally produced by Santa Bárbara Sistemas[33] as CSR-106[34]
•  Sri Lanka: ~30 as of 2016[108]
•  Sudan: 40 M40A1s as of 2016.[109] Also used some Chinese Type 75s, some being captured by the Sudan People's Liberation Army[110]
•  Suriname[111][112]
•   Switzerland:[113] In the period 1958–1990, the antitank companies of the Swiss Army Infantry Regiments were equipped with 12 M40 guns.
•  Syria: used by the Free Syrian Army[11] and pro-government militias[26]
•  Taiwan[114]
•  Thailand: 150 M40s as of 2016[115]
•  Tunisia[116]
•  Turkey: 2,329 M40A1s as of 2016[117]
•  Uruguay: 69 M40A1s as of 2016[118]
•  United Arab Emirates: 12 M40s as of 2016[119]
•  United Kingdom: used by Airborne Forces from 1956 until the mid 1960s. Credited with the destruction of an Egyptian SU100 during the Suez Crisis[120]
•  United States[121]
•  Venezuela: 175 M40A1s as of 2016[122]
•  Yemen[14]
•  Zimbabwe[123]

Gallery

• 
  Greek Mercedes 240G M40 carrier. Note the metal guard to protect the engine from the gun blast.
• 
  Firing the gun from a Mercedes 240G
• 
  An ex-Australian Army M40 recoilless rifle mounted on a Land Rover on display in the grounds of the Australian War Memorial
• 
  A rather uncommon use of the M40 on a Greek fast patrol boat, circa 1982
• 
  The same Greek fast patrol boat
• 
  An ex-Bangladesh Army(Obtained from the surrendered Pakistan Army in 1971) M40 recoilless rifle mounted on a Willys Jeep M38A1 on display in the Bangladesh Military Museum.
• 
  U.S. Marines manning an M40 during the Battle of Huế in the Vietnam War.

See also

• List of U.S. Army weapons by supply catalog designation (SNL C-93)
• M18 recoilless rifle
• M20 recoilless rifle
• Weapons of the Cambodian Civil War
• Weapons of the Salvadoran Civil War
• Weapons of the Laotian Civil War
• Weapons of the Lebanese Civil War

References

Notes

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6. Neville 2018, p. 15.
7. Montes, Julio A. (2 January 2015). "Infantry Support and Anti-tank Weapons in Latin America: 90mm and 105mm Recoilless Rifles". Small Arms Defense Journal. Vol. 6 no. 4.
8. Neville 2018, p. 16.
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10. Neville 2018, pp. 40, 42.
11. McNally, Brendan (May 31, 2013). "Ancient U.S. Weapon Makes a Surprise Reappearance in Syria". Wired. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved March 8, 2017.
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47. Military Balance 2016, p. 236.
48. Military Balance 2016, p. 380.
49. Military Balance 2016, p. 383.
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57. Military Balance 2016, p. 387.
58. Military Balance 2016, p. 390.
59. Military Balance 2016, p. 441.
60. Military Balance 2016, p. 85.
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70. Military Balance 2016, p. 104.
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77. Military Balance 2016, p. 492.
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84. Military Balance 2016, p. 340.
85. Military Balance 2016, p. 452.
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87. Gander, Terry J. (22 November 2000). "National inventories, Luxembourg". Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002.
88. Military Balance 2016, p. 454.
89. Military Balance 2016, p. 272.
90. Military Balance 2016, p. 343.
91. Military Balance 2016, p. 404-405.
92. Military Balance 2016, p. 345.
93. Military Balance 2016, p. 276.
94. Gander, Terry J. (22 November 2000). "National inventories, New Zealand". Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002.
95. Military Balance 2016, p. 460.
96. Military Balance 2016, p. 461.
97. Gander, Terry J. (22 November 2000). "National inventories, Norway". Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002.
98. Military Balance 2020, p. 300. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMilitary_Balance_2020 (help)
99. Military Balance 2016, p. 410-411.
100. Military Balance 2016, p. 284.
101. Military Balance 2016, p. 130.
102. Military Balance 2016, p. 351-353.
103. Military Balance 2016, p. 287.
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105. Military Balance 2016, p. 468.
106. Military Balance 2016, p. 268.
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108. Military Balance 2016, p. 289.
109. Military Balance 2016, p. 471.
110. "Sudan - Global trade, local impact: Arms Transfers to all Sides in the Civil War in Sudan" (PDF). Human Rights Watch Report. 10 (4): 24. August 1998.
111. Badri-Maharaj, Sanjay (2 February 2017). "Suriname's Armed Forces: Capability Compromised – Analysis". Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. Archived from the original on 21 September 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
112. Military Balance 2016, p. 412.
113. Gander, Terry J. (22 November 2000). "National inventories, Switzerland". Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002.
114. Military Balance 2016, p. 291-292.
115. Military Balance 2016, p. 293.
116. Gander, Terry J. (22 November 2000). "National inventories, Tunisia". Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002.
117. Military Balance 2016, p. 148.
118. Military Balance 2016, p. 414.
119. Military Balance 2016, p. 358.
120. "A living history of The Parachute Regiment and Airborne Forces: 106mm Recoilless Anti-Tank Rifle".
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Bibliography

• (JAH) Terry Gander and Ian Hogg (ed.), Jane's Ammunition Handbook 1994, Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group Ltd., 1993.
• (JIW) Richard Jones and Leland Ness (ed.), Jane's Infantry Weapons 2007–2008, Coulsdon: Jane's Information Group Ltd., 2007.
• Neville, Leigh (19 Apr 2018). Technicals: Non-Standard Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces. New Vanguard 257. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9781472822512.
• International Institute for Strategic Studies (February 2016). The Military Balance 2016. 116. Routlegde. ISBN 9781857438352.

External links

• globalsecurity.org
• M40 repair manual
• BRL report on M40 accuracy
• M40 in Canadian service