Miami

Miami (/maɪˈæmi/), officially the City of Miami, is a metropolis located in southeastern Florida in the United States. It is the third most populous metropolis on the East coast of the United States, and it is the seventh largest in the country.[8][9] The city has the third tallest skyline in the U.S. with over 300 high-rises,[10] 55 of which exceed 491 ft (150 m).[11]

This article is about the city in Florida. For other uses, see Miami (disambiguation).
Miami, Florida
Metropolitan city
City of Miami
Flag
Seal
Nickname(s): 
Magic City, The Gateway to the Americas, Capital of Latin America[1]
Miami city limits in and around Miami-Dade County and Florida
Miami
Location within Florida
Miami
Location within the United States
Miami
Location within North America
Coordinates: 25°46′31″N 80°12′32″W
Country United States
State Florida
CountyMiami-Dade
Settled1825
IncorporatedJuly 28, 1896
Founded byJulia Tuttle
Named forMayaimi
Government
 • TypeMayor–commission
 • MayorFrancis X. Suarez (R)
 • City ManagerArthur Noriega
Area
 • Metropolitan city56.07 sq mi (145.23 km2)
 • Land36.00 sq mi (93.23 km2)
 • Water20.08 sq mi (52.00 km2)
 • Urban
1,116.1 sq mi (2,891 km2)
 • Metro
6,137 sq mi (15,890 km2)
Elevation
6 ft (2 m)
Highest elevation
42 ft (13 m)
Lowest elevation
0 ft (0 m)
Population
 • Metropolitan city399,457
 • Estimate 
(2019)[7]
467,963
 • Rank2nd in Florida
43rd in United States
 • Density13,000.42/sq mi (5,019.42/km2)
 • Urban
5,502,379 (US: 4th)
 • Metro
6,158,824 (US: 7th)
 • CSA
6,828,241 (US: 10th)
DemonymsMiamian
Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP Codes
33010–33299
Area code(s)305 and 786
FIPS code12-45000
GNIS feature IDs277593, 2411786
Primary AirportMiami International Airport
Secondary AirportsFort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport
Palm Beach International Airport
Interstates
Rapid TransitMetrorail
Commuter RailTri-Rail, Virgin Trains USA
Websitemiamigov.com

Miami is a major center and leader in finance, commerce, culture, arts, and international trade.[12][13] The metro area is by far the largest urban economy in Florida and the 12th largest in the United States, with a GDP of $344.9 billion as of 2017.[14] In 2020, Miami was classified as a Beta + level global city by the GaWC.[15] In 2019, Miami ranked seventh in the United States and 31st among global cities in business activity, human capital, information exchange, cultural experience, and political engagement.[16] According to a 2018 UBS study of 77 world cities, the city was ranked as the third-richest in the United States and the eighth-richest in the world in purchasing power.[17] Miami is nicknamed the "Capital of Latin America" and is the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.[1][18]

Greater Downtown Miami has one of the largest concentrations of international banks in the United States, and is home to many large national and international companies.[19] The Health District is a major center for hospitals, clinics, and the biotechnology and medical research industries. PortMiami is the busiest cruise port in the world in both passenger traffic and cruise lines, and refers to itself as the "Cruise Capital of the World".[20] Miami is also a major tourism hub for international visitors, ranking second in the country after New York City.[21]

History
Main articles: History of Miami and Timeline of Miami
Approximately 400 men voted for Miami's incorporation in 1896 in the building to the left.

The Tequesta tribe occupied the Miami area for around 2,000 years before contact with Europeans. A village of hundreds of people, dating to 500–600 B.C., was located at the mouth of the Miami River. It is believed that the entire tribe migrated to Cuba by the mid-1700s.[22]

In 1566, admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, Florida's first governor, claimed the area for Spain. A Spanish mission was constructed one year later. Spain and Britain successively ruled Florida until Spain ceded it to the United States in 1821. In 1836, the U.S. built Fort Dallas on the banks of the Miami River as part of its development of the Florida Territory and its attempt to suppress and remove the Seminoles. As a result, the Miami area became a site of fighting in the Second Seminole War.

Miami is noted as the only major city in the United States founded by a woman. Julia Tuttle, a local citrus grower and a wealthy Cleveland native, was the original owner of the land upon which the city was built.[23] In the late 19th century, the area was known as "Biscayne Bay Country", and reports described it as a promising wilderness and "one of the finest building sites in Florida".[24][25] The Great Freeze of 1894–95 hastened Miami's growth, as the crops there were the only ones in Florida that survived. Julia Tuttle subsequently convinced railroad tycoon Henry Flagler to extend his Florida East Coast Railway to the region, for which she became known as "the mother of Miami".[26][27] Miami was officially incorporated as a city on July 28, 1896, with a population of just over 300.[28] It was named for the Miami River, derived from Mayaimi, the historic name of Lake Okeechobee and the Native Americans that lived around it.[29]

The mouth of the Miami River at Brickell Key

African American labor played a crucial role in Miami's early development. During the early 20th century, migrants from the Bahamas and African-Americans constituted 40 percent of the city's population.[30]:25 Despite their role in the city's growth, their community was limited to a small space. When landlords began to rent homes to African-Americans around Avenue J (what would later become NW Fifth Avenue), a gang of white men with torches marched through the neighborhood and warned the residents to move or be bombed.[30]:33

Miami prospered during the 1920s with an increase in population and infrastructure as northerners moved to the city. The legacy of Jim Crow was embedded in these developments. Miami's chief of police at the time, H. Leslie Quigg, did not hide the fact that he, like many other white Miami police officers, was a member of the Ku Klux Klan. Unsurprisingly, these officers enforced social codes far beyond the written law. Quigg, for example, "personally and publicly beat a colored bellboy to death for speaking directly to a white woman".[30]:53

The collapse of the Florida land boom of the 1920s, the 1926 Miami Hurricane, and the Great Depression in the 1930s slowed development. When World War II began, Miami became a base for U.S. defense against German submarines due to its prime location on the southern coast of Florida. This brought an increase in Miami's population; 172,172 people lived in the city by 1940. The city's nickname, The Magic City, came from its rapid growth, which was noticed by winter visitors who remarked that the city grew so much from one year to the next that it was like magic.[31]

After Fidel Castro rose to power in Cuba following the Revolution in 1959, many wealthy Cubans sought refuge in Miami, further increasing the city's population. Miami developed new businesses and cultural amenities as part of the New South in the 1980s and 1990s. At the same time, South Florida weathered social problems related to drug wars, immigration from Haiti and Latin America, and the widespread destruction of Hurricane Andrew.[31] Racial and cultural tensions sometimes sparked, but the city developed in the latter half of the 20th century as a major international, financial, and cultural center. It is the second-largest U.S. city with a Spanish-speaking majority (after El Paso, Texas), and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.[18]

Geography

Miami and its suburbs are located on a broad plain between the Everglades to the west and Biscayne Bay to the east, which extends from Lake Okeechobee southward to Florida Bay. The elevation of the area averages at around 6 ft (1.8 m)[32] above sea level in most neighborhoods, especially near the coast. The highest points are found along the Miami Rock Ridge, which lies under most of the eastern Miami metro. The main portion of the city is on the shores of Biscayne Bay, which contains several hundred natural and artificial barrier islands, the largest of which contains Miami Beach and South Beach. The Gulf Stream, a warm ocean current, runs northward just 15 miles (24 km) off the coast, allowing the city's climate to stay warm and mild all year.

Geology
View from one of the higher points in Miami, west of downtown. The highest natural point in the city of Miami is in Coconut Grove, near the bay, along the Miami Rock Ridge at 24 feet (7.3 m) above sea level.[33]

The surface bedrock under the Miami area is called Miami oolite or Miami limestone. This bedrock is covered by a thin layer of soil, and is no more than 50 feet (15 m) thick. Miami limestone formed as the result of the drastic changes in sea level associated with recent glacial periods, or ice ages. Beginning some 130,000 years ago, the Sangamonian Stage raised sea levels to approximately 25 feet (8 m) above the current level. All of southern Florida was covered by a shallow sea. Several parallel lines of reef formed along the edge of the submerged Florida plateau, stretching from the present Miami area to what is now the Dry Tortugas. The area behind this reef line was in effect a large lagoon, and the Miami limestone formed throughout the area from the deposition of oolites and the shells of bryozoans. Starting about 100,000 years ago, the Wisconsin glaciation began lowering sea levels, exposing the floor of the lagoon. By 15,000 years ago, the sea level had dropped 300 to 350 feet (90 to 110 m) below the current level. The sea level rose quickly after that, stabilizing at the current level about 4,000 years ago, leaving the mainland of South Florida just above sea level.[34]

Beneath the plain lies the Biscayne Aquifer, a natural underground source of fresh water that extends from southern Palm Beach County to Florida Bay. It comes closest to the surface around the cities of Miami Springs and Hialeah.[35] Most of the Miami metropolitan area obtains its drinking water from the Biscayne Aquifer. As a result of the aquifer, it is not possible to dig more than 15 to 20 ft (5 to 6 m) beneath the city without hitting water, which impedes underground construction, though some underground parking garages exist. For this reason, the mass transit systems in and around Miami are elevated or at-grade.[34]

Most of the western fringes of the city border the Everglades, a tropical marshland covering most of the southern portion of Florida. Alligators that live in the marshes have ventured into Miami communities and onto major highways.[34]

In land area, Miami is one of the smallest major cities in the United States. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city encompasses a total area of 56.06 sq mi (145.2 km2), of which 35.99 sq mi (93.2 km2) is land and 20.08 sq mi (52.0 km2) is water. That means Miami comprises over 470,000 people in about 36 square miles (93 km2), making it one of the most densely populated cities in the United States, along with New York City, San Francisco, Boston, Chicago, and Philadelphia.[34]

Cityscape
See also: List of tallest buildings in Miami
Downtown Miami seen from the Rusty Pelican restaurant on Virginia Key
Northern Downtown Miami overlooking Interstate 95
Downtown as seen from the Port of Miami

Neighborhoods
The Downtown Miami Historic District is the city's largest historic district, with buildings ranging from 1896 to 1939 in the heart of Downtown.
Map of Miami neighborhoods

Miami is split roughly into north, south, west and Downtown areas. The heart of the city is Downtown Miami, which is on the eastern side and includes the neighborhoods of Brickell, Virginia Key, Watson Island, as well as PortMiami. Downtown Miami is Florida's largest and most influential central business district, with many major banks, courthouses, financial headquarters, cultural and tourist attractions, schools, parks and a large residential population. Brickell Avenue has the largest concentration of international banks in the United States. Just northwest of Downtown is the Health District, which is Miami's center for hospitals, research institutes and biotechnology, with hospitals such as Jackson Memorial Hospital and the University of Miami's Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine.[36]

The southern side of Miami includes the neighborhoods of Coral Way, The Roads and Coconut Grove. Coral Way is a historic residential neighborhood built in 1922 between Downtown and Coral Gables, and is home to many old homes and tree-lined streets. Coconut Grove, established in 1825, is a historic neighborhood with narrow, winding roads, and a heavy tree canopy.[36][37] It is the location of Miami's City Hall at Dinner Key, the former Coconut Grove Playhouse, CocoWalk, and the Coconut Grove Convention Center. It is also home to many nightclubs, bars, restaurants, and bohemian shops, which makes it very popular with local college students. Coconut Grove is known for its many parks and gardens, such as Vizcaya Museum, The Kampong, The Barnacle Historic State Park, and numerous other historic homes and estates.[36]

The western side of Miami includes the neighborhoods of Little Havana, West Flagler, and Flagami. Although at one time a mostly Jewish neighborhood, today western Miami is home to immigrants from mostly Central America and Cuba, while the west central neighborhood of Allapattah is a multicultural community of many ethnicities.[36]

The northern side of Miami includes Midtown, a district with a great mix of diversity ranging from West Indians to Hispanics to European Americans. The Edgewater neighborhood of Midtown is mostly composed of high-rise residential towers and is home to the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts. Wynwood is an art district with ten galleries in former warehouses, as well as a large outdoor mural project. The wealthier residents of Miami usually live in the Design District and the Upper Eastside, which has many 1920s homes as well as examples of Miami Modern architecture in the MiMo Historic District. The northern side of Miami also has notable African-American and Caribbean immigrant communities, including Little Haiti, Overtown (home of the Lyric Theater), and Liberty City.[36]

Climate
Main article: Climate of Miami
Typical summer afternoon thunderstorm rolling in from the Everglades

Miami has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification Am)[38][39] with a marked drier season in the winter. Although it is relatively cooler than most other tropical places in the winter and does get occasional 40 degree Fahrenheit (4 °C) lows, Miami nevertheless meets the minimum requirements to be in the tropical climate zone, making it one of the northernmost major cities on Earth within this classification. The city's sea-level elevation, coastal location, position just above the Tropic of Cancer, and proximity to the Gulf Stream shape its climate. Average winter high temperatures, from December to March, range from 76.4–80.3 °F (24.7–26.8 °C). January is the coolest month with an average daily temperature of 68.2 °F (20.1 °C). Low temperatures fall below 50 °F (10 °C) about 10–15 nights during the winter season, after the passage of cold fronts that produce much of the winter rainfall.

The wet season begins sometime in June, ending in mid-October. During this period, temperatures range from the mid 80s to low 90s °F (29–35 °C) and are accompanied by high humidity, though the heat is often relieved in the afternoon by thunderstorms or a sea breeze that develops off the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the year's 61.9 inches (1,572 mm) of rainfall occurs during this period. Dew points in the warm months range from 71.9 °F (22.2 °C) in June to 73.7 °F (23.2 °C) in August.[40]

Extremes range from 27 °F (−2.8 °C) on February 3, 1917 to 100 °F (38 °C) on July 21, 1942.[41] While Miami has never recorded snowfall at any official weather station since records have been kept, snow flurries fell in some parts of the city on January 19, 1977.[42][43][44][45]

Hurricane season officially runs from June 1 through November 30, although hurricanes can develop beyond those dates. The most likely time for Miami to be hit is during the peak of the Cape Verde season, which is mid-August through the end of September.[46] Although tornadoes are uncommon in the area, one struck in 1925 and another in 1997. Around 40% of homes in Miami are built upon floodplains and are considered as flood-risk zones.[47] will

Miami falls under the Department of Agriculture's 10b/11a plant hardiness zone.[48]

Miami is one of the major coastal cities and major cities in the United States that will be most affected by climate change.[49][50] Global sea level rise, which in Miami will be 31 inches until 2060, will lead to an increase in storm damage, more intense flooding and will threaten the city's water supply.[51][52] Real estate prices in Miami already reflect the increase in prices for real estate at a higher elevation within the city compared to real estate at a lower elevation.[53]

Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.%±
19001,681—
19105,471225.5%
192029,571440.5%
1930110,637274.1%
1940172,17255.6%
1950249,27644.8%
1960291,68817.0%
1970334,85914.8%
1980346,6813.5%
1990358,5483.4%
2000362,4701.1%
2010399,45710.2%
2019 (est.)467,963[7]17.1%
U.S. Decennial Census[57]

The city proper is home to less than one-thirteenth of the population of South Florida. Miami is the 42nd-most populous city in the United States. The Miami metropolitan area, however, which includes Miami-Dade, Broward and Palm Beach counties, had a combined population of more than 5.5 million people, ranked seventh largest in the United States,[58] and is the largest metropolitan area in the southeastern United States. As of 2008, the United Nations estimates that the Miami Urban Agglomeration is the 44th-largest in the world.[59]

Map of racial/ethnic distribution in Miami, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: Non-Hispanic White, Hispanic, Black, Asian

In 1960, Hispanics made up about 5% of the population of Miami-Dade County. Between 1960 and 2000, 90% of the population growth in the county was made up of Hispanics, raising the Hispanic portion of the population to more than 57% by 2000.[60]

In 1970, the Census Bureau reported Miami's population as 45.3% Hispanic, 32.9% non-Hispanic White, and 22.7% Black.[61] Miami's explosive population growth has been driven by internal migration from other parts of the country, primarily up until the 1980s, as well as by immigration, primarily from the 1960s to the 1990s. Today, immigration to Miami has continued and Miami's growth today is attributed greatly to its fast urbanization and high-rise construction, which has increased its inner city neighborhood population densities, such as in Downtown, Brickell, and Edgewater, where one area in Downtown alone saw a 2,069% increase in population in the 2010 Census. Miami is regarded as more of a multicultural mosaic, than it is a melting pot, with residents still maintaining much of, or some of their cultural traits. The overall culture of Miami is heavily influenced by its large population of Hispanics from the Caribbean and South America and black people mainly from the Caribbean islands.[62]

Race, ethnicity, religion, and languages

Miami has a minority-majority population, as non-Hispanic whites comprise less than half of the population, 11.9%, down from 41.7% in 1970. Hispanic or Latino (of any race) make up 70% of Miami's population. As of the 2010 census, the racial makeup of the population of Miami was 72.6% White American (including White Hispanic), 19.2% Black or African American, 1% Asian American, and the remainder belonged to other groups or was of mixed ancestry.

The 2010 US Census reported that the Hispanic population in Miami accounted for 70% of its total population,[63] with 34.4% of city residents being of Cuban origin, 15.8% had a Central American background (7.2% Nicaraguan, 5.8% Honduran, 1.2% Salvadoran, and 1.0% Guatemalan), 8.7% were of South American descent (3.2% Colombian, 1.4% Venezuelan, 1.2% Peruvian, 1.2% Argentine, 1.0% Chilean and 0.7% Ecuadorian), 4.0% had other Hispanic or Latino origins (0.5% Spaniard), 3.2% descended from Puerto Ricans, 2.4% were Dominican, and 1.5% had Mexican ancestry.

As of 2010, those of African ancestry accounted for 19.2% of Miami's population. Of the city's total population, 5.6% were West Indian or Afro-Caribbean American origin (4.4% Haitian, 0.4% Jamaican, 0.4% Bahamian, 0.1% British West Indian, and 0.1% Trinidadian and Tobagonian, 0.1% Other or Unspecified West Indian),[64] 3.0% were Black Hispanics,[63] and 0.4% were Subsaharan African origin.[65][66]

As of 2010, those of (non-Hispanic white) European ancestry accounted for 11.9% of Miami's population. Of the city's total population, 1.7% were German, 1.6% Italian, 1.4% Irish, 1.0% English, 0.8% French, 0.6% Russian, and 0.5% were Polish.[65][66] Since the 1960s, there has been massive white flight with many non-Hispanic whites moving outside Miami due to the influx of immigrants settling in most parts of Miami.[67][68]

As of 2010, those of Asian ancestry accounted for 1.0% of Miami's population. Of the city's total population, 0.3% were Indian people/Indo-Caribbean American (1,206 people), 0.3% Chinese (1,804 people), 0.2% Filipino (647 people), 0.1% were other Asian (433 people), 0.1% Japanese (245 people), 0.1% Korean (213 people), and 0.0% were Vietnamese (125 people).[65]

In 2010, 1.9% of the population considered themselves to be of only American ancestry (regardless of race or ethnicity.)[65][66] while 0.5% were of Arab ancestry, as of 2010.[65]

Demographic profile[69] 2010 2000 1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 1940 1930 1920 1910
White (Includes White Hispanics)72.6%66.6%65.6%66.6%76.6%77.4%83.7%78.5%77.3%68.5%58.7%
Hispanics70.0%65.8%62.5%55.9%44.6%17.6%–––––
Black or African American19.2%22.3%27.4%25.1%22.7%22.4%16.2%21.4%22.7%31.3%41.3%
Non-Hispanic White11.9%11.8%12.2%19.4%41.7%––––––
Other4.2%5.6%6.4%7.8%0.4%0.10.10.10.10.10.1
Asian1.0%0.7%0.6%0.5%0.3%––––––
Source: US Census

Religion in Miami (2014)[70]

  Protestantism (39%)
  Roman Catholicism (27%)
  Mormonism (0.5%)
  Eastern Orthodoxy (0.5%)
  Jehovah's Witnesses (1%)
  Other Christian (1%)
  No religion (21%)
  Judaism (9%)
  Other religion (1%)

According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, Christianity is the most prevalently practiced religion in Miami (68%), with 39% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered Protestant, and 27% professing Roman Catholic beliefs.[71][72] followed by Judaism (9%); Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, and a variety of other religions have smaller followings; atheism or no self-identifying organized religious affiliation was practiced by 21%.

There has been a Norwegian Seamen's church in Miami since the early 1980s. In November 2011, Crown Princess Mette-Marit opened a new building for the church. The church was built as a center for the 10,000 Scandinavians that live in Florida. Around 4,000 of them are Norwegian. The church is also an important place for the 150 Norwegians that work at Disney World.[73]

As of 2016, a total of 73% of Miami's population age five and over spoke a language other than English at home. Of this 73%, 64.5% of the population only spoke Spanish at home while 21.1% of the population spoke English at home. About 7% spoke other Indo-European languages at home, while about 0.9% spoke Asian languages or Pacific Islander languages/Oceanic languages at home. The remaining 0.7% of the population spoke other languages at home.[74]

As of 2010, 70.2% of Miami's population age five and over spoke only Spanish at home while 22.7% of the population spoke English at home. About 6.3% spoke other Indo-European languages at home. About 0.4% spoke Asian languages or Pacific Islander languages/Oceanic languages at home. The remaining 0.3% of the population spoke other languages at home. In total, 77.3% spoke another language other than English.[65]

Education, households, income, and poverty

As of 2010, 80% of people over age 25 were a High School graduate or higher. 27.3% of people in Miami had a bachelor's degree or higher.[75]

As of 2010, there were 158,317 households, of which 14.0% were vacant. 22.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.3% were married couples living together, 18.1% have a female head of household with no husband present, and 43.1% were non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older (4.0% male and 7.3% female.) The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.15.[65][76]

In 2010, the city population was spread out, with 18.8% under the age of 18, 9.4% from 18 to 24, 33.1% from 25 to 44, 25.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.1 males.[65][76]

In 2010, 58.1% of the county's population was foreign born, with 41.1% being naturalized American citizens. Of foreign-born residents, 95.4% were born in Latin America, 2.4% were born in Europe, 1.4% born in Asia, 0.5% born in Africa, 0.2% in North America, and 0.1% were born in Oceania.[66]

In 2004, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) reported that Miami had the highest proportion of foreign-born residents of any major city worldwide (59%), followed by Toronto (50%).

About 22.2% of families and 27.3% of the population were below the poverty line at the census, including 37.1% of those under age 18 and 32.8% of those aged 65 or over.[77]

Miami demographics
2010 CensusMiami[78]Miami-Dade CountyFlorida
Total population399,4572,496,43518,801,310
Population, percent change, 2000 to 2010+10.2%+10.8%+17.6%
Population density11,135.9/sq mi
(4,299.6/km2)		1,315.5/sq mi
(507.9/km2)		350.6/sq mi
(135.4/km2)
White or Caucasian (including White Hispanic)72.6%73.8%75.0%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)70.0%65.0%22.5%
Black or African-American19.2%18.9%16.0%
(Non-Hispanic White or Caucasian)11.9%15.4%57.9%
Asian1.0%1.5%2.4%
Native American or Native Alaskan0.3%0.2%0.4%
Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian0.0%0.0%0.1%
Two or more races (Multiracial)2.7%2.4%2.5%
Some Other Race4.2%3.2%3.6%

Economy
See also: List of companies based in Miami
Downtown is South Florida's main hub for finance, commerce and international business. Brickell Avenue has the largest concentration of international banks in the U.S.
As seen in 2006, the high-rise construction in Miami has inspired popular opinion of "Miami manhattanization"
Brickell Avenue in Downtown Miami's Brickell Financial District

Miami is a major center of commerce and finance and boasts a strong international business community. According to the 2020 ranking of world cities undertaken by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC) based on the level of presence of global corporate service organizations, Miami is considered an Beta + level world city.[79] Miami has a Gross Metropolitan Product of $257 billion, ranking 11th in the United States and 20th worldwide in GMP.[80][81]

Several large companies are headquartered in Miami, including but not limited to Akerman LLP, Alienware, Arquitectonica, Brightstar Corporation, Celebrity Cruises, Carnival Corporation, Duany Plater-Zyberk, Element Solutions, Greenberg Traurig, Inktel Direct, Lennar Corporation, Norwegian Cruise Line, Oceania Cruises, OPKO Health, Parkjockey, RCTV International, Royal Caribbean International, Sitel, Southern Wine & Spirits, Telefónica USA, Telemundo, Vector Group, Watsco and World Fuel Services. Because of its proximity to Latin America, Miami serves as the headquarters of Latin American operations for more than 1400 multinational corporations, including AIG, American Airlines, Cisco Systems, Disney, ExxonMobil, FedEx, Kraft Foods, LEO Pharma Americas, Microsoft, Yahoo!, Oracle, Sony, Symantec, Visa, and Walmart.[82] Additionally, companies based in nearby cities or unincorporated areas of Miami-Dade County include Bacardi, Benihana, Burger King, Carnival Cruise Line, Navarro Discount Pharmacies, Perry Ellis International, Ryder, Sedano's, UniMás, Univision, and U.S. Century Bank.

Miami is a major television production center, and the most important city in the United States for Spanish language media. Telemundo and UniMás have their headquarters in the Miami area. Univisión Studios and Telemundo Studios produce much of the original programming for their respective parent networks, such as telenovelas, news, sports, and talk shows. In 2011, 85% of Telemundo's original programming was filmed in Miami.[83] Miami is also a significant music recording center, with the Sony Music Latin headquarters in the city, along with many other smaller record labels. The city also attracts many artists for music video and film shoots.

During the mid-2000s, the city witnessed its largest real estate boom since the Florida land boom of the 1920s, and the city had well over a hundred approved high-rise construction projects. However, only 50 were actually built.[84] Rapid high-rise construction led to fast population growth in the Miami's inner neighborhoods, with Downtown, Brickell and Edgewater becoming the fastest-growing areas of the city. The city currently has the seven tallest (as well as fifteen of top twenty) skyscrapers in the state of Florida, with the tallest being the 868-foot (265 m) Panorama Tower.[85]

The housing market crash of 2007 caused a foreclosure crisis in the area.[86] In 2012, Forbes magazine named Miami the most miserable city in the United States because of the crippling housing crisis that cost multitudes of residents their homes and jobs. In addition, the metro area has one of the highest violent crime rates in the country and workers face lengthy daily commutes.[87] Like other metro areas in the United States, crime in Miami is localized to specific neighborhoods.[88] In a 2016 study by the website 24/7 Wall Street, Miami was rated as the worst U.S. city in which to live, based on crime, poverty, income inequality and housing costs that far exceed the national median.[89]

Miami International Airport (MIA) and PortMiami are among the nation's busiest ports of entry, especially for cargo from South America and the Caribbean. PortMiami is the world's busiest cruise port, and MIA is the busiest airport in Florida and the largest gateway between the United States and Latin America.[90] Due to its strength in international business, finance and trade, the city has among the largest concentration of international banks in the country, primarily along Brickell Avenue in Brickell, Miami's financial district. Miami was the host city of the 2003 Free Trade Area of the Americas negotiations.

Miami is the home to the National Hurricane Center and the headquarters of the United States Southern Command, responsible for military operations in Central and South America. Miami is also an industrial center, especially for stone quarrying and warehousing. These industries are centered largely on the western fringes of the city near Doral and Hialeah.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau in 2012, Miami had the fourth highest percentage of family incomes below the federal poverty line out of all large cities in the United States, behind Detroit, Michigan, Cleveland, Ohio, and Cincinnati, Ohio, respectively. Miami is also one of the very few cities in the U.S. where the local government has gone bankrupt, in 2001.[91] On the other hand, Miami has won accolades for its environmental policies: in 2008, it was ranked as "America's Cleanest City" according to Forbes for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets and citywide recycling programs.[92]

PortMiami
PortMiami is the world's largest cruise ship port, and is the headquarters of many of the world's largest cruise companies
Main article: PortMiami

Miami is home to one of the largest ports in the United States, the PortMiami. It is the largest cruise ship port in the world, and is often called the "Cruise Capital of the World" and the "Cargo Gateway of the Americas".[93] It has retained its status as the number one cruise/passenger port in the world for well over a decade, accommodating the largest cruise ships and the major cruise lines. In 2017, the port served 5,340,559 cruise passengers.[94] Additionally, the port is one of the nation's busiest cargo ports, importing 9,162,340 tons of cargo in 2017.[94] Among North American ports, it ranks second to New Orleans' Port of South Louisiana in cargo tonnage imported from Latin America. The port sits on 518 acres (2 km2) and has seven passenger terminals. China is the port's number one import country and number one export country. Miami has the world's largest amount of cruise line headquarters, home to Carnival Cruise Line, Celebrity Cruises, Norwegian Cruise Line, Oceania Cruises, and Royal Caribbean International. In 2014, the Port of Miami Tunnel was opened, connecting the MacArthur Causeway to PortMiami.[95]

Tourism and conventions
The Royal Caribbean International headquarters at the Port of Miami

Tourism is one of the Miami's largest private-sector industries, accounting for more than 144,800 jobs in Miami-Dade County.[96] The city's frequent portrayal in music, film, and popular culture has made the city and its landmarks recognizable worldwide. In 2016, it attracted the second-highest number of foreign tourists of any city in the United States, after New York City, and is among the top 20 cities worldwide by international visitor spending. More than 15.9 million visitors arrived in Miami in 2017, adding $26.1 billion to the economy.[97] With a large hotel infrastructure and the newly renovated Miami Beach Convention Center, Miami is a popular destination for annual conventions and conferences.

Some of the most popular tourist destinations in Miami include South Beach, Lincoln Road, Bayside Marketplace, Downtown Miami, and Brickell City Centre. The Art Deco District in Miami Beach is reputed as one of the most glamorous in the world for its nightclubs, beaches, historical buildings, and shopping. Annual events such as the Miami Open, Art Basel, the Winter Music Conference, the South Beach Wine and Food Festival, and Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Miami attract millions to the metropolis every year.

Culture
See also: Miami in popular culture, LGBT culture in Miami, and List of films and television shows set in Miami

Miami enjoys a vibrant culture that is influenced by a diverse population from all around the world. Miami is known as the "Magic City" for seemingly popping up overnight due to its young age and massive growth. It is also nicknamed the "Capital of Latin America" because of its high population of Spanish-speakers.

Miami has been the setting of numerous films and television shows, including Miami Vice, Burn Notice, Jane the Virgin, Scarface, The Birdcage, Ace Ventura: Pet Detective. The fictional Vice City, featured in several video games across the Grand Theft Auto series, most notably Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, is based on Miami.[98]

Entertainment and performing arts
Main article: Music of Miami
Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts, the second-largest performing arts center in the United States

In addition to annual festivals like the Calle Ocho Festival, Miami is home to many entertainment venues, theaters, museums, parks and performing arts centers. The newest addition to the Miami arts scene is the Adrienne Arsht Center for the Performing Arts, home of the Florida Grand Opera and the second-largest performing arts center in the United States after Lincoln Center in New York City.[99] The center attracts many large-scale operas, ballets, concerts, and musicals from around the world. Other performing arts venues in Miami include the Olympia Theater, Wertheim Performing Arts Center, the Fair Expo Center, the Tower Theater, and the Bayfront Park Amphitheater.

Another celebrated event is the Miami International Film Festival, taking place every year for 10 days around the first week of March, during which independent international and American films are screened across the city. Miami has over a half dozen independent film theaters.[100]

Miami attracts a large number of musicians, singers, actors, dancers, and orchestral players. The city has numerous orchestras, symphonies and performing art conservatories. These include the Florida Grand Opera, FIU School of Music, Frost School of Music, and the New World School of the Arts.

Miami is also a major fashion center, home to models and some of the top modeling agencies in the world. The city is host to many fashion shows and events, including the annual Miami Fashion Week and the Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Miami, held in the Wynwood Art District.[101]

Miami will be having their first boat-in movie theater on Saturday, July 25, 2020.[102] This idea came about because of the social distancing efforts amid the COVID-19-Pandemic. The event is $50 per boat and there is no swimming allowed in the area.[102] Guests are expected to bring their own boat and to remain inside of it for safety. Other cities implementing similar ideas are: Chicago, Los Angeles, Cincinnati, NYC and Paris.

Museums and visual arts

Some of the museums in Miami include the Frost Art Museum, Frost Museum of Science, HistoryMiami, Institute of Contemporary Art, Miami Children's Museum, Pérez Art Museum, Lowe Art Museum, and the Vizcaya Museum and Gardens, a National Historic Landmark set on a 28-acre early 20th century estate in Coconut Grove.

Cuisine

The cuisine of Miami is a reflection of its diverse population, with a heavy influence from Caribbean and Latin American cuisine. By combining the two with American cuisine, it has spawned a unique South Florida style of cooking known as Floribbean cuisine. It is widely available throughout Miami and South Florida and can be found in restaurant chains such as Pollo Tropical.

Cuban immigrants in the 1960s originated the Cuban sandwich and brought medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity among all Miamians and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture and can be found throughout the city at window cafés, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants.[103][104] Some of these locations, such as the Versailles restaurant in Little Havana, are landmark eateries of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River and in and around Biscayne Bay.[105] The city is also the headquarters of restaurant chains such as Burger King and Benihana.

Dialect
Main article: Miami accent

The Miami area has a unique dialect, commonly called the "Miami accent", that is widely spoken. The accent developed among second- or third-generation Hispanics, including Cuban Americans, whose first language was English (though some non-Hispanic white, black, and other races who were born and raised in the Miami area tend to adopt it as well).[106] It is based on a fairly standard American accent but with some changes, very similar to dialects in the Mid-Atlantic (especially those in the New York area and Northern New Jersey, including New York Latino English). Unlike Virginia Piedmont, Coastal Southern American, Northeast American dialects and Florida Cracker dialect, "Miami accent" is rhotic; it also incorporates a rhythm and pronunciation heavily influenced by Spanish (wherein rhythm is syllable-timed).[107]

This is a native dialect of English, not learner English or interlanguage; it is possible to differentiate this variety from an interlanguage spoken by second-language speakers in that the "Miami accent" does not generally display the following features: there is no addition of /ɛ/ before initial consonant clusters with /s/, speakers do not confuse of /dʒ/ with /j/, (e.g., Yale with jail), and /r/ and /rr/ are pronounced as alveolar approximant [ɹ] instead of alveolar tap [ɾ] or alveolar trill [r] in Spanish.[108][109][110][111]

Sports
See also: Sports in Miami
American Airlines Arena, home of the Miami Heat
Miami Jai Alai fronton, known as "The Yankee Stadium of Jai Alai"

Miami's main five sports teams are the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League, the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association, the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball, the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League, and Inter Miami CF of Major League Soccer. The Miami Open, an annual tennis tournament, was previously held in Key Biscayne before moving to Hard Rock Stadium after the tournament was purchased by Miami Dolphins owner Stephen Ross in 2019. The city is home to numerous greyhound racing tracks, marinas, jai alai venues, and golf courses. The city streets have hosted professional auto races in the past, most notably the open-wheel Grand Prix of Miami and the sports car Grand Prix of Miami. The Homestead-Miami Speedway oval hosts NASCAR races.

The Heat and the Marlins play within Miami's city limits, at the American Airlines Arena in Downtown and Marlins Park in Little Havana, respectively. Marlins Park is built on the site of the old Miami Orange Bowl stadium.

The Miami Dolphins play at Hard Rock Stadium in suburban Miami Gardens, while the Florida Panthers play in nearby Sunrise at the BB&T Center. Inter Miami CF plays at Inter Miami CF Stadium in nearby Fort Lauderdale, temporarily until a stadium is built in Miami.

The Orange Bowl, one of the major bowl games in the College Football Playoff of the NCAA, is played at Hard Rock Stadium every winter. The stadium has also hosted the Super Bowl; the Miami metro area has hosted the game a total of ten times (five times at the current Hard Rock Stadium and five at the Miami Orange Bowl), tying New Orleans for the most games.

Miami is also the home of many college sports teams. The two largest are the University of Miami Hurricanes, whose football team plays at Hard Rock Stadium and Florida International University Panthers, whose football team plays at Ricardo Silva Stadium.

Miami is also home to Paso Fino horses, and competitions are held at Tropical Park Equestrian Center.

The following table shows the major professional and Division I college teams in the Miami metro area with an average attendance of more than 10,000:

Major professional and D-I college teams (attendance > 10,000)
Club Sport League Venue (Capacity) Attendance League Championships
Miami Dolphins Football National Football League Hard Rock Stadium (64,767) 70,035 Super Bowl (2) — 1972, 1973
Miami Hurricanes Football NCAA D-I (ACC) Hard Rock Stadium (64,767) 53,837 National titles (5) — 1983, 1987, 1989, 1991, 2001
Miami Marlins Baseball Major League Baseball Marlins Park (36,742) 21,386 World Series (2) — 1997, 2003
Miami Heat Basketball National Basketball Association American Airlines Arena (19,600) 19,710 NBA Finals (3) — 2006, 2012, 2013
FIU Panthers Football NCAA D-I (Conference USA) FIU Stadium (23,500) 15,453 None
Florida Panthers Hockey National Hockey League BB&T Center (19,250) 10,250 None

Beaches and parks
Bayfront Park

The City of Miami has various lands operated by the National Park Service, the Florida Division of Recreation and Parks, and the City of Miami Department of Parks and Recreation.

Miami's tropical weather allows for year-round outdoor activities. The city has numerous marinas, rivers, bays, canals, and the Atlantic Ocean, which make boating, sailing, and fishing popular outdoor activities. Biscayne Bay has numerous coral reefs that make snorkeling and scuba diving popular. There are over 80 parks and gardens in the city.[112] The largest and most popular parks are Bayfront Park and Museum Park (located in the heart of Downtown and the location of the American Airlines Arena and Bayside Marketplace), Tropical Park, Peacock Park, Virginia Key, and Watson Island.

Other popular cultural destinations in or near Miami include Zoo Miami, Jungle Island, the Miami Seaquarium, Monkey Jungle, Coral Castle, Charles Deering Estate, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, and Key Biscayne.

In its 2018 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that the park system in the City of Miami was the 50th best park system among the 100 most populous US cities,[113] down slightly from 48th place in the 2017 ranking.[114] ParkScore ranks urban park systems by a formula that analyzes median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of city residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents.

Law and government
Main article: Government of the City of Miami

The government of the City of Miami uses the mayor-commissioner type of system. The city commission consists of five commissioners that are elected from single member districts. The city commission constitutes the governing body with powers to pass ordinances, adopt regulations, and exercise all powers conferred upon the city in the city charter. The mayor is elected at large and appoints a city manager. The City of Miami is governed by Mayor Francis X. Suarez and 5 city commissioners that oversee the five districts in the city. The commission's regular meetings are held at Miami City Hall, which is located at 3500 Pan American Drive on Dinner Key in the neighborhood of Coconut Grove. In the United States House of Representatives, Miami is represented by Republican Maria Elvira Salazar and Democrat Frederica Wilson.

Miami City Hall at Dinner Key in Coconut Grove. The city's primary administrative offices are held here.

City Commission
See also: List of mayors of Miami
Allapattah and Grapeland Heights
  • Ken Russell (D)[115] – Miami Commissioner, District 2
Arts & Entertainment District, Brickell, Coconut Grove, Coral Way, Downtown Miami, Edgewater, Midtown Miami, Park West and the South part Upper Eastside
Coral Way, Little Havana and The Roads
  • Manolo Reyes (D)[116] – Miami Commissioner, District 4
Coral Way, Flagami and West Flagler
  • Jeffrey Watson (D)[117] – Miami Commissioner, District 5
Buena Vista, Design District, Liberty City, Little Haiti, Little River, Lummus Park, Overtown, Spring Garden and Wynwood and northern part of the Upper Eastside
  • Arthur Noriega – City Manager
  • Victoria Méndez – City Attorney
  • Todd B. Hannon – City Clerk

Education

Colleges and universities
Florida International University, with its main campus in nearby University Park, is the largest university in South Florida and the fourth largest university by enrollment size in the United States. It is also one of Florida's primary research universities.
Founded in 1925, the University of Miami is in nearby Coral Gables.

Miami-Dade County has over 200,000 students enrolled in local colleges and universities, placing it seventh in the nation in per capita university enrollment. In 2010, the city's four largest colleges and universities (MDC, FIU, UM, and Barry) graduated 28,000 students.[118]

Miami is also home to both for-profit and nonprofit organizations that offer a range of professional training and other, related educational programs. Per Scholas, for example is a nonprofit organization that offers free professional certification training directed towards successfully passing CompTIA A+ and Network+ certification exams as a route to securing jobs and building careers.[119][120][121]

Colleges and universities in and around Miami:

Primary and secondary schools
Main article: Miami-Dade County Public Schools
Miami Senior High School, founded in 1903, is Miami's first high school

Public schools in Miami are governed by Miami-Dade County Public Schools, which is the largest school district in Florida and the fourth-largest in the United States. As of September 2008 it has a student enrollment of 385,655 and over 392 schools and centers. The district is also the largest minority public school system in the country, with 60% of its students being of Hispanic origin, 28% Black or West Indian American, 10% White (non-Hispanic) and 2% non-white of other minorities.[122]

Miami is home to some of the nation's best high schools, such as Design and Architecture High School, ranked the nation's best magnet school, MAST Academy, Coral Reef High School, ranked 20th-best public high school in the U.S., Miami Palmetto High School, and the New World School of the Arts.[123] M-DCPS is also one of a few public school districts in the United States to offer optional bilingual education in Spanish, French, German, Haitian Creole, and Mandarin Chinese.

Miami is home to several well-known Roman Catholic, Jewish and non-denominational private schools. The Archdiocese of Miami operates the city's Catholic private schools, which include St. Hugh Catholic School, St. Agatha Catholic School, St. Theresa School, Immaculata-Lasalle High School, Monsignor Edward Pace High School, Archbishop Curley-Notre Dame High School, St. Brendan High School, among numerous other Catholic elementary and high schools.

Catholic preparatory schools operated by religious orders are Christopher Columbus High School and Belen Jesuit Preparatory School for boys and Carrollton School of the Sacred Heart and Our Lady of Lourdes Academy for girls.

Non-denominational private schools in Miami are Ransom Everglades, Gulliver Preparatory School, and Miami Country Day School. Other schools in the area include Samuel Scheck Hillel Community Day School, Dade Christian School, Palmer Trinity School, Westminster Christian School, and Riviera Schools.

Media
Main article: Media in Miami
See also: List of newspapers in Florida, List of radio stations in Florida, and List of television stations in Florida
Former headquarters of The Miami Herald

Miami has one of the largest television markets in the nation and the second largest in the state of Florida after Tampa Bay.[124] Miami has several major newspapers, the main and largest newspaper being The Miami Herald. El Nuevo Herald is the major and largest Spanish-language newspaper. The Miami Herald and El Nuevo Herald are Miami's and South Florida's main, major and largest newspapers. The papers left their longtime home in downtown Miami in 2013. The newspapers are now headquartered at the former home of U.S. Southern Command in Doral.[125]

Other major newspapers include Miami Today, headquartered in Brickell, Miami New Times, headquartered in Midtown, Miami Sun Post, South Florida Business Journal, Miami Times, and Biscayne Boulevard Times. An additional Spanish-language newspapers, Diario Las Americas also serve Miami. The Miami Herald is Miami's primary newspaper with over a million readers and is headquartered in Downtown in Herald Plaza. Several other student newspapers from the local universities, such as the oldest, the University of Miami's The Miami Hurricane, Florida International University's The Beacon, Miami-Dade College's The Metropolis, Barry University's The Buccaneer, amongst others. Many neighborhoods and neighboring areas also have their own local newspapers such as the Aventura News, Coral Gables Tribune, Biscayne Bay Tribune, and the Palmetto Bay News.

A number of magazines circulate throughout the greater Miami area, including Miami Monthly, Southeast Florida's only city/regional; Ocean Drive, a hot-spot social scene glossy; and South Florida Business Leader.

Miami is also the headquarters and main production city of many of the world's largest television networks, record label companies, broadcasting companies and production facilities, such as Telemundo, TeleFutura, Galavisión, Mega TV, Univisión, Univision Communications, Inc., Universal Music Latin Entertainment, RCTV International and Sunbeam Television. In 2009, Univisión announced plans to build a new production studio in Miami, dubbed Univisión Studios. Univisión Studios is currently headquartered in Miami, and will produce programming for all of Univisión Communications' television networks.[126]

Miami is the twelfth largest radio market[127] and the seventeenth largest television market[128] in the United States. Television stations serving the Miami area include WAMI (UniMas), WBFS (My Network TV), WSFL (The CW), WFOR (CBS), WHFT (TBN), WLTV (Univision), WPLG (ABC), WPXM (Ion), WSCV (Telemundo), WSVN (Fox), WTVJ (NBC), WPBT (PBS), and WLRN (also PBS).

Transportation
Main article: Transportation in South Florida

According to the 2016 American Community Survey, 72.3% of working city of Miami residents commuted by driving alone, 8.7% carpooled, 9% used public transportation, and 3.7% walked. About 1.8% used all other forms of transportation, including taxicab, motorcycle, and bicycle. About 4.5% of working city of Miami residents worked at home.[129] In 2015, 19.9% of city of Miami households were without a car, which decreased to 18.6% in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Miami averaged 1.24 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8 per household.[130]

Freeways and roads
The Venetian Causeway (left) and MacArthur Causeway (right) connect Downtown and South Beach, Miami Beach.
State Road 886 (Port Boulevard) connects downtown and PortMiami by bridge over Biscayne Bay.

Miami's road system is based along the numerical Miami grid where Flagler Street forms the east–west baseline and Miami Avenue forms the north–south meridian. The corner of Flagler Street and Miami Avenue is in the middle of Downtown in front of the Downtown Macy's (formerly the Burdine's headquarters). The Miami grid is primarily numerical so that, for example, all street addresses north of Flagler Street and west of Miami Avenue have "NW" in their address. Because its point of origin is in Downtown, which is close to the coast, the "NW" and "SW" quadrants are much larger than the "SE" and "NE" quadrants. Many roads, especially major ones, are also named (e.g., Tamiami Trail/SW 8th St), although, with exceptions, the number is in more common usage among locals.

With few exceptions, within this grid north–south roads are designated as Courts, Roads, Avenues or Places (often remembered by their acronym), while east–west roads are Streets, Terraces, Drives or occasionally Ways. Major roads in each direction are located at one mile intervals. There are 16 blocks to each mile on north–south avenues, and 10 blocks to each mile on east–west streets. Major north–south avenues generally end in "7" – e.g., 17th, 27th, 37th/Douglas Aves., 57th/Red Rd., 67th/Ludlam, 87th/Galloway, etc., all the way west beyond 177th/Krome Avenue. (One prominent exception is 42nd Avenue, LeJeune Road, located at the half-mile point instead.) Major east–west streets to the south of downtown are multiples of 16, though the beginning point of this system is at SW 8th St, one half mile south of Flagler ("zeroth") Street. Thus, major streets are at 8th St., 24th St./Coral Way, 40th St./Bird, 56th/Miller, 72nd/ Sunset, 88th/N. Kendall, 104th (originally S. Kendall), 120th/Montgomery, 136th/Howard, 152nd/Coral Reef, 168th/Richmond, 184th/Eureka, 200th/Quail Roost, 216th/Hainlin Mill, 232nd/Silver Palm, 248th/Coconut Palm, etc., well into the 300s. Within the grid, odd-numbered addresses are generally on the north or east side, and even-numbered addresses are on the south or west side.

All streets and avenues in Miami-Dade County follow the Miami grid, with a few exceptions, most notably in Coral Gables, Hialeah, Coconut Grove and Miami Beach. One neighborhood, The Roads, is named as such because its streets run off the Miami grid at a 45-degree angle, and therefore are all named roads.

Miami-Dade County is served by four Interstate Highways (I-75, I-95, I-195, I-395) and several U.S. Highways including U.S. Route 1, U.S. Route 27, U.S. Route 41, and U.S. Route 441.

Some of the major Florida State Roads (and their common names) serving Miami are:

Miami Causeways
Name Termini Year built
Rickenbacker Causeway Brickell and Key Biscayne 1947
Venetian Causeway Downtown and South Beach 1912–1925
MacArthur Causeway Downtown and South Beach 1920
Julia Tuttle Causeway Wynwood/Edgewater and Miami Beach 1959
79th Street Causeway Upper East Side and North Beach 1929
Broad Causeway North Miami and Bal Harbour 1951

Miami has six major causeways that span over Biscayne Bay connecting the western mainland, with the eastern barrier islands along the Atlantic Ocean. The Rickenbacker Causeway is the southernmost causeway and connects Brickell to Virginia Key and Key Biscayne. The Venetian Causeway and MacArthur Causeway connect Downtown with South Beach. The Julia Tuttle Causeway connects Midtown and Miami Beach. The 79th Street Causeway connects the Upper East Side with North Beach. The northernmost causeway, the Broad Causeway, is the smallest of Miami's six causeways and connects North Miami with Bal Harbour.

In 2007, Miami was identified as having the rudest drivers in the United States, the second year in a row to have been cited, in a poll commissioned by automobile club AutoVantage.[131] Miami is also consistently ranked as one of the most dangerous cities in the United States for pedestrians.[132]

Public transportation
The Metrorail is the city's rapid transit system and connects the city's central core with its outlying suburbs.
Tri-Rail is Miami's commuter rail that runs north–south from Miami's suburbs in West Palm Beach to Miami International Airport.
Main article: Miami-Dade Transit

Public transportation in Miami is operated by Miami-Dade Transit and SFRTA, and includes commuter rail (Tri-Rail), heavy-rail rapid transit (Metrorail), an elevated people mover (Metromover), and buses (Metrobus). Miami has Florida's highest transit ridership as about 17% of Miamians use transit on a daily basis.[133] The average Miami public transit commute on weekdays is 90 minutes, while 39% of public transit riders commute for more than 2 hours a day. The average wait time at a public transit stop or station is 18 minutes, while 37% of riders wait for more than 20 minutes on average every day. The average single trip distance with public transit is 7.46 mi (12 km), while 38% travel more than 8.08 mi (13 km) in each direction.[134]

Miami's heavy-rail rapid transit system, Metrorail, is an elevated system comprising two lines and 23 stations on a 24.4-mile (39.3 km)-long line. Metrorail connects the urban western suburbs of Hialeah, Medley, and inner-city Miami with suburban The Roads, Coconut Grove, Coral Gables, South Miami and urban Kendall via the central business districts of Miami International Airport, the Civic Center, and Downtown. A free, elevated people mover, Metromover, operates 21 stations on three different lines in greater Downtown Miami, with a station at roughly every two blocks of Downtown and Brickell. Several expansion projects are being funded by a transit development sales tax surcharge throughout Miami-Dade County.

Tri-Rail, a commuter rail system operated by the South Florida Regional Transportation Authority (SFRTA), runs from Miami International Airport northward to West Palm Beach, making eighteen stops throughout Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach counties.

The Miami Intermodal Center is a massive transportation hub servicing Metrorail, Amtrak, Tri-Rail, Metrobus, Greyhound Lines, taxis, rental cars, MIA Mover, private automobiles, bicycles and pedestrians adjacent to Miami International Airport. Miami Intermodal Center was completed in 2010, and is serving about 150,000 commuters and travelers in the Miami area. Phase I of MiamiCentral Station was completed in 2012, and the Tri-Rail part of Phase II was completed in 2015, but the construction of the Amtrak part remains delayed.

Two new light rail systems, Baylink and the Miami Streetcar, have been proposed and are currently in the planning stage. BayLink would connect Downtown with South Beach, and the Miami Streetcar would connect Downtown with Midtown.

Miami is the southern terminus of Amtrak's Atlantic Coast services, running two lines, the Silver Meteor and the Silver Star, both terminating in New York City. The Miami Amtrak Station is located in the suburb of Hialeah near the Tri-Rail/Metrorail Station on NW 79 St and NW 38 Ave. Current construction of the Miami Central Station will move all Amtrak operations from its current out-of-the-way location to a centralized location with Metrorail, MIA Mover, Tri-Rail, Miami International Airport, and the Miami Intermodal Center all within the same station closer to Downtown. The station was expected to be completed by 2012,[135] but experienced several delays and was later expected to be completed in late 2014,[136] again pushed back to early 2015.[137]

Airports

Miami International Airport serves as the primary international airport of the Greater Miami Area. One of the busiest international airports in the world, Miami International Airport caters to over 45 million passengers a year. The airport is a major hub and the largest international gateway for American Airlines. Miami International is the second busiest airport by passenger traffic in Florida, the United States' third-largest international port of entry for foreign air passengers behind New York's John F. Kennedy International Airport and Los Angeles International Airport. The airport's extensive international route network includes non-stop flights to over seventy international cities in North and South America, Europe, Asia, and the Middle East.

Alternatively, nearby Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport also serves commercial traffic in the Miami area.[138] Miami-Opa Locka Executive Airport in Opa-locka and Miami Executive Airport in an unincorporated area southwest of Miami serve general aviation traffic in the Miami area.

Cycling and walking

The city government under former mayor Manny Diaz took an ambitious stance in support of bicycling in Miami for both recreation and commuting.[139]

In 2010, Miami was ranked as the 44th-most bike-friendly city in the US according to Bicycling Magazine.[140]

A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Miami the eighth-most walkable of the fifty largest cities in the United States.[141]

International relations
See also: List of sister cities in Florida

Sister cities

Cooperation agreements

See also

Notes
  1. Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
  2. Official records for Miami were kept at the Lemon City from September 1895 to November 1900, the Miami COOP from December 1900 to May 1911, the Weather Bureau Office from June 1911 to February 1937, at various locations in and around the city from March 1937 to July 1942, and at Miami Int'l since August 1942. For more information, see ThreadEx.

References
  1. "Miami: the Capital of Latin America". Time. December 2, 1993.
  2. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 2, 2020.
  3. "American Factfinder, Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010". US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on May 21, 2019. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
  4. "Miami Urbanized Area (2008 estimate)". American Community Survey. Archived from the original on February 11, 2020.
  5. "Population Estimates". Archived from the original on June 29, 2015. Retrieved August 10, 2015.
  6. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/miamicityflorida,miamidadecountyflorida/PST045218
  7. "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  8. "Population Estimates for Florida Municipalities". Retrieved April 20, 2016.
  9. "Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2012". 2012 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. March 2013. Archived from the original (CSV) on April 1, 2013. Retrieved March 17, 2013.
  10. "US Cities With the Most Skyscrapers". WorldAtlas. Retrieved June 18, 2019.
  11. "The Skyscraper Center: Buildings in Miami". skyscrapercenter.com. CTBUH. Retrieved June 18, 2019.
  12. "The World According to GaWC 2008". Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network, Loughborough University. Retrieved March 3, 2009.
  13. "Inventory of World Cities". Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network. Archived from the original on October 14, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2007.
  14. "Gross Domestic Product by Metropolitan Area, 2017" (PDF). Bea.gov. Retrieved October 23, 2018.
  15. "The World According to GaWC 2020". GaWC - Research Network. Globalization and World Cities. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
  16. "2019 Global Cities Report". ATKearney.
  17. "City Mayors: Richest cities in the world". www.citymayors.com. Retrieved June 18, 2019.
  18. U.S. Census, 2010 (Ethnicity) and Census American Community Survey 2008 (language).
  19. Beyer, Scott. "Welcome To Brickell, Miami's "Wall Street South"". Forbes. Retrieved June 18, 2019.
  20. "PortMiami 2017 Cruise Guide" (PDF).
  21. "Miami Is The Second Most Popular Destination For International Visitors (And Growing Fast)". TheNextMiami.com. Retrieved November 5, 2016.
  22. Smith, Matt (February 4, 2014). "Questions of preservation after ancient village found in downtown Miami". CNN. Retrieved February 4, 2014.
  23. Copquin, Claudia Gryvatz (January 23, 2014). "What's the One Major American City Founded by a Woman?". Parade. Retrieved June 18, 2019.
  24. "The Day in St. Augustine — The Hack Line to Biscayne Bay". The Florida Times-Union. January 10, 1893.
  25. "A Trip to Biscayne Bay". The Tropical Sun. March 9, 1893.
  26. Muir, Helen (1953), Miami, USA, Henry Holt and Company, p. 55
  27. Weiner, Jacqueline (April 1, 2010), "Statue of Miami's First Lady, Julia Tuttle, may be birthday present", Miami Today
  28. Williams, Linda K. & George, Paul S. "South Florida: A Brief History". Historical Museum of South Florida. Archived from the original on April 29, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2009.
  29. "Name Origins of Florida – City Name Origins I-P". FLHeritage.com. Florida Department of State. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
  30. Connolly, Nathan (2014). A World More Concrete: Real Estate and the Remaking of Jim Crow South Florida. University of Chicago Press.
  31. "Miami-Dade County – Information Center". Miami-Dade County. Archived from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
  32. "Miami, Florida metropolitan area as seen from STS-62". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on December 1, 2007. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  33. Dean Whitman (September 1997). "Notes on the geology and Water Resources of South Florida". Notes on Florida Geology. Florida International University. Retrieved January 11, 2011.
  34. "Miami Geology". miami-americabeach.com. Archived from the original on March 14, 2017. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
  35. "USGS Ground Water Atlas of the United States". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved February 19, 2006.
  36. "Neighborhoods in Miami". miami-americabeach.com. Archived from the original on March 14, 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
  37. Gazaleh, Mark. "Coconut Grove – West Grove tree canopy variations over time". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  38. "Weather: Miami, Florida". Weatherbase. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
  39. "World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification" (PDF).
  40. "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
  41. "Climatological Records for Miami, FL 1895 - 2019" (PDF). National Weather Service. Retrieved November 23, 2019.
  42. "Maine shivers at −29: Snow falls in Florida". Associated Press. The Baltimore Sun. January 20, 1977. p. A1. "Temperatures dipped into the 30s in southern Florida, with snow flurries reported even in Miami Beach."
  43. Lardner Jr., George; Meyers, Robert. "Miami Is Hit by First Recorded Snow: State of Emergency Is Eyed for Virginia Thousands Idled as Cold Closes Factories, Businesses". The Washington Post. January 20, 1977. p. A1. The meandering jet stream in the upper atmosphere sent flurries of genuine snow onto Miami's palm trees. ... It was the farthest south that snow has been reported in the United States since the record books were started in the 19th century. ... The snow flurries in Miami will be only an asterisk in the record books since they didn't fall on any of the National Weather Service's recording stations in the area, but they were genuine."
  44. Khiss, Peter. "New York High is 26 as the South Shivers: Florida Snow Causes Emergency Gas Shortage Widespread". The New York Times. January 20, 1977. p. 1. "Florida officially recorded snow for the first time yesterday in Palm Beach County, 65 miles north of Miami, and even that city had flurries, although not at the official stations at its airport or nearby Coral Gables."
  45. Kleinberg, Howard (December 30, 1989). "The Great Miami Snow Job". The Dispatch. Retrieved September 23, 2010.
  46. "Vulnerable cities: Miami, Florida". The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on April 27, 2006. Retrieved February 19, 2006.
  47. "Irma spared America, but still had a big effect on it". The Economist. Retrieved September 26, 2017.
  48. "USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map". United States Department of Agriculture. Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. Retrieved February 24, 2014.
  49. News, Daniel Cusick,E&E. "Miami Is the "Most Vulnerable" Coastal City Worldwide". Scientific American. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
  50. "Florida Climate Outlook: Assessing Physical and Economic Impacts through 2040". Resources for the Future. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
  51. "Miami-Dade County - Environment - Impact on South Florida". www.miamidade.gov. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
  52. Luscombe, Richard (April 21, 2020). "Will Florida be lost forever to the climate crisis?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
  53. Olick, Diana (August 29, 2018). "Rising Risks: 'Climate gentrification' is changing Miami real estate values – for better and worse". CNBC. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
  54. "Station Name: FL MIAMI INTL AP". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
  55. "WMO Climate Normals for Miami, FL 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
  56. "Monthly Averages for Miami International Airport". The Weather Channel. Retrieved October 12, 2013.
  57. "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  58. "Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2009". 2009 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. March 19, 2010. Archived from the original (XLS) on October 16, 2015. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  59. "Table A.12. Population of urban agglomerations with 750,000 inhabitants or more in 2005, by country, 1950–2015" (PDF). World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 Revision. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs/Population Division. Retrieved January 1, 2008.
  60. Demographic Profile: Miami–Dade County, Florida 1960–2000 (PDF), Miami, Florida: Miami–Dade County Department of Planning and Zoning, September 2003, p. iii (p. 5 of PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on March 20, 2012, retrieved January 19, 2020
  61. "Florida – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on August 12, 2012. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  62. 2020 Demographics. Miami Matters. Retrieved June 23, 2020
  63. "Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin: 2010 – 2010 Census Summary File 1". American FactFinder. US Census Bureau. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2014.
  64. "Miami, Florida FIRST ANCESTRY REPORTED Universe: Total population – 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2015.
  65. "Miami, Florida Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 – 2010 Demographic Profile Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
  66. "Miami, Florida: SELECTED SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS IN THE UNITED STATES – 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
  67. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/meltingpot/melt1109.htm
  68. https://account.miamiherald.com/paywall/registration?resume=118269088
  69. "Florida – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Large Cities and Other Places" (PDF). Retrieved April 20, 2016.
  70. "Adults in the Miami metro area". Pew Research Center.
  71. Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles, Pew Research Center
  72. "America's Changing Religious Landscape". Pew Research Center: Religion & Public Life. May 12, 2015.
  73. Crown Princess Opens Seamen's Church in Miami. Norwaypost.no (November 21, 2011). Retrieved on August 3, 2013.
  74. "Retrieved August 23, 2018.
  75. "QuickFacts Miami city, Florida". census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. 2017. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
  76. "Miami, Florida: Age Groups and Sex: 2010 – 2010 Census Summary File 1". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
  77. "Miami, Florida: SELECTED ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS – 2006–2010 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 26, 2015.
  78. "Miami city, Florida – Census 2010". USA Today. Retrieved January 12, 2012.
  79. "GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2018". www.lboro.ac.uk. Retrieved June 18, 2019.
  80. "Which are the largest city economies in the world and how might this change by 2025?". PricewaterhouseCoopers UK. Archived from the original on May 31, 2013. Retrieved November 20, 2009.
  81. "Gross Metropolitan Product". Greyhill Advisors. Retrieved September 29, 2011.
  82. "Walmart Latinoamérica Opens New Regional Office in South Florida, Introduces New Regional President and CEO Eduardo Solórzano". Walmartstores.com. February 23, 2010. Archived from the original on March 4, 2010. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
  83. Telemundo plans to tape 1,100 hours of telenovelas in Miami. Miamitodaynews.com (June 23, 2011). Retrieved on October 8, 2012.
  84. Miami: High rise buildings–All. Emporis. Retrieved August 25, 2007.
  85. "Miami:High rise buildings–Completed". Emporis. Retrieved August 19, 2007.
  86. Bell, Maya (August 27, 2007). "Boom of condo crash loudest in Miami". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on September 1, 2007. Retrieved August 30, 2007.
  87. Badenhausen, Kurt. "America's Most Miserable Cities (2012)". Forbes. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
  88. Werner, Raleigh. "Moving to Miami, FL: Relocating Tips & Advice". Jumpshell. Archived from the original on September 11, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2016.
  89. Kaufmanmkaufman, Michelle (June 28, 2016). "Miami was rated Worst American City to Live In by website 24/7 Wall St". Miami Herald. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
  90. "New figures show PortMiami retained No. 1 cruise port ranking". Business Journal. Retrieved March 31, 2013.
  91. Cohen, Adam (June 24, 2001), "Gloom over Miami", Time, retrieved September 2, 2007
  92. Van Riper, Tom (March 17, 2008). "America's cleanest cities". Forbes. Archived from the original on May 29, 2010. Retrieved February 23, 2008.
  93. "Port of Miami". Miami-Dade County. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
  94. "2017-18 Port Report" (PDF). PortMiami.
  95. Cordle, Ina Paiva (May 28, 2014). "The new PortMiami tunnel's opening is delayed until mid-June". The Miami Herald. Retrieved June 6, 2014.
  96. Jordan, John (May 2, 2018). "Greater Miami Tourism Industry Setting Records". globest.com. GlobeSt. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
  97. Herrera, Chabeli (May 1, 2018). "Despite Irma, Miami tourism grew in 2017. Will Asia flights make 2018 even better?". miamiherald.com. Miami Herald. Retrieved April 1, 2019.
  98. Gamespot Staff (September 27, 2002). "Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Graphics Q&A". GameSpot. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
  99. Tommasini, Anthony (February 4, 2007). "Carnival Center for the Performing Arts - Miami - Music". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
  100. "Miami International Film Festival". Miami Film Festival. Retrieved June 20, 2019.
  101. "Miami Fashion Week". Miami Fashion Week. Archived from the original on May 11, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
  102. https://www.miamiherald.com/miami-com/things-to-do/article244378772.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  103. Cuban Sandwich, History of Cuban Sandwich, History of Cubano Sandwich. Whatscookingamerica.net. Retrieved on October 8, 2012.
  104. Local Cuisine in Miami at Frommer's. Frommers.com. Retrieved on October 8, 2012.
  105. "Miami Cuisine: Seafood Restaurants Guide – Miami Dining Guide". Miami New Times. Archived from the original on July 20, 2012. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
  106. "Miami Accents: Why Locals Embrace That Heavy "L" Or Not". WLRN (WLRN-TV and WLRN-FM). Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  107. "'Miami Accent' Takes Speakers By Surprise". Articles – Sun-Sentinel.com. June 13, 2004. Retrieved October 8, 2012.
  108. "Miami Accents: How 'Miamah' Turned Into A Different Sort Of Twang". WLRN (WLRN-TV & WLRN-FM). Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  109. Patience Haggin. "Miami Accents: Why Locals Embrace That Heavy "L" Or Not". Retrieved August 10, 2015.
  110. Gabriella Watts. "Miami Accents: How 'Miamah' Turned Into A Different Sort Of Twang". Retrieved August 10, 2015.
  111. Haggin, Patience (September 16, 2013). "English in the 305 has its own distinct Miami sound". Miami Herald. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013.
  112. "Miami parks". Miamigov.com. Archived from the original on August 20, 2008. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
  113. "ParkScore 2018: Ranking Analysis". parkscore.tpl.org. The Trust for Public Land. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  114. "ParkScore Rankings 2017". parkscore.tpl.org. The Trust for Public Land. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  115. "Ken Russell (Florida)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved March 27, 2020.
  116. (PDF) https://www.pepsico.com/docs/album/esg-topics-policies/pepsico%27s-2017-corporate-political-contributions.pdf?sfvrsn=e58c4af3_4. Retrieved March 27, 2020. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  117. https://www.politicalcortadito.com/2020/11/19/miami-commission-appoints-jeffrey-watson/
  118. "Jobs, education and Miami-Dades future". The Miami Herald. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
  119. Olson, Elizabeth (November 10, 2010). "Helping Veterans Find Civilian Jobs". The New York Times.
  120. "Training Workers for Good Jobs" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 20, 2008.
  121. "Building a Career Path Where There Was Just a Dead End" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 20, 2008.
  122. "Miami-Dade County Public Schools" (PDF). The Broad Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2008. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
  123. "Gold Medal Schools". US News and World Report. November 12, 2007. Retrieved April 18, 2008.
  124. "Local Television Market Universe Estimates" (PDF). nielsen. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 17, 2011. Retrieved January 6, 2011.
  125. "It's Moving Day for Miami Herald Staff, Reporters". CBSMiami. May 16, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
  126. "Univision Announces Launch of Univision Studios". Business Wire. December 7, 2009. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
  127. "Top 50 Radio Markets Ranked By Metro 12+ Population, Spring 2005". Northwestern University Media Management Center. Archived from the original on April 19, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
  128. "Top 50 TV markets ranked by households". Northwestern University Media Management Center. Archived from the original on April 19, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2008.
  129. "Means of Transportation to Work by Age". Census Reporter. Archived from the original on May 19, 2018.
  130. "Car Ownership in U.S. Cities Data and Map". Governing. Retrieved May 18, 2018.
  131. Reaney, Patricia (May 15, 2007). "Miami drivers named the rudest". Reuters. Retrieved September 2, 2007.
  132. "Dangerous Pedestrian Cities". CBS News. Associated Press. December 2, 2004. Retrieved September 2, 2007.
  133. "American Community Survey". Census.gov. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
  134. "Facts and usage statistics about public transit in Miami, US". Global Public Transit Index by Moovit. Retrieved June 19, 2017. Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
  135. "Projects: Miami Central Station". Miami Intermodal Center. Micdot.com. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
  136. "Miami airport transit hub on the way to bringing planes, trains, automobiles under one roof". Miami Herald. Retrieved August 28, 2014.
  137. Turnbell, Michael (October 15, 2014). "Tri-Rail station at Miami airport delayed until January". Sun Sentinel. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
  138. "Southwest Airlines Cities." Southwest Airlines. Retrieved October 30, 2008.
  139. "Cycling and walking". miamiherald.com. Miami Herald. Retrieved October 7, 2009.
  140. South Florida Business Journal (April 6, 2010). "Miami becoming more bike friendly | South Florida Business Journal". Southflorida.bizjournals.com. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
  141. "2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings". Walk Score. 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
  142. "Mayor Noguera signs a sisterhood agreement with Miami (Spanish)". El Heraldo. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  143. 姉妹・友好・兄弟都市 [Sister cities] (in Japanese). Kagoshima International Affairs Division. Archived from the original on June 2, 2013. Retrieved August 8, 2013.
  144. "Madrid and Miami sign up as twin towns". latino foxnews. June 23, 2014. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  145. "Sister Cities:Miami Florida, Palermo Italy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 2, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2015.
  146. "Southampton and Miami, Florida become sister cities at ceremonial signing event". Southampton City Council. Retrieved June 14, 2019.
  147. "Lisboa – Geminações de Cidades e Vilas" [Lisbon – Twinning of Cities and Towns] (in Portuguese). Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses [National Association of Portuguese Municipalities]. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
  148. "Acordos de Geminação, de Cooperação e/ou Amizade da Cidade de Lisboa" [Lisbon – Twinning Agreements, Cooperation and Friendship] (in Portuguese). Camara Municipal de Lisboa. Archived from the original on October 31, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2013.
  149. "Miami-Yerucham Partnership". Greater Miami Jewish Federation. Retrieved January 7, 2018.

Further reading
  • Elizabeth M. Aranda, Sallie Hughes, and Elena Sabogal, Making a Life in Multiethnic Miami: Immigration and the Rise of a Global City. Boulder, Colorado: Renner, 2014.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.