Mentewab

Mentewab (Ge'ez : ምንትዋብ Məntəwwab or min-tiwwāb "Oh, what beauty!") (c. 1706 - 27 June 1773), was Empress of Ethiopia, consort of Emperor Bakaffa, mother of Iyasu II and grandmother of Iyoas I. She was also known officially by her baptismal name of Wälättä Giyorgis (Daughter of [St.] George). Mentewab was a major political figure during the reigns of her son the Emperor Iyasu and grandson Iyoas. Empress Mentewab was also known by the honorific of Bərhan Mogäsa (Glorifier of Light). This was to complement the honorific of her son Iyasu II, who was Berhan Seged or "He To Whom the Light Bows".

Mentewab
Berhan Mogassa
Empress consort of Ethiopia
Regent of Ethiopia
Itege (Empress) Mentewab lying prostrate at Mary's feet at Nerga Selassie in Lake Tana, 1748.
Tenure8 Nov 1723 – 19 Sep 1730
Coronation23 December 1730
Bornc. 1706
Qwara
Died27 June 1773
(aged 66-67)
Qwasqwam Palace, Gondar
Burial
Monastery Church of St Mary of Qwasqwam
SpouseEmperor Bakaffa
Fitawrari “Milmal” Iyasu
IssueIyasu II
Woizero Walatta Takla Haymanot
Woizero Walatta Israel
Woizero Aster
Woizero Altash
Full name
Mentewab (birth name)
Walatta Giyorgis (baptismal name)
Berhan Mogassa (throne name)
HouseSolomon
FatherDejazmatch Manbare of Dembiya
MotherWoizero Yenkoy

Life

Məntəwwab was born in Qwara province, and was rumored to have had a Portuguese grandparent; because of this, she was often suspected of harboring secret Roman Catholic sympathies.[1] She was a daughter of Dejazmach Manbare of Dembiya by his wife, Woizero Yenkoy. Mentewab married Emperor Bakaffa in Qwara 6 September 1722, becoming his second wife (his first wife having mysteriously died on the day she was crowned, immediately following her coronation banquet).

Following the death of her husband, Empress Mentewab took up a romantic liaison with her late husband's nephew. The Empress' much younger lover was derisively called "Melmal Iyasu" (Iyasu the Kept) by members of the court. Melmal Iyasu on his part was the paternal grandson of Emperor Fasiledes by his father and the offspring of Emperor Iyasu ( Adyam Seged) by his mother, making him a Solomonic Prince to the highest degree. Mentewab would have three daughters by "Melmal Iyasu", Altash, Walata Israel and the famous Woizero Aster Iyasu, who would marry the powerful Tigrean warlord Ras Mikael Sehul.

Mentewab's Castle in Fasil Ghebbi, Gondar, Ethiopia

Empress Mentewab built several significant structures in Gondar, including her own castle in the Royal Enclosure, and a large banqueting hall as well.[2] Most significantly she built a church dedicated to the Virgin Mary at Qusquam (named for a site in Egypt where the Holy Family had stayed during their exile) in the mountains outside of Gondar. Empress Mentewab also built a palace adjoining her church, which became her favored residence.[3]

Empress Mentewab was crowned co-ruler upon the succession of her son Iyasu II in 1730, and held unprecedented power over government during his reign. (She descended in her own right from emperors who reigned two centuries earlier.) Her attempt to continue in this role following the death of her son 1755 led her into conflict with Wubit (Welete Bersabe), Iyasu's widow, who believed that it was her turn to preside at the court of her own son Iyoas. The conflict between these two queens led to Mentewab summoning her Qwaran relatives and their forces to Gondar for support. Wubit responded by summoning her own Oromo relatives and their considerable forces from Yejju. Mentewab summoned the powerful Mikael Sehul (who was to become her son-in-law) to mediate the dispute and prevent a bloodbath. Upon arriving in Gondar, he was made Ras. Mentewab had hoped that he would land firmly on her side, but instead Ras Mikael seized power for himself, and eventually engineered the murder by strangulation of Emperor Iyoas I, at which time Mikael also married the aunt of his victim.

Empress Mentewab was distraught at the murder of her grandson. She retreated to Qusquam and buried her grandson there next to her son, and refused to return to the city of Gondar. She lived at her palace there in seclusion till the end of her life.

Children and genealogy

Children by Emperor Bakaffa:

  • Abetohun Agaldem Iyasu, succeeded as Iyasu II
  • Woizero Walatta Takla Haymanot, married 1730, Ras Ilyas

Children by Fitawrari Iyasu Milmal:

  • Woizero Walatta Israel, married (first) Dejazmach Yosadiq Wolde Habib (d. 28 July 1759), sometime Governor of Gojjam, son of Dejazmach Wolde Habib bin Ibido, sometime Governor of Gojjam; married (second) Ras Goshu Wodago, sometime Governor of Amhara and Viceroy of the Empire, son of Ras Wodago, sometime Governor of Amhara, Walaqa, Begameder, and Gojjam, by his wife, Woizero Surantiya, of Ambassel, a descendant of Abeto Yitbarek, son of Emperor Na'od and brother of Emperor Lebna Dengel.
  • Woizero Aster, married (first) c. 1755, Dejazmatch Natcho (d. before 1760), of Chirkin, by whom she had one son; married (second) 1760, Ras Ya Mariam Bariaw (killed before 9 December 1769), Viceroy of the Empire, and Governor of Lasta and Begameder 1764-1768, son of Dejazmach Ayo, sometime Governor of Begemder; married (third) 1769, Ras Mikael Sehul Hezqiyas, sometime Viceroy of the Empire.
  • Woizero Altash (Eleni), married September 2, 1755 Wolde Hayawrat[4] (d. May 22, 1760, Tigray[5]), son of Ras Mikael Sehul Hezqiyas.
Emperor MenasItege Admas Mogassa
Abetohun Yeshaq, later Emperor Sarsa DengelAbetohun Za HawaryatAbetohun Walda HawaryatAbetohun FiqtorWoizero Marata Wangel of Bad
Za Krestos SarsaWoizero NassahitWagshum Gabra Seyum
of Lasta and Semien		?
Abeto La'eka Maryam of GenazaWoizero Walatta Maryam
Abeto Za Selassie of WalaqaWoizero Keddeste Kristos
Azzaz DamoWoizero Krestosawit
Abeto Waksos of BulaWoizero Yolyana
Dejazmatch Manbare of DembiyaWoizero Yenkoy
Mentewab

References
  1. This is based on the statement of James Bruce: "She was descended from a daughter of Victor.... This daughter was married to a Robel, governor of Tigre, whose mother was a Portuguese; and the queen inherited the colour of her European ancestors; indeed was whiter than most Portuguese. She was very vain of this her descent; had a warm attachment to the Catholic religion in her heart, as far as she could ever learn it." (Bruce, Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile (Edinburgh, 1804), vol. 4 p. 101
  2. Donald N. Levine, Wax and Gold: Tradition and Innovation in Ethiopian Culture (Chicago: University Press, 1965), p. 26
  3. Paul B. Henze, Layers of Time, A History of Ethiopia (New York: Palgrave, 2000), p. 105
  4. Richard Pankhurst, "An 18th century Ethiopian Dynastic Marriage Contract between Empress Mentewwab of Gondar and Ras Mika'el Sehul of Tegre," in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. School of Oriental and African Studies: 1979, p. 458.
  5. Pankhurst, "Marriage Contract," p. 461.
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