Magnitsky Act

The Magnitsky Act, formally known as the Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012, is a bipartisan bill passed by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama in December 2012, intending to punish Russian officials responsible for the death of Russian tax lawyer Sergei Magnitsky in a Moscow prison in 2009 and also to grant permanent normal trade relations status to Russia.

This article is about the US law. For other nations' legislation, see Magnitsky legislation.

Magnitsky Act
Long titleRussia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal and Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012
NicknamesMagnitsky Act
Enacted bythe 112th United States Congress
Citations
Public lawPub.L. 112–208 (text) (pdf)
Statutes at Large126 Stat. 1496
Legislative history
  • Introduced in the House as "Russia and Moldova Jackson–Vanik Repeal Act of 2012" (H.R. 6156) by Dave Camp (R-MI) on July 19, 2012
  • Committee consideration by House Ways and Means
  • Passed the House on November 16, 2012 (365–43)
  • Passed the Senate on December 6, 2012 (92–4)
  • Signed into law by President Barack Obama on December 14, 2012

Since 2016, the bill, which applies globally, authorizes the U.S. government to sanction those it sees as human rights offenders, freeze their assets, and ban them from entering the U.S.[1]

Background

In 2009, Russian tax lawyer Sergei Magnitsky died in a Moscow prison after investigating a $230 million fraud involving Russian tax officials.[2] Magnitsky was accused of committing the fraud himself and detained.[2] While in prison, Magnitsky developed gall stones, pancreatitis and calculous cholecystitis and was refused medical treatment for months. After almost a year of imprisonment, he was allegedly beaten to death while in custody.[3][4][5]

Magnitsky's friend Bill Browder, a prominent American-born businessman working extensively in the Russian Federation after the collapse of the USSR, publicized the case and lobbied American officials to pass legislation sanctioning Russian individuals involved in corruption.[6] Browder brought the case to Senators Benjamin Cardin and John McCain, who proceeded to propose legislation.[7]

Law

In June 2012, the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs reported to the House a bill called the Sergei Magnitsky Rule of Law Accountability Act of 2012 (H.R. 4405).[8] The main intention of the law was to punish Russian officials who were thought to be responsible for the death of Sergei Magnitsky by prohibiting their entrance to the United States and their use of its banking system.[9] The legislation was taken up by a Senate panel the next week, sponsored by Senator Ben Cardin, and cited in a broader review of the mounting tensions in the international relationship.[10][11] Browder later wrote that the Magnitsky Act found quick bipartisan support because the corruption exposed by Magnitsky was blatant beyond dispute, and "[t]here wasn't a pro-Russian-torture-and-murder lobby to oppose it."[6]p. 329

The Obama administration fought the bill until Congress signaled the 2012 Jackson-Vanick bill would not be repealed unless the Magnitsky Act passed. In November 2012, provisions of the Magnitsky bill were attached to a House bill (H.R. 6156) normalizing trade with Russia (i.e., repealing the Jackson–Vanik amendment) and Moldova.[12] On December 6, 2012, the U.S. Senate passed the House version of the law, 92–4.[9] The law was signed by President Barack Obama on December 14, 2012.[13][14][15][16][17]

Individuals affected

The Obama administration made public a list of 18 individuals affected by the Act in April 2013. The people included on the list are:[18][19][20][21]

  • Aleksey Droganov
  • Aleksey Krivoruchko, Tverskoy District Court judge
  • Andrey Pechegin, deputy head of the investigation supervision division of the general prosecutor's office
  • Artem (Artyom) Kuznetsov, a tax investigator for the Moscow division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
  • Dmitriy Komnov, head of Butyrka Detention Center
  • Dmitri M. Tolchinskiy
  • Ivan Pavlovitch Prokopenko
  • Kazbek Dukuzov, Chechen acquitted of the murder of Paul Klebnikov
  • Lecha Bogatyrov, implicated by Austrian authorities as the murderer of Umar Israilov
  • Natalya V. Vinogradova
  • Oleg F. Silchenko, a senior investigator for the Ministry of Internal Affairs
  • Oleg Logunov
  • Olga Stepanova, head of Moscow Tax Office No. 28
  • Pavel Karpov, a senior investigator for the Moscow division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
  • Sergei G. Podoprigorov, Tverskoy District Court judge
  • Svetlana Ukhnalyova
  • Yelena Khimina, Moscow tax official
  • Yelena Stashina, Tverskoy District Court judge who prolonged Magnitsky's detention

Other foreign individuals who have been sanctioned include:

January 2017 blacklisting

On January 9, 2017, under the Magnitsky Act, the United States Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control updated its Specially Designated Nationals List and blacklisted Aleksandr I. Bastrykin, Andrei K. Lugovoi, Dmitri V. Kovtun, Stanislav Gordievsky, and Gennady Plaksin, which froze any of their assets held by American financial institutions or transactions with those institutions and banned their traveling to the United States.[27][28]

Actions by the Russian government

In response to the adoption of the Magnitsky Act, the Russian government denied Americans adoption of Russian children, issued a list of US officials prohibited from entering Russia, and posthumously convicted Magnitsky as guilty.[29] In addition, the Russian government reportedly lobbied against the legislation acting through a public relations company led by Kenneth Duberstein.[30][31] Later, a Russian lawyer, Natalia Veselnitskaya was hired to lobby against the Magnitsky Act in the US. She set up a meeting with Donald Trump Jr., purportedly to discuss the matter.[32][33]

Ban on U.S. adoption of Russian children
Main article: Dima Yakovlev Law

On December 19, 2012, the State Duma voted 400 to 4 to ban the international adoption of Russian children into the United States. The bill was unofficially named after Dmitri Yakovlev (Chase Harrison), a Russian toddler who died of heat stroke in 2008 when his adoptive American father forgot he was in the back seat of his SUV.[34][35] The next year, 2013, two additional laws were proposed: one was to prevent US citizens from working with political NGOs in Russia, and a second law, eventually abandoned, prevented any foreigner from speaking on state television if they discredited the state.[36]

Banning some U.S. officials from Russia
Main article: Guantanamo List

On April 13, 2013, Russia released a list banning 18 Americans from entering Russia for alleged human rights violations, in a response to the Magnitsky list. The people banned from Russia are listed below.

US officials involved in legalizing torture and indefinite detention of prisoners:

The Russian lawmakers also banned several U.S. officials involved in the prosecution and trial of Russian arms smuggler Viktor Bout and drug smuggler Konstantin Yaroshenko, both serving prison time in the United States:[37][38]

Reception

Australian expatriate jurist Geoffrey Robertson, who is representing some of the Magnitsky campaigners, has described the Act as "one of the most important new developments in human rights." He says it provides "a way of getting at the Auschwitz train drivers, the apparatchiks, the people who make a little bit of money from human rights abuses and generally keep under the radar."[39]

State Duma deputy Yevgeny Fedorov argued that the real purpose of the Magnitsky bill was to manipulate key figures in big business and government, with the aim of pro-American policy in the Russian Federation.[40]

In 2018, the British parliament passed a so-called ‘Magnitsky amendment’ to the Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Act to give the government the power to impose sanctions on people who commit gross human rights violations.[41]

Bill Van Auken of World Socialist Web Site condemned the United States for what he described as invoking human rights as a cover for realpolitik in the Magnitsky Act, stating that Washington DC officials had supported "far greater crimes, [such] as when Boris Yeltsin in 1993 ordered bombardment of the Russian White House, the seat of the country’s parliament, killing 62 people".[42][43]

In June 2016, the documentary The Magnitsky Act – Behind the Scenes was released, which presents an alternative view of Magnitsky. As The Guardian relates, that view includes that "Magnitsky was not beaten while in police custody, and that he did not make any specific allegations against individuals in his testimony to Russian authorities."[44] It also suggests that Magnitsky was, as paraphrased by The New York Times, "an accomplice rather than a victim."[45]

In July 2017 on Fareed Zakaria GPS by CNN, Fareed Zakaria interviewed Bill Browder, who discussed the Magnitsky Act, and topics such as why Putin is directly threatened by it, the money given by Russia government to more than 10,000 Russian human-rights abusers, the June 2016 Trump campaign–Russian meeting, and the power and influence of Russian money in Washington, D.C. at present.[46]

Liberal Russian dissidents Vladimir V. Kara-Murza and Boris Nemtsov both approved of the act, calling it "pro-Russian."[47][48]

2017 oversight

President Donald Trump gave a memorandum to Congress on the implementation of the Act on April 21, 2017.[49]

In May 2017, US authorities settled a case against Prevezon Holding, one of the companies used for laundering the money exfiltrated from Russia as result of the fraud discovered by Sergey Magnitsky. The settlement dismissed the case, and the real-estate company agreed to pay a $5.8 million fine.[50][51] Also in May 2017 an investigation was started on £6.6m that was allegedly transferred from the fraud scheme into a banking firm in the UK.[52]

On September 8, 2017, President Trump, in a memorandum, delegated authority to alter the financial sanctions in this act to the Secretary of the Treasury, and the issue of visas to the Secretary of State.[53]

Global Magnitsky Act

Passage

In 2016, Congress enacted the Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act, which allows the U.S. government to sanction foreign government officials implicated in human rights abuses anywhere in the world.[54]

Initially introduced as separate legislation introduced by Senator Benjamin Cardin (D-MD) in the Senate[55] and Representative Chris Smith (R-NJ) in the House,[56] the Global Magnitsky Act was ultimately incorporated as Title XII, Subtitle F (sections 1261 through 1265) of the omnibus National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017, which became law on December 23, 2016, of the NDAA FY 2017.[57]

Sanctions imposed through EO 13818

Effective 21 December 2017, US President Donald Trump issued Executive Order 13818 which was the first implementation of the Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act under which the U.S. government imposed sanctions against 13 individuals described as "human rights abusers, kleptocrats, and corrupt actors."[58][59] Under President Trump's direction, US Secretary of the Treasury Steven Mnuchin announced the sanctions against thirteen "human rights abusers, kleptocrats, and corrupt actors."[58] President Trump said that he was "declaring a national emergency with respect to serious human-rights abuse and corruption around the world."[60]

The individuals sanctioned included Yahya Jammeh, former president of The Gambia, and Roberto Jose Rivas Reyes, president of Nicaragua's Supreme Electoral Council.[61] An additional 39 affiliated companies and individuals were also sanctioned by the Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC).[61]

Dan Gertler

According to The Economist, Dan Gertler, an "Israeli mining billionaire" who is a longtime close friend of Joseph Kabila, who was President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) for decades, was also listed in President Trump's EO Annex and placed on the OFAC financial sanctions list.[62] All of Gertler's assets that were under U.S. jurisdiction were blocked.[59] According to a February 2018 article in The Economist, the sanctions statement said that Gertler had "amassed his fortune through hundreds of millions of dollars' worth of opaque and corrupt mining and oil deals" in the DRC.[63] Included in the Executive Order is the list of designated entities "affiliated with" Gertler:[64]

  • African Trans International Holdings B.V.
  • Almerina Properties Limited
  • Fleurette Africa Resources I B.V.
  • Fleurette African Transport B.V.
  • Fleurette Energy I B.V.
  • Interlog DRC
  • Iron Mountain Enterprises Limited
  • Karibu Africa Services SA
  • Kitoko Food Farm
  • Moku Goldmines AG
  • Moku Mines D'or SA
  • Oriental Iron Company SPRL
  • Sanzetta Investments Limited
  • Ventora Development Sasu.

In a November 28, 2019, article in The Economist, it was reported that President Trump's decision to place sanctions on Gertler, who is a close friend of then-President of the Congo, Joseph Kabila, had come as "a shock to many companies operating in the Congo." Citing Tom Perriello, who was then the United States envoy to the African Great Lakes under Barack Obama, the sanctions "probably helped push Mr. Kabila to his eventual decision to stand down in the elections that took place a year later," in the December 2018 general election.[60]

2018

In June 2018, Félix Bautista, a member of the Senate of the Dominican Republic and five companies owned or controlled by him were sanctioned by the U.S. Department of Treasury under the Global Magnitsky Act due to his involvement in significant corruption. Bautista has reportedly engaged in bribery in relation to his position as a Senator, and is alleged to have engaged in corruption in Haiti, where he used his connections to win public works contracts to help rebuild Haiti following several natural disasters, including one case where his company was paid over $10 million for work not completed.[65]

In July 2018, three Nicaraguans were added to the OFAC sanctions list. Nicaraguan National Police Commissioner Francisco Javier Diaz Madriz (Diaz) and Secretary of the Mayor's Office of Managua Fidel Antonio Moreno Briones (Moreno) were sanctioned for being responsible for, or the leaders of entities involved in, serious human rights abuse in Nicaragua. Additionally, OFAC designated Jose Francisco Lopez Centeno (Lopez), the Vice President of ALBA de Nicaragua (ALBANISA) and President of Petronic, for engaging in corrupt activities.[66]

In August 2018, the Treasury Department sanctioned top Turkish government officials, Turkish Justice Minister Abdulhamit Gül and Interior Minister Suleyman Soylu, who were involved in the detention of American pastor Andrew Brunson.[67] Daniel Glaser, the former Assistant Secretary for Terrorist Financing under President Barack Obama, said: "It’s certainly the first time I can think of" the U.S. sanctioning a NATO ally. "I certainly regard it as a human rights violation to unlawfully detain somebody, so I think it falls within the scope of the Global Magnitsky Act."[68]

In November 2018, the Treasury Department announced the imposition of Global Magnitsky Act sanctions against 17 Saudi Arabian officials for their roles in the "targeted and brutally killed" Saudi dissident journalist Jamal Khashoggi, who lived and worked in the United States.[69]

2020

On July 9, 2020, the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctioned 1 Chinese government entity (the Xinjiang Public Security Bureau) and 4 current/former government officials for serious rights abuses against ethnic minorities in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR).[70] The sanctions were imposed on the basis of serious human-rights abuses which reportedly include mass arbitrary detention and severe physical abuse, among other serious abuses targeting Uyghurs (the Turkic Muslim population indigenous to Xinjiang) and other ethnic minorities in the region.[70]

The four sanctioned individuals include:[70]

  • Chen Quanguo, the Communist Party Secretary of XUAR, and the former Communist Party Secretary of Tibet (Tibet Autonomous Region)
  • Zhu Hailun, a former Deputy Party Secretary of the XUAR
  • Wang Mingshan (王明山), the incumbent Communist Party Secretary of the Xinjiang Public Security Bureau (XPSB)
  • Huo Liujun (霍留军), the former Communist Party Secretary of the XPSB

On July 31, 2020, the OFAC further sanctioned Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC), Sun Jinlong, a former Political Commissar of the XPCC, and Peng Jiarui, the Deputy Party Secretary and Commander of the XPCC, for their connection to similar human rights abuse against the ethnic minorities in XUAR.[71]

The XPCC is a paramilitary organization in the XUAR subordinate to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), that was created to enhance internal control over the region.[71] XPCC was used by CCP XUAR Secretary Chen Quanguo, who was subject to similar sanctions on July 9, 2020, to implement a comprehensive surveillance, detention, and indoctrination program targeting Uyghurs and members of other ethnic minority groups.[71] The sanction means that all transactions by U.S. persons or taking place within the United States involving any property or interests in property of the sanctioned entities are generally prohibited. The sanctions are stated by the OFAC to be part of "an ongoing effort to deter human rights abuses in the Xinjiang region."[71]

Sanctions imposed through EO 13936

On August 7, 2020, the U.S. Department of Treasury sanctioned 11 individuals "for undermining Hong Kong's autonomy and restricting the freedom of expression or assembly of the citizens of Hong Kong."[72]

These sanctions were made pursuant to Executive Order (E.O.) 13936, which was issued on July 14, 2020 by President Trump to declare a national emergency with respect to the situation in Hong Kong, where actions by China "fundamentally undermine Hong Kong's autonomy and democratic processes."[72]

The sanctioned individuals are:[72]

Calls for additional sanctions

In September 2017, a group of NGOs and anti-corruption organizations identified 15 international cases where alleged crimes were committed. Individuals from countries, including Azerbaijan, Bahrain, China, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia, Mexico, Panama, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Tajikistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and Vietnam, were nominated for sanctions.[73]

In December 2017, Americans for Democracy & Human Rights in Bahrain stated that,

The Trump Administration has failed to take up cases presented regarding serious human rights abuses committed by Bahraini government officials. Ultimately, there were no individuals or entities from any Arab League member state designated in the Global Magnitsky Act’s first list of designees, despite the submission of eligible cases.[74]

In August 2018, Senator Marco Rubio and a bipartisan group of 16 other members of Congress urged the United States to impose sanctions under the Global Magnitsky Act against Chinese officials responsible for human rights abuses against the Uyghur Muslim minority in Xinjiang.[75] In December 2019, the Uyghur Human Rights Policy Act was passed in the House of Representatives, which calls for the imposition of sanctions under the Global Magnitsky Act.[76] The 2019 annual report of the Congressional-Executive Commission on China called for Congress to consider sanctions against Chinese officials under the Global Magnitsky Act for crimes against humanity.[77][78]

On April 7, 2020, Rep. Chris Smith, called on Secretary of State Mike Pompeo to form a task force “to identify and investigate” Chinese government officials for their role in allegedly silencing doctors and journalists who have spoken out about China's response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, Smith suggested that the U.S. apply the Global Magnitsky Act to target specific Chinese officials involved in going after whistleblowers, without punishing the country as a whole.[79]

Similar laws in other jurisdictions
Main article: Magnitsky legislation

Canadian Magnitsky Law
Further information: Magnitsky legislation § Canada
Justice for Victims of Corrupt Foreign Officials Act (Sergei Magnitsky Law)
CitationS.C. 2017, c. 21
Territorial extentCanada
Assented toOctober 18, 2017
Amends
Special Economic Measures Act and the Immigration and Refugee Protection Act
Status: Current legislation

In March 2015, the parliament of Canada passed an initial motion towards passing such a law.[80] Canada's Sergei Magnitsky Law, officially the Justice for Victims of Corrupt Foreign Officials Act, received royal assent and was passed into law on October 18, 2017.[81] The Act is regulated by the Justice for Victims of Corrupt Foreign Officials Regulations.[82]

On November 29, 2018, Canada amended the Regulations to include 17 foreign nationals from Saudi Arabia, who were accused of being responsible for or complicit in gross violations of internationally recognized human rights, particularly the torture and extrajudicial killing of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi.[82]

In Europe

In March 2019, the European Parliament passed a resolution 447–70 in favor of passing a Magnitsky Act for the European Union.[83] In her September 2020 State of the European Union address, Ursula von der Leyen stated that one of the European Commission's goals was passing a European Magnitsky Act.[84]

On 6 July 2020, United Kingdom’s Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab announced the first sanctions under a law similar to the Global Magnitsky Act, where 47 individuals came under travel restrictions and asset freezes. The regulations were meant to give the government a power to impose sanctions on those involved in the worst human rights abuses around the world.[85]

See also

References
  1. Alexandra Ma (July 17, 2018). "Putin hinted he wanted Trump to give him access to one man — and it reveals his greatest weakness". Business Insider. Archived from the original on July 18, 2018. Retrieved July 17, 2018.
  2. Eckel, Mike (May 13, 2017). "U.S. Settles Magnitsky-Linked Money Laundering Case On Eve Of Trial". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Archived from the original on March 10, 2018. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
  3. "Q&A: The Magnitsky affair". BBC News. July 11, 2013. Archived from the original on February 28, 2018. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
  4. "Russia puts dead lawyer Sergei Magnitsky on trial". Perth Now. AFP. December 27, 2012. Archived from the original on January 1, 2013.
  5. Gray, Rosie (July 25, 2017). "Bill Browder's Testimony to the Senate Judiciary Committee". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on July 26, 2017. Retrieved July 31, 2017. ... they put him in an isolation cell, chained him to a bed, and eight riot guards came in and beat him with rubber batons. That night he was found dead on the cell floor.
  6. Browder, Bill (2015). Red Notice: A True Story of High Finance, Murder, and One Man’s Fight for Justice (Reprint ed.). Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4767-5574-8
  7. Trindle, Jamila (May 15, 2014). "The Magnitsky Flip-Flop". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on March 10, 2018. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
  8. "Russia Human Rights Legislation Passes Foreign Affairs Committee". United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs. June 7, 2012. Archived from the original on January 10, 2013.
  9. Lally, Kathy; Englund, Will (December 6, 2012). "Russia fumes as U.S. Senate passes Magnitsky law aimed at human rights". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 1, 2018. Retrieved December 11, 2012.
  10. Baker, Peter (June 13, 2012). "Syria Crisis and Putin's Return Chill U.S. Ties With Russia". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 11, 2018. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
  11. Belton, Catherine; Dyer, Geoff (June 26, 2012). "'Magnitsky law' makes progress in Senate". Financial Times. Archived from the original on September 10, 2017. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
  12. Peters, Jeremy W. (November 16, 2012). "House Passes Russia Trade Bill With Eye on Rights Abuses". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 17, 2012. Retrieved November 17, 2012.
  13. "Statement by the Press Secretary on H.R. 6156". ObamaWhiteHouse.archives.gov. The White House. December 14, 2012. Archived from the original on July 16, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
  14. Fedyashin, Andrey (December 15, 2012). "Russia-US: Normalization fraught with conflict". Voice of Russia. Archived from the original on October 28, 2014.
  15. "Obama signs Magnitsky Act linked with Jackson–Vanik Amendment termination". Interfax. December 14, 2012. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved December 26, 2012.
  16. "Obama Signs Magnitsky Bill". The Moscow Times. December 17, 2012. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
  17. Collinson, Stephen (December 14, 2012). "Obama signs Russia rights law despite Putin fury". AFP. Archived from the original on December 18, 2012.
  18. "Magnitsky Sanctions Listings". United States Department of the Treasury. April 12, 2013. Archived from the original on March 11, 2018. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
  19. "Factbox: Who's who on the U.S. Magnitsky list". Yahoo! News. Reuters. April 12, 2013. Archived from the original on April 16, 2013.
  20. "Magnitsky List release: severe blow on Moscow-US ties". Voice of Russia. April 12, 2013. Archived from the original on June 17, 2013.
  21. "Chechnya moves to silence Oyub Titiev, a courageous critic". The Economist. January 17, 2018. Archived from the original on January 18, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2018.
  22. U.S. Department of State. "Global Magnitsky Program Designations for Corruption and Serious Human Rights Abuse". Archived from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
  23. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on July 9, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  24. "U.S. imposes sanctions on Lebanese president's son-in-law". Reuters. November 6, 2020.
  25. "U.S. imposes sanctions on Cambodian PM's associates over alleged corruption". December 10, 2019. Archived from the original on March 19, 2020. Retrieved May 24, 2020 – via www.reuters.com.
  26. "Treasury Sanctions Corrupt Actors in Africa and Asia". U.S. Department of the Treasury. December 9, 2020. Retrieved December 9, 2020.
  27. Landler, Mark (January 9, 2017). "U.S. to Blacklist 5 Russians, a Close Putin Aide Among Them". New York Times. Archived from the original on January 10, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
  28. "Magnitsky-related Designations; Counter Terrorism Designations; Office of Foreign Assets Control: Specially Designated Nationals List Update". United States Department of the Treasury. January 9, 2017. Archived from the original on January 10, 2017. Retrieved January 9, 2017.
  29. Heintz, Jim (July 11, 2013). "Dead Russian lawyer Magnitsky found guilty". Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 14, 2013.
  30. Kredo, Adam (July 19, 2012). "Bank of Putin: Goldman Sachs lobbying against human rights legislation". The Washington Free Beacon. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2012.
  31. Абаринов, Владимир (August 3, 2012). "Противозаконное задержание". Graniru.org (in Russian). Archived from the original on March 11, 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
  32. Sullivan, Andy; Mohammed, Arshad (July 11, 2017). "Trump Jr. emails suggest he welcomed Russian help against Clinton". Reuters. Archived from the original on June 9, 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
  33. Watkins, Ali (July 14, 2017). "U.S. officials probing Russian lobbyist who met Trump team". Politico. Archived from the original on March 11, 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
  34. Herszenhorn, David M. (December 19, 2012). "Russia Vote Favors Ban on Adoptions by Americans". New York Times. Archived from the original on December 19, 2012. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
  35. Jackman, Tom (December 12, 2012). "Toddler's tragic death in Herndon, in overheated car, continues as political issue in Russia four years later". Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 15, 2012. Retrieved December 20, 2012.
  36. J.Y. (January 30, 2013). "Russian politics: The Kremlin's new Anti-Americanism". The Economist. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
  37. Englund, Will (April 13, 2013). "Russia retaliates against U.S., bans American officials". Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
  38. Loiko, Sergei L. (April 13, 2013). "18 Americans barred from Russia in tit-for-tat sanctions". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on June 27, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
  39. "International human rights lawyer Geoffrey Robertson speaks on fate of Assange". Australian Human Rights Commission. December 18, 2012. Archived from the original on March 11, 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
  40. Фёдоров, Евгений (November 29, 2012). "Список Магнитского – манипуляция". Russia.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on March 11, 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
  41. "Magnistky legislation House of Commons Library". Archived from the original on June 16, 2020. Retrieved June 16, 2020.
  42. Van Auken, Bill (April 16, 2013). "Moscow calls Obama's human rights bluff". World Socialist Web Site. Archived from the original on March 12, 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
  43. Hearst, David; Steele, Jonathan (October 5, 1993). "Yeltsin crushes revolt". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 15, 2018. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
  44. Eckel, Mike (June 10, 2016). "Controversial film on Sergei Magnitsky's death set for US screening". The Guardian. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
  45. Landler, Mark (June 9, 2016). "Film About Russian Lawyer's Death Creates an Uproar". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 15, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
  46. Zakaria, Fareed; Browder, Bill (July 16, 2017). "The Magnitsky Act and the Russia investigation" (video). CNN. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
  47. Kara-Murza, Vladimir (May 18, 2018). "The Kremlin revives a Soviet-style law against dissent". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 31, 2018. Retrieved August 24, 2018.
  48. "A Russian Patriot and His Country, Part I". April 9, 2017. Archived from the original on December 17, 2019. Retrieved August 29, 2018.
  49. Herszenhorn, David M. (April 21, 2017). "Trump pledges crackdown on rights abusers in Russia and beyond". Politico. Archived from the original on April 23, 2017. Retrieved April 22, 2017.
  50. Scannell, Kara (May 14, 2017). "US strikes $5.8m deal on Russia money-laundering case". Financial Times. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
  51. "Son of Senior Russian Government Official to Pay US$5.9 Million to the US Treasury in the First Money Laundering Action Linked to Magnitsky Case" (press release). LawAndOrderInRussia.org. May 13, 2017. Archived from the original on September 10, 2017. Retrieved May 13, 2017.
  52. Vardy, Emma (May 20, 2017). "Police probe UK links to Magnitsky money". BBC News. Archived from the original on May 20, 2017. Retrieved May 20, 2017.
  53. "Presidential Memorandum for the Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Treasury". The White House. September 8, 2017. Archived from the original on March 11, 2018. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
  54. "The US Global Magnitsky Act: Questions and Answers". Human Rights Watch. September 13, 2017. Archived from the original on January 17, 2018. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
  55. S.284 - Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act. 114th Congress (2015-2016) Archived November 27, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, Congress.gov.
  56. H.R.624 - Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act, 114th Congress (2015-2016) Archived November 27, 2019, at the Wayback Machine.
  57. S.2943 - National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 Archived November 13, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, 114th Congress (2015-2016)], Congress.gov.
  58. Background Briefing on the Rollout of the Global Magnitsky Sanctions Archived November 28, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, United States Department of State (December 21, 2018).
  59. Trump, Donald (December 21, 2017). "Executive Order Blocking the Property of Persons Involved in Serious Human Rights Abuse or Corruption". Whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on December 21, 2017.
  60. "Donald Trump has shown a surprising enthusiasm for sanctions - Financial carpet-bombing". The Economist. Washington, DC. November 28, 2019. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
  61. "United States Sanctions Human Rights Abusers and Corrupt Actors Across the Globe" (press release) (Press release). United States Department of the Treasury. December 21, 2017. Archived from the original on January 10, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2018.
  62. "Issuance of Global Magnitsky Executive Order; Global Magnitsky Designations". Treasury.gov. United States Department of the Treasury and Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFCA). December 21, 2017. Archived from the original on December 21, 2017. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
  63. "Mining firms are dismayed by a new Congolese mining law: But they have more to lose if President Joseph Kabila falls from power". The Economist. Cape Town, South Africa. February 10, 2018. Archived from the original on April 20, 2018. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
  64. Global Magnitsky Human Rights Accountability Act Annual Report. Federal Register (Report). December 28, 2018. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
  65. "Treasury Sanctions Two Individuals and Five Entities Under Global Magnitsky Act" (press release) (Press release). United States Department of the Treasury. June 13, 2019. Archived from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2018. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Bautista has been publicly accused of money laundering and embezzlement.
  66. "Treasury Sanctions Three Nicaraguan Individuals for Serious Human Rights Abuse and Corrupt Acts". U.S. Embassy in Nicaragua (Press release). July 5, 2018. Archived from the original on July 6, 2018. Retrieved July 6, 2018. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  67. "US sanctions Turkey over Pastor Brunson detention". The National. August 1, 2018. Archived from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
  68. "US sanctions Turkish officials over detained pastor". Politico. August 1, 2018. Archived from the original on August 3, 2018. Retrieved August 2, 2018.
  69. "Treasury Sanctions 17 Individuals for Their Roles in the Killing of Jamal Khashoggi" (Press release). United States Department of the Treasury. November 15, 2018. Archived from the original on December 24, 2019. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
  70. "US Department of Treasury Press Release". US Government. Archived from the original on July 9, 2020. Retrieved July 9, 2020.
  71. "PRESS RELEASES Treasury Sanctions Chinese Entity and Officials Pursuant to Global Magnitsky Human Rights Executive Order". An Official Website of the U.S. Government. U.S. Department of the Treasury. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
  72. "Press Release on August 7, 2020". An Official Website of the United States Government. U.S. Department of Treasury. Retrieved August 9, 2020.
  73. "NGOs Identify Human Rights Abusers, Corrupt Actors for Sanctions Under U.S. Bill" (press release). Human Rights First. September 13, 2017. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
  74. "Trump Administration Selectively Implements Global Magnitsky Human Rights and Accountability Act Archived August 13, 2018, at the Wayback Machine". Americans for Democracy & Human Rights in Bahrain (ADHRB). December 22, 2017.
  75. "Group of U.S. lawmakers urges China sanctions over Xinjiang abuses". Reuters. August 29, 2018. Archived from the original on November 25, 2018. Retrieved December 15, 2018.
  76. Flatley, Daniel (December 4, 2019). "U.S. House Passes Xinjiang Bill, Prompting Threat From China". Bloomberg News. Archived from the original on December 4, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
  77. Allen-Ebrahimian, Bethany (January 8, 2020). "U.S. commission says China may be guilty of "crimes against humanity"". Axios. Archived from the original on January 8, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  78. Lipes, Joshua (January 8, 2020). "China's Actions in Xinjiang May Amount to 'Crimes Against Humanity,' Says US Rights Report". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on January 10, 2020. Retrieved January 10, 2020.
  79. Blitzer, Ronn (April 7, 2020). "GOP rep eyes 'Magnitsky' law to punish Chinese officials on coronavirus cover-up, urges Pompeo probe". Fox News. Archived from the original on April 7, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2020.
  80. Clark, Campbell (March 25, 2015). "All parties signal support for Magnitsky law to sanction Russian officials". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on February 25, 2019. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
  81. "Senate Public Bill 42nd Parliament, 1st Session". LEGISinfo. Parliament of Canada. Archived from the original on July 3, 2020. Retrieved July 1, 2020.
  82. "Justice for Victims of Corrupt Foreign Officials Act." Canada's International Relations. Ottawa: Government of Canada. October 16, 2019. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
  83. Brzozowski, Alexandra (December 10, 2019). "EU ministers break ground on European 'Magnitsky Act'". euractiv. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  84. Emmott, Robin (September 16, 2020). "Be courageous in diplomacy, EU chief says, proposing new sanctions". Reuters. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
  85. "Britain's new toughness on human rights abusers is a welcome change". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on July 13, 2020. Retrieved July 12, 2020.

Further reading
Library resources about
Magnitsky Act
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.