Makasib

Kitab al-Makasib or Makasib (Arabic: كتاب المكاسب‎, lit. 'Transactions') is a two-volume Twelver Shi'ah legal manual of Islamic commercial law written on Fiqh by Morteza Ansari.[1][2] It remains a key textbook in the modern Hawza[3][4] and has been the subject of numerous commentaries.[5][6] Makasib and the notable work of Akhund Khorasani, Kefayah al-osul, are taught in advanced classes at the seminaries.[4][7] This book is one of the resources for the examination of the Assembly of Experts.[8]

Author

Sheikh Morteza Ansari (1781, Dezful – 1864, Najaf) was one of the most influential Shia scholars of the 19th century.[2] He trained more than a thousand students.[9] He was the leading Shia scholar in the late Qajar period.[10] After Muhammad Hasan al-Najafi, Ansari became the general Marja' of Shia.[5] Two of his most significant works are Makasib and Faraed al-Osul, which are both used as textbooks on Shia law.[11]

Concept of the book

This book has three sections. The first section is about forbidden transactions (Arabic: مکاسب المحرمه‎), the second is about sale (Arabic: بیع‎), and the third is about options in the sale (Arabic: خیارات‎). The end of the book is devoted to other issues, such as Taqiya, inheritance, and rada.[12]

Commentaries

Makasib has been the subject of commentaries by Sheikh Abbas Qomi,[13] Akhund Khorasani,[14] Muhammad Hossein Naini,[15] Agha Zia Addin Araghi,[16] Mirza Abu'l-Hassan Azarbaijani Meshkini,[17] and Sheikh Mousavi Khansari.[18]

Editions

The first edition of the book was completed in Tehran, 1886–7. The second edition was completed in Qom, and the last and popular (incomplete) edition was written by Muḥammad Kalāntar in five volumes in Najaf, 1972–5.[19]

Corrected editions

There are numerous corrected editions of Makasib. One of the editions was done by the Shaykh Ansari Congress; the first volume was published by 1415 AH and other volumes, namely, volumes 2–6, were gradually published until 1420 AH. The corrected edition was produced using one manuscript version and six printed ones. Another corrected edition was done by Hossein Amr Allahi and Muhammad Reza Fakir and issued by the institute of Islamic publication in Qom.[20]

See also

References
  1. Abbas Jaffer. "The Life and Times of Shaykh Murtada Ansari". Islamc-laws. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  2. Zackery Mirza Heern. "Thou Shalt Emulate the Most Knowledgeable Living Cleric: Redefinition of Islamic Law and Authority in Usuli Shi'ism" (PDF). Thou Shalt Emulate the Most Knowledgeable Living Cleric: Redefinition of Islamic Law and Authority in Usuli Shi‘ism. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  3. Syed Ali Shahbaz. "The great Islamic scholar, Ayatollah Shaikh Morteza Ansari Dezfuli". Imam Reza (A.S.) Network. Archived from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  4. S. Murata. "ANṢĀRĪ, SHAIKH MORTAŻĀ". Iranica. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  5. Morteza Motahari. The collection of the martyr Motahhari Volume 14 (PDF). Noor Computer Research Center. p. 270. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  6. Shi'i Scholars of Nineteenth-Century Iraq: The 'Ulama' of Najaf and Karbala'. Cambridge University Press. p. 108. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  7. Yasser Tabbaa & Sabrina Mervin. Najaf The Gate of Wisdom (PDF). UNESCO. p. 113. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  8. "مرحله اول آزمون انتخابات خبرگان برگزار شد" [The first stage of Khobregan exam was held]. Ilna (in Arabic). Ilna. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
  9. "Sheikh Murteza Ansari". Tahoor Islamic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  10. Dwyer, Daisy Hilse (1990). Law and Islam in the Middle East. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 123. ISBN 0897891511.
  11. Esposito, John L., ed. (2000). The Oxford History of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 117. ISBN 0199880417.
  12. Mohamadreza Zamiri. "Makasib". Thought of Qom. Qom Seminary. Archived from the original on 24 April 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  13. Arsalan Rizvi. "Shaikh Abbas Qummi". Islamic Insights. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  14. "Commentary of Makasib". Noor digital library. Retrieved 20 November 2016.
  15. Muhammad Hossein Naini. "Commentary of Makasib". Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  16. "Ayatollah Uzma Agha Zia Addin Aragghi". Seminary News. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  17. Syed Ali Shahbaz. "Prominent Shia Ulama". Imam Reza (A.S.) Network. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  18. "Hujjat al-Islam Husain Ansariyan". Imam Reza (A.S.) Network. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  19. Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali. "Anṣārī, Murtaḍā b. Muḥammad". Brill. Retrieved 21 November 2016.
  20. Sayyed Muhammad Javad Shobayri Zanjani (2000). Correction and its approach with one glance to Makasib book. pp. 42–43.
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