Modern flat Earth beliefs

Modern flat Earth beliefs are promoted by organisations and individuals which make claims that the Earth is flat while denying the Earth's sphericity, contrary to over two millennia of scientific consensus.[3] Flat Earth beliefs are pseudoscience, the theories and assertions are not based on scientific knowledge. Flat Earth advocates are classified by experts in philosophy and physics as science deniers.[4][5]

This article is about modern-day beliefs that the Earth is flat. For similar topics, see Flat Earth (disambiguation).

Projections of the sphere like this one have been co-opted as images of the flat Earth model depicting Antarctica as an ice wall[1][2] surrounding a disk-shaped Earth.
The contemporary scientific view of the Earth as a rotating spherical globe, which flat Earth believers contest

Flat Earth groups date from the middle of the 20th century; some adherents are serious and some are not. Those who are serious are often motivated by religion[6] or conspiracy theories.[7] Through the use of social media, flat Earth theories have been increasingly espoused and promoted by individuals unaffiliated with larger groups. Many believers make use of social media to spread their views.[8][9]

Historical context
See also: Biblical literalism

Modern flat Earth belief originated with the English writer Samuel Rowbotham (1816–1884). Based on conclusions derived from the Bedford Level experiment, Rowbotham published a pamphlet titled Zetetic Astronomy. He later expanded this into the book Earth Not a Globe, proposing the Earth is a flat disc centred at the North Pole and bounded along its southern edge by a wall of ice, Antarctica. Rowbotham further held that the Sun and Moon were 3,000 miles (4,800 km) above Earth and that the "cosmos" was 3,100 miles (5,000 km) above the Earth.[2] He also published a leaflet titled The Inconsistency of Modern Astronomy and its Opposition to the Scriptures, which argued that the "Bible, alongside our senses, supported the idea that the earth was flat and immovable and this essential truth should not be set aside for a system based solely on human conjecture".[10]

Rowbotham and followers like William Carpenter gained attention by successful use of pseudoscience in public debates with leading scientists such as Alfred Russel Wallace.[11][12][13] Rowbotham created a Zetetic Society in England and New York, shipping over a thousand copies of Zetetic Astronomy.[14]

After Rowbotham's death, Lady Elizabeth Blount established a Universal Zetetic Society, whose objective was "the propagation of knowledge related to Natural Cosmogony in confirmation of the Holy Scriptures, based on practical scientific investigation". The society published a magazine, The Earth Not a Globe Review, and remained active well into the early 20th century.[15] A flat Earth journal, Earth: a Monthly Magazine of Sense and Science, was published between 1901 and 1904, edited by Lady Blount.[16]

International Flat Earth Research Society

In 1956, Samuel Shenton created the International Flat Earth Research Society as a successor to the Universal Zetetic Society, running it as "organising secretary" from his home in Dover, England.[15][17] Given Shenton's interest in alternative science and technology, the emphasis on religious arguments was less than in the predecessor society.[18] When satellite images showed Earth as a sphere, Shenton remarked: "It's easy to see how a photograph like that could fool the untrained eye".[19] Later asked about similar photographs taken by astronauts, he attributed curvature to the use of wide-angle lens, adding, "It's a deception of the public and it isn't right".[17]

In 1969, Shenton persuaded Ellis Hillman, a Polytechnic of East London lecturer, to become president of the Flat Earth Society; but there is little evidence of any activity on his part until after Shenton's death, when he added most of Shenton's library to the archives of the Science Fiction Foundation he helped to establish.[20]

Historical accounts and spoken history tell us the Land part may have been square, all in one mass at one time, then as now, the magnetic north being the Center. Vast cataclysmic events and shaking no doubt broke the land apart, divided the Land to be our present continents or islands as they exist today. One thing we know for sure about this world...the known inhabited world is Flat, Level, a Plain World.

-Flyer written by Charles K. Johnson, 1984.[21]

Shenton died in 1971. Charles K. Johnson inherited part of Shenton's library from Shenton's wife, and established and became president of the International Flat Earth Research Society of America and Covenant People's Church in California. Over the next three decades, under his leadership, the Flat Earth Society grew to a reported 3,500 members.[22]

Johnson issued many publications and handled all membership applications. The most famous publication was Flat Earth News, a quarterly, four-page tabloid.[1] Johnson paid for these publications through annual member dues costing US$6 to US$10 over the course of his leadership.[1] Johnson cited the Bible for his beliefs, and he saw scientists as pulling a hoax which would replace religion with science.[22]

The Flat Earth Society's most recent planet model is that humanity lives on a disc, with the North Pole at its centre and a 150-foot-high (46 m) wall of ice, Antarctica, at the outer edge.[23] The resulting map resembles the symbol of the United Nations, which Johnson used as evidence for his position.[24] In this model, the Sun and Moon are each 32 miles (51 km) in diameter.[25]

Flat Earth Society recruited members by speaking against the US government and all its agencies, particularly NASA. Much of the society's literature in its early days focused on interpreting the Bible to mean that the Earth is flat, although they did try to offer scientific explanations and evidence.[1]

Criticism
Logo of the 2013 Flat Earth Society

Eugenie Scott called the group an example of "extreme Biblical-literalist theology: The earth is flat because the Bible says it is flat, regardless of what science tells us".[26]

According to Charles K. Johnson, the membership of the group rose to 3,500 under his leadership but began to decline after a fire at his house in 1997 which destroyed all of the records and contacts of the society's members. Johnson's wife, who helped manage the membership database, died shortly thereafter. Johnson himself died on 19 March 2001.[27]

Relaunch

In 2004, Daniel Shenton (not related to Samuel)[28] resurrected the Flat Earth Society, basing it around a web-based discussion forum.[29] This eventually led to the official relaunch of the society in October 2009,[30] and the creation of a new website, featuring a public collection of flat Earth literature and a wiki.[31] Moreover, the society began accepting new members for the first time since 2001, with musician Thomas Dolby becoming the first to join the newly reconvened society.[32] As of July 2017, over 500 people have become members.[33]

In 2013, part of this society broke away to form a new web-based group also featuring a forum and wiki.[34]

In Canada

Flat Earth Society of Canada was established on 8 November 1970 by philosopher Leo Ferrari, writer Raymond Fraser and poet Alden Nowlan;[35] and was active until 1984.[36] Its archives are held at the University of New Brunswick.[37]

Calling themselves "planoterrestrialists",[38] their aims were quite different from other flat Earth societies. They claimed a prevailing problem of the new technological age was the willingness of people to accept theories "on blind faith and to reject the evidence of their own senses."[36] The parodic intention of the Society appeared in the writings of Ferrari, as he attributed everything from gender to racial inequality on the globularist and the spherical Earth model.[39] Ferrari even claimed to have nearly fallen off "the Edge" of the Earth at Brimstone Head on Fogo Island.[40]

Ferrari was interviewed as an "expert" in the 1990 flat Earth mockumentary In Search of the Edge by Pancake Productions (a reference to the expression "as flat as a pancake").[41] In the accompanying study guide, Ferrari is outed as a "globularist," a nonce word for someone who believes the Earth is spherical.[42] The real intent of the film, which was part-funded by the Ontario Arts Council and National Film Board of Canada,[41] was to promote schoolchildren's critical thinking and media literacy by "[attempting] to prove in convincing fashion, something everyone knew to be false."[43]

Relaunch

Multi-media artist Kay Burns re-created the Flat Earth Society of Canada as an art project with her alter ego Iris Taylor[37] as its president.[44] Burns created an installation entitled the Museum of the Flat Earth, which included some artefacts from the 1970 group. It was exhibited in 2016 at the Flat Earth Outpost Café in Shoal Bay, Newfoundland.[37]

In Italy

In Italy there are no centralised societies on flat Earth. However, since the 2010s, small groups of conspiracy theorists, who carry out meetings, started to emerge and to spread flat Earth theories. Among these are Calogero Greco, Albino Galuppini and Agostino Favari, who organised in 2018–2019 several meetings in Palermo, Sicily, with an entry price of €20.[45][46]

Among their claims, some include:

In addition to these, it is their common belief that the United States has a plan to create in Europe a new America open to everyone, where the only value is consumerism and that George Soros commands a satanic globalist conspiracy.[45][46] They reject the past existence of dinosaurs, the Darwinian theory of evolution, and the authority of the scientific community, claiming scientists are Freemasons.[47]

Former leader of the Five Star Movement political party, Beppe Grillo, showed interest in the group, admitting to admiring their free speech spirit and to wanting to participate at the May 2019 conference.[48] In the end, however, Grillo did not appear.[46]

Internet-era resurgence

In the Internet era, the availability of communications technology and social media like YouTube, Facebook[49] and Twitter have made it easy for individuals, famous[50] or not, to spread disinformation and attract others to erroneous ideas. One of the topics that has flourished in this environment is that of the flat Earth.[8][9][51]

Modern flat-Earthers generally embrace some form of conspiracy theory out of the necessity of explaining why major institutions such as governments, media outlets, schools, scientists, and airlines all assert that the world is a sphere. They tend to not trust observations they have not made themselves, and often distrust or disagree with each other.[52]

Based on the speakers at the 2018 UK's Flat Earth UK Convention, believers in a flat Earth vary widely in their views. While most agree upon a disc-shaped Earth, some are convinced the Earth is diamond-shaped. Furthermore, while most believers do not believe in outer space and none believe mankind has ever travelled there, they vary widely in their views of the universe.[53]

The solar eclipse of 21 August 2017 gave rise to numerous YouTube videos purporting to show how the details of the eclipse prove the Earth is flat.[54][55] Also in 2017, "the Tunisian and Arab scientific and educational world" had a scandal when a PhD student submitted a thesis "declaring Earth to be flat, unmoving, young (only 13,500 years of age), and the centre of the universe".[56]

On 3 May 2018, Steven Novella analysed the modern belief in a flat Earth, and concluded that, despite what most people think about the subject, the believers are being sincere in their belief that the Earth is flat, and are not "just saying that to wind us up". He stated that:

In the end that is the core malfunction of the flat-earthers, and the modern populist rejection of expertise in general. It is a horrifically simplistic view of the world that ignores (partly out of ignorance, and partly out of motivated reasoning) to [sic] real complexities of our civilisation. It is ultimately lazy, childish, and self-indulgent, resulting in a profound level of ignorance drowning in motivated reasoning.[57]

The British sceptical activist Michael Marshall attended the UK's annual Flat Earth UK Convention on 27–29 April 2018 and noted disagreement on several views of the believers in a flat Earth. To Marshall, one of the most telling moments at the convention was the "Flat Earth Addiction" test that was based on a checklist used to determine whether someone is in a cult, without the convention attendees realising the possibility of themselves being in a cult.[53]

Organisations sceptical of fringe beliefs have occasionally performed tests to demonstrate the local curvature of the Earth. One of these, conducted by members of the Independent Investigations Group, at the Salton Sea on 10 June 2018 was attended also by supporters of a flat Earth, and the encounter between the two groups was recorded by the National Geographic Explorer. This experiment successfully demonstrated the curvature of the Earth via the disappearance over distance of boat-based and shore-based targets.[58][59]

Mike Hughes
Main article: Mike Hughes (daredevil)

Mike Hughes, a daredevil and flat-Earth conspiracy theorist, used a homebuilt manned-rocket in an attempt to see for himself if the Earth is flat on 24 March 2018.[60] His rocket made of scrap metal was estimated to cost $20,000, and using a mobile home as a custom launchpad managed to climb 1,875 feet (572 m) with Hughes inside and ended with a hard landing but with parachutes successfully deploying. The amateur rocketeer was not seriously injured and remained firm in his flat Earth beliefs. He claimed that real evidence will come with "larger rockets".[61] Hughes was killed in an accident on 22 February 2020 while piloting a flight of his steam-powered rocket in a further attempt to prove the Earth was flat. The accident was caused by an early deployment and separation of the return parachute on the vehicle. The rocket impacted after falling from an altitude of several hundred feet. Hughes was killed instantly.[62]

  • The fictional character Evan Michael Tanner, an international adventurer created by American novelist Lawrence Block in the 1960s, is a member of the Flat Earth Society.[63] Tanner is described as not taking the Flat Earth belief seriously, but rather belongs to the group to represent his suspicion of authority and devotion to fighting for lost causes.
  • Richard A. Lupoff's novel Circumpolar! (1984) describes a flat Earth, with a hole at the centre instead of a North Pole, and the underside contains fictional lands such as Atlantis and Lemuria.[64]
  • California-based punk rock band Bad Religion include a song titled "Flat Earth Society", by Brett Gurewitz, on their album Against the Grain (1990). A prominent feature of the song is the refrain "lie, lie, lie," indicating a strong denunciation of the society and its theories.[65]
  • In 1984, English musician Thomas Dolby released an album called The Flat Earth. This became the name for his fan club and subsequent website forums. Daniel Shenton credited this album as his introduction to the theory, and offered the first membership of the reopened Society. Dolby, while not a believer, accepted.[32]
  • Terry Pratchett's commercially successful series of Discworld novels take place on a flat Earth balanced on the backs of four elephants standing on a giant turtle swimming through space.[66] The thirteenth book in the series, Small Gods, features the "Quisition", a powerful censorial body within the Omnian church, whose members propagate the religious dogma that the world is in fact spherical, and persecute those who dare to say truly that "the Turtle moves", in allusion both to the historical controversy on heliocentrism and to the ahistorical belief that the notion of spherical Earth was condemned as heretical by the Church in the Middle Ages.
  • In 2013, while discussing the importance of acting on climate change, President Barack Obama said there was no time for "a meeting of the Flat-Earth Society" in reference to climate change deniers.[67]
  • Rapper B.o.B composed a song titled "Flatline", in which he claims the Earth is flat, and promotes other conspiracy theories.[68] He was offered, and accepted, membership in the Flat Earth Society.[69][70] In 2016, he posted a photo of himself on Twitter of himself at a highly elevated location. He captioned the photo "The cities in the background are approximately 16 miles apart… where is the curve? Please explain this." He later added that "A lot of people are turned off by the phrase 'flat earth'... but there's no way u can see all the evidence and know… group up." Since these comments, he has additionally started a GoFundMe page to raise money to launch a satellite into space to prove that the Earth is flat. (Valenzuela, 2019)
  • Steve Jackson Games featured The Flat Earth Society in their Illuminati Card Game.
  • On Saturday, 17 February 2017 NBA point guard Kyrie Irving was interviewed on his previous comments in a podcast with fellow NBA players Channing Frye and Richard Jefferson regarding the Earth's curvature. In the podcast, he made claims about the ambiguity of the evidence that the Earth being round and his words garnered massive attention and sparked discussion on social media. [71]
  • Shaquille O'Neal claimed that the Earth is flat during his podcast called "The Big Podcast with Shaq." The podcast episode was titled "Shaquille O'Neal and Kevin Garnett Talk NBA and Area 21, Plus Shaq Sounds Off on the Boogie Cousins Trade and Wrestlemania". He said that he drove from Florida to California and it was flat to him.[72]
  • In 2018, the documentary Behind the Curve was released, which follows prominent modern flat-Earthers Mark Sargent and Patricia Steere, as well as astrophysicists and psychologists who attempt to explain the growing fad.[73]
  • In March 2019, social media personality Logan Paul released a satirical documentary film about the flat Earth called FLAT EARTH: To The Edge And Back.[74][75][76]
  • The Flat Earth Society has a Twitter account, @FlatEarthOrg. This account shares information about their group and promotes flat earth ideologies.[77]
  • SpaceX ISS docking simulator has an option to display Earth flat.[78][79]
  • In late 2020 a group called "The Truthtellers" released a game titled Flat Earth Simulator on Steam.[80]
  • In November 2020, new wave band The Network (a side project of Green Day) included a song named "Flat Earth" on their EP Trans Am.[81]

See also

Notes and references

Notes
  1. Schadwald, Robert J. (July 1980). "The Flat-out Truth:Earth Orbits? Moon Landings? A Fraud! Says This Prophet" (PDF). Science Digest.
  2. Schick, Theodore; Vaughn, Lewis (1995). How to think about weird things: critical thinking for a new age. Houghton Mifflin. p. 197. ISBN 978-1-55934-254-4.
  3. US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "Is the Earth round?". oceanservice.noaa.gov.
  4. Brazil, Rachel (14 July 2020). "Fighting flat-Earth theory". Physics World. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  5. McIntyre, Lee (14 May 2019). "Flat Earthers, and the Rise of Science Denial in America". Newsweek. Retrieved 6 February 2021. You don't convince someone who has already rejected thousands of years of scientific evidence by showing them more evidence.
  6. Nguyen, Hoang (2 April 2018). "Most flat earthers consider themselves very religious". today.yougov.com. YouGov PLC. Retrieved 22 February 2020. more than half of Flat earthers (52%) consider themselves "very religious,"
  7. Wolchover, Natalie (30 May 2016). "Are Flat-Earthers Being Serious?". LiveScience. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  8. Ambrose, Graham (7 July 2017). "These Coloradans say Earth is flat. And gravity's a hoax. Now, they're being persecuted". The Denver Post. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  9. Dure, Beau (20 January 2016). "Flat-Earthers are back: 'It's almost like the beginning of a new religion'". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  10. Garwood 2007, p. 46
  11. Nature 7 April 1870.
  12. "The Form of the Earth—A Shock of Opinions" (PDF). The New York Times. 10 August 1871. Retrieved 2 November 2007.
  13. Hampden, John (1870): The Bedford Canal swindle detected & exposed. A. Bull, London.
  14. Garwood 2007, p. 133
  15. Moore, Patrick (1972). "Better and Flatter Earths" (PDF). Can You Speak Venusian?. ISBN 0-352-39776-4.
  16. Garwood 2007, pp. 155–159
  17. Gilmore, Eddy (26 March 1967). "So now we know: The Earth is not only flat—it's motionless, too". The Cincinnati Enquirer. p. 26–I. Retrieved 15 February 2018 – via Newspapers.com. Readable clippings in four parts: 1 • 2 • 3 • 4
  18. Garwood 2007, pp. 220–225
  19. Schadewald, RJ. "Six "flood" arguments creationists can't answer". National Center for Science Education. Retrieved 24 April 2010.
  20. Garwood 2007, pp. 320
  21. "Documenting the Existence of 'The International Flat Earth Society'". talk.origins. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
  22. Martin, Douglas (25 March 2001). "Charles Johnson, 76, Proponent of Flat Earth". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  23. Voliva, Wilbur Glenn (March 1979). "Is the Earth a Whirling Globe?" (PDF). Flat Earth News. Lancaster, CA: International Flat Earth Research Society. p. 2.
  24. Johnson, Charles K. (December 1978). "Flat Earth News: News of the World's Children" (PDF). Lancaster, California: International Flat Earth Research Society. p. 2.
  25. Johnson, Charles K. (December 1978). "Sun is a light 32 miles across" (PDF). Flat Earth News. Lancaster, California: International Flat Earth Research Society. p. 1. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  26. Scott, Eugenie (1997). "Antievolution and Creationism in the United States" (PDF). Annual Review of Anthropology. 26: 263–289. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.263. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2011.
  27. Cole, John R. (2001). "Flat Earth Society President Dies". National Center for Science Education. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  28. "Miedo a un planeta esférico". 19 March 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  29. "The Flat Earth Society forum". Retrieved 24 July 2014.
  30. "Relaunch of the Flat Earth Society (press release)" (PDF).
  31. "The Flat Earth Society Homepage". Archived from the original on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2014.
  32. Adam, David (23 February 2010). "The Earth is flat? What planet is he on?". The Guardian.
  33. "The Flat Earth Society – Membership Register". theflatearthsociety.org. Retrieved 23 July 2014.
  34. "The Flat Earth Society". Retrieved 14 July 2014.
  35. "Leo Charles Ferrari". New Brunswick Literary Encyclopedia. St. Thomas University. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  36. "Series No. 2 The Flat Earth Society of Canada". Leo C. Ferrari Fonds. UNB Archives and Special Collections. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  37. Bird, Lindsay (20 May 2016). "Museum of the Flat Earth opens on (where else?) Fogo Island". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  38. "Dr. Ferrari and the Flat Earth Society by Alden Nowlan". 3 December 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2013.
  39. Ferrari, Leo Charles (1975). "Feminism and education in a Flat Earth perspective". McGill Journal of Education. X (1): 77–81.
  40. Colombo, John R (1984). Canadian Literary Landmarks. Dundurn. p. 19. ISBN 978-0888820730.
  41. Barrie, Scott (Director); Marsh, Robert (Narrator) (2005). In search of the edge : an inquiry into the shape of the earth and the disappearance of Andrea Barns (DVD). Toronto, Ontario: Pancake Productions. ISBN 9781594582295. OCLC 81094526.
  42. Barrie, Scott (Director); Marsh, Robert (Narrator) (2005). In search of the edge : an inquiry into the shape of the earth and the disappearance of Andrea Barns (DVD). Toronto, Ontario: Pancake Productions. ISBN 9781594582295. OCLC 810945
  43. "In Search of the Edge An Inquiry into the Shape of the Earth and the Disappearance of Andrea Barns". Bullfrog Films. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  44. "Flat Earth Society". Iris Taylor Research. Retrieved 8 May 2017.
  45. "Terrapiattisti a Palermo: "Lo sbarco sulla luna è una invenzione" (Flat Earth in Palermo: "Moon landing is fiction")". Adnkronos (in Italian). 11 May 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  46. "Terrapiattisti a Palermo, ma Beppe Grillo non c'è. "La Nasa? È come Disneyland" (Flat Earth in Palermo, but Beppe Grillo is not there. "NASA? It's like Disneyland")". Il Messaggero (in Italian). 12 May 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  47. "Il terrapiattismo italiano in 10 punti (Italian flat Earth in 10 points)". Wired (in Italian). 29 November 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  48. "BEPPE GRILLO: "VADO AL CONGRESSO DEI TERRAPIATTISTI"" [BEPPE GRILLO: "I'LL PARTICIPATE FLAT EARTH CONFERENCE"]. digitale.it (in Italian). 29 April 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
  49. Abbott, Erica. "Mark Zuckerberg Banning All Flat Earth Groups from Facebook Is A Hoax". Business2community.com. Business2community. Archived from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  50. Heigl, Alex. "The Short List of Famous People Who Think the Earth Is Flat (Yes, Really)". People. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  51. Herreria, Carla (22 April 2017). "Neil deGrasse Tyson Cites Celebrity Flat-Earthers To Make A Point About Politics". HuffPost. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  52. Humphries, Courtney (28 October 2017). "What does it take to believe the world is flat?".
  53. Marshall, Michael (2 May 2018). "The universe is an egg and the moon isn't real: notes from a Flat Earth conference". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  54. Martin, Sean (15 August 2017). "'The sun hologram needs updating' This is how flat earthers explain the solar eclipse". Daily Express. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  55. Hickey, Brian (17 August 2017). "What do flat Earthers think about Monday's solar eclipse?". Phillyvoice.com. Philly Voice. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  56. Guessoum, Nidhal. "PhD thesis: The earth is flat". Gulf News. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  57. Novella, Steven (3 May 2018). "What the Flat-Earth Movement Tells Us". TheNess.com. NESS. Archived from the original on 5 May 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2018.
  58. Underdown, James (2018). "Commentary: The Salton Sea Flat Earth Test: When Skeptics Meet Deniers". Skeptical Inquirer. 42 (6): 14–15.
  59. Underdown, Jim (November 2018). "The Salton Sea Flat Earth Test: When Skeptics Meet Deniers". CSICOP.org. CFI. Archived from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
  60. "Flat-earther blasts off in homemade rocket in bid to reassure himself world is shaped 'like a Frisbee'". The Independent. 25 March 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  61. Nace, Trevor. "Flat Earth Rocket Man Finally Blasts Off In Homemade Rocket To Prove Earth Is Flat". Forbes. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  62. AFP. "Infamous Daredevil 'Mad' Mike Hughes Has Died in Homemade Rocket Crash in California". ScienceAlert. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  63. Lawrence Block (1998). Tanner on Ice, Boston: Dutton, ISBN 0525944214
  64. "Circumpolar! (Twin Planets, book 1) by Richard A Lupoff". Fantasticfiction.co.uk. Retrieved 28 June 2013.
  65. "Bad Religion – Flat Earth Society" – via genius.com.
  66. Stewart, Ian (16 July 2013). "The Science Behind Discworld's Flat Earth on the Back of a Turtle". Gizmodo.
  67. O'Brien, Michael (25 June 2013). "Obama: No time for 'flat-earth society' on climate change". NBC News. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  68. Brait, Ellen (26 January 2016). "'I didn't wanna believe it either': Rapper BoB insists the Earth is flat". The Guardian.
  69. Manon, Tiannon (6 July 2016). "Flat Earthers: Dumb, Crazy or Just Free Thinkers?". Open Mic. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
  70. The Flat Earth Society. "The Flat Earth Society Welcomes B.o.B." The Flat Earth Society. The Flat Earth Society. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
  71. "Kyrie Irving reveals he believes the Earth is flat, believes in other conspiracy theories". www.nbcsports.com. 17 February 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  72. O'Neal, Shaquille, et al. (February 2017). "Shaquille O'Neal and Kevin Garnett Talk NBA and Area 21, Plus Shaq Sounds Off On The Boogie Cousins Trade And Wrestlemania". Podcastone, Nox Solutions.
  73. Timmer, John (17 March 2019). "Behind the Curve a fascinating study of reality-challenged beliefs". Ars Technica. Retrieved 13 April 2019.
  74. Logan Paul Vlogs (20 March 2019), FLAT EARTH: To The Edge And Back (Official Movie), retrieved 1 July 2019
  75. Alexander, Julia (22 March 2019). "Logan Paul's satirical flat Earth doc gets to the heart of YouTube's recommendation issue". The Verge. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  76. Sung, Morgan. "Good news everyone, Logan Paul doesn't actually think the Earth is flat". Mashable. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  77. account, F. E. S. V. (15 March 2020). Flat Earth Society (@FlatEarthOrg). Retrieved from https://twitter.com/FlatEarthOrg
  78. https://iss-sim.spacex.com/
  79. https://interestingengineering.com/nasa-spacex-released-playable-crew-dragon-space-flight-simulator
  80. https://metro.co.uk/2020/11/12/theres-a-flat-earth-simulator-on-steam-and-its-not-a-joke-13585583/
  81. https://www.amazon.com/Trans-Am-Network/dp/B08NFZF535

References

Further reading
  • Raymond Fraser (2007). When The Earth Was Flat: Remembering Leonard Cohen, Alden Nowlan, the Flat Earth Society, the King James monarchy hoax, the Montreal Story Tellers and other curious matters. Black Moss Press, ISBN 978-0-88753-439-3
  • Christine Garwood (2007) Flat Earth: The History of an Infamous Idea, Pan Books, ISBN 1-4050-4702-X
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.