Marie Under

Marie Under (27 March [O.S. 15 March] 1883 – 25 September 1980) was one of the greatest Estonian poets. She was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature no fewer than eight times.[1]

Marie Under
Marie Under circa 1899.
Born(1883-03-27)27 March 1883
Reval, Governorate of Estonia, Russian Empire
(present-day Tallinn, Estonia)
Died25 September 1980(1980-09-25) (aged 97)
Stockholm, Sweden
NationalityEstonian
Literary movementSiuru, Tarapita
Spouse
Carl Hacker
​
​
(m. 1902; div. 1924)​

​
​
(m. 1924; died 1977)​
ChildrenDagmar Stock (1902–1994)
Hedda Hacker (1905–1988)

Early life

Under was born in Reval (now Tallinn), Estonia to school teachers Priidu (1843–1930) and Leena Under (née Kerner) (1854–1934). She had two older siblings, Evangeline (1880–1932?) and Gottried (1881–1882) and two younger, Berta (1885–1974), and Christfried (1887–1934). She attended a private German girls' school. After graduating, she worked as a salesclerk in a bookstore. In her free time, she wrote poetry in German. In 1902, she married an Estonian accountant, Carl Hacker. The couple had two children, Dagmar and Hedda, while living in Kuchino, a suburb of Moscow. However, in 1904, she fell in love with the Estonian artist Ants Laikmaa. Laikmaa convinced her to translate her poetry into Estonian and submitted her translated works to local newspapers.

Portrait of Marie Under by Estonian artist Ants Laikmaa in 1904

Return to Estonia

In 1906, Under returned to Reval. In 1913, she met Artur Adson, who became her secretary. He also compiled the first volumes of her published poetry. In 1924, Under divorced Carl Hacker and married Adson.

In the late 1910s, Under was involved in the influential Siuru literary movement. Named after a fire-bird in Finno-Ugrian mythology, it was founded in 1917 and was an expressionistic and neo-romantic movement that ran counter to the Young Estonia formalist tradition. Other Estonian poets and authors involved in the Siuru movement at the time were Peet Aren, Otto Krusten, Friedebert Tuglas, Artur Adson, August Gailit, Johannes Semper and Henrik Visnapuu. Between 1917 and 1919, the group of poets published three volumes of poetry. In 1919 conflicts within the group led Visnapuu and Gailit to leave, while Johannes Barbarus and August Alle joined as new members.[2][3]

Under was one of the founders of Estonian Writers' Union in 1922.[4]

In the 1920s, Under was a frequent visitor at the house of Igor Severyanin, a Russian poet, in the village of Toila, where she often was on holiday. Severyanin published a book of translations from Under.[5] Severyanin did not speak Estonian and used word-by-word translations as a basis.[6]

Life in exile

Beginning in September 1944, the U.S.S.R. reoccupied Estonia. Under and her family fled to Sweden. They spent almost a year in a refugee camp. In 1945, the family moved to Mälarhöjden, a suburb of Stockholm, Sweden, where Under lived until her death on 25 September 1980. She died in Stockholm and was buried in the Skogskyrkogården in Stockholm. In January 2015 it was announced that she was to be reburied in Estonia.[4] On 9 June 2016, Under and Adson were interred at Rahumäe Cemetery in Tallinn alongside her daughter Hedda Hacker and sister Berta.[7]

Translations

Under's work was translated into at least 26 languages. She is one of the best translated Estonian authors.[8]

  • "Portrait of Marie Under" (1904), by Ants Laikmaa
  • Members of the Estonian Siuru literary circle in 1917, rear: Peet Aren, Otto Krusten, and Johannes Semper. front row: Friedebert Tuglas, Artur Adson, Marie Under, August Gailit, and Henrik Visnapuu
  • "Monument to Marie Under", created by Mati Karmin and Tiit Trummal, unveiled in 2010 in front of the National Library of Estonia in Tallinn
  • Rosa 'Marie Under', a rose cultivar created by Aune Mark, Kärt Soans and Lea Eermann in 2007 and named in Under's honor

References
  1. "Nomination Database". www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
  2. Jean Albert Bédé, William Benbow Edgerton, Columbia Dictionary of Modern European Literature, Columbia University Press, 1980, ISBN 0-231-03717-1, p237
  3. Rubulis, Aleksis. Baltic Literature. University of Notre Dame Press,1970.
  4. Tambur, S. (4 January 2015). "Estonia's most influential poet to be reburied". Eesti Rahvusringhääling. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  5. Шумаков, Юрий. "Игорь Северянин в Эстонии" (in Russian). Встреча. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  6. "Игорь Северянин" (in Russian). Век Перевода. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  7. "Marie Underi säilmed sängitati Rahumäe kalmistule" (in Estonian). Delfi. 9 June 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
  8. "Marie Under". Estonian Literature Centre. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  9. "Ундер Мария (Marie Under)" (in Russian). National Library of the Republic of Komi. Archived from the original on 9 October 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
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