Mohawk (1781 ship)

Mohawk (or Mohawke) was a ship launched at Beverly, Massachusetts in 1781. She became a privateer, making two voyages. In 1782 the Royal Navy captured her and briefly took her into service under her existing name before selling her in 1783. She then became a merchantman until some investors in Bristol bought her in 1796 and turned her into a privateer again. In 1799 she became a letter of marque, but the French Navy captured her in 1801. She then served in the French Navy, capturing a British privateer in 1805, and was sold in 1814.

For other ships with the same name, see HMS Mohawk.

Mohawk
Mohawk
History
Massachusetts
Name: Mohawk
Namesake: Mohawk people
Builder: Beverly, Massachusetts, or Philadelphia
Launched: 1781
Homeport: Beverly, Massachusetts
Captured: October 1782
Great Britain
Name: HMS Mohawk
Acquired: October 1782 by capture
Fate: Sold 1783
Great Britain
Name: Mohawk
Owner:
  • Various
  • 1795:Sidenham Teast & Co.[1]
Acquired: 1783 by purchase
Homeport: Bristol
Captured: July 1801
France
Name: Mohawk
Acquired: July 1801 by capture
Fate: Sold June 1814
General characteristics [2]
Tons burthen: 130,[Note 1], c.280,[4] 284​86⁄94 (bm)
Length:
  • 95 ft 3 in (29.0 m) (gundeck)
  • 77 ft 3 in (23.5 m) (keel)
Beam: 26 ft 4 in (8.0 m)
Depth of hold: 16 ft 10 in (5.1 m)
Complement:
  • Mohawk: 30,[5] or 50 (second voyage)
  • HMS Mohawk: Unknown
  • 1795:25[1]
  • 1797: 100[6]
  • 1800: 40[6]
  • French service: 148[7]
Armament:
  • Mohawk: 20 × 6-pounder guns[3]
  • HMS Mohawk: 14 guns
  • 1795:12[1]
  • 1797: 25 × 3, 6, & 9-pounder guns + 1 swivel gun[6]
  • 1800: 22 × 3 & 4-pounder guns
  • French service: 16 × 12-pounder + 4 x 6-pounder guns[7]

American privateer and capture

William Leach, William Bartlett, and other merchants of Beverly, Massachusetts, applied for a commission for Elias Smith as commander of the ship Mohawk, which they received on 8 November 1781. Mohawk was a new ship, built especially for privateering.[3]

On her first cruise Mohawk sent three prizes into Martinique.[3] Lloyd's List of 7 June 1782 reported that in the latitude of Barbados, Mohawk had captured the Adventure, Ingram or Bodkin, master, which had been sailing from Quebec to the West Indies. Mohawk took Adventure into Martinique. Adventure's captain and boatswain arrived at Barbados in a cartel on 19 April.[8] Mohawk also sent one prize, the ship Daniel, formerly the Salem Packet, into Beverly.[3] Mohawk had captured Daniel, Benjamin Bickford, master, as she was homeward bound from Bilboa.[9]

Captain John Carnes, of Beverly, replaced Smith. He sailed on 6 September 1782, but the cruise was short-lived.[3] On 5 October 1782, HMS Enterprise, Captain John Payne, captured Mohawk off Cape Ann. Mohawk was armed with 20 guns and had 106 or 108 men aboard. Enterprise landed her prisoners at Sandy Hook on 13 October. Two days later, Captain John Payne of Enterprise libeled Mohawk in the Vice-Admiralty Court at New York.[4]

HMS Mohawk

The Royal Navy purchased Mohawk immediately after her capture, and in November had her hull coppered at Antigua. A draught of Mohawk's lines shows her as having ten gun ports on each side of her gun-deck, and nine ports on each side in the bulwarks of what is apparently a continuous upper deck.[2]

The Navy then commissioned her in the Leeward Islands as a 14-gun sloop under Commander Robert Sutton. He sailed her to Great Britain, arriving at Deptford on 8 August 1783. The Navy never added her to the Navy List and instead sold her on 25 September for £1,120 to Samuel Scott.[2]

Mohawk

Mohawk, of 280 tons (bm), and built in New England in 1781, entered Lloyd's Register in 1784 with J. Griffiths, master, and Scott & Co. owner. Her trade is London-Africa. She had been coppered in 1782.[10]

Captain John Griffith sailed from London on 13 March 1784 to gather slaves on the Gold Coast. Mohawk gathered her salves first in the Sierra Leone estuary, and then at Cape COast Castle. She sailed from Africa on 9 May 1785 and arrived at Kingston, Jamaica on 11 July with 350 slaves. She sailed from Kingston on 16 August and arrived back at London on 13 October.[11]

Lloyd's Register for 1786 showed a change of ownership from Scott & Co. to St Barbe & Co., London. Her trade changed from London-Africa to London-Smyrna. Her master's name changed too, but is illegible.[12]

In 1787, Lloyd's List reported that Mohawk was in Leghorn, from Smyrna. It gave her master's name as "J. Mooring".[13]

The 1789 Lloyd's Register gave Mohawk's origin as "New England", before changing it to "Philadelphia". Her master was J. Moring, her owner St Barbe, and her trade was London-Smyrna. The register did give her burthen as 204 tons (bm), but that is almost certainly a typo.

In 1789 Lloyd's List reported that on 21 October Mohawk had put into Malta in a hard gale of wind, and had sailed on 27 October. Her master was still J. Mooring.[14]

On 10 August 1795, Mohawk, American-built, of 284 tons, Thomas King, master, left Bristol for the West African coast. (There is no record to suggest that this voyage was for the purposes of slave trading.) She reached the Gold Coast and Anamabue (19–22 January 1796), Gabon (1 March), Bassau (24–29 March), Cape Mount (3–14 April), Isle de Los (c. 16 April), and Sierra Leone (17 April to 7 June). She then sailed directly back to Bristol, arriving 10 June.[1]

In 1796 her owners offered Mohawk for sale by auction on 24 November at the Exchange Coffee House. The advertisement described her as of 285 tons (bm), but gave measurements that are at variance with those the Royal Navy took. The advertisement noted that she was pierced for 20 guns on her main deck and had most of her cannon. It also pointed out that in 1795 she had undergone a thorough repair, and that she was coppered and copper fastened. The advertisement suggested that she was fast and an excellent sea boat, perfectly suited to privateering.[15]

Her buyers fitted her out in January 1797 as a privateer.[15] James Baker, received a letter of marque on 5 January 1797 for the ship Mohawk, of 100 men, and twenty-five 3, 6, and 9-pounder cannon and one swivel gun.[6] She then sailed for the Cape Verde Islands on 25 March.[15] On her way she encountered a French corvette of 20 guns. The two vessels exchanged fire for an hour and a half before the French vessel disengaged. Mohawk had one man wounded and some damage to her sails and rigging.[15]

On 25 August 1797, Lloyd's List reported that Mohawk, Baker, master, had put into St Jago with prizes, Spanish vessels carrying a cargo of fish.[16] These were two brigs.[15] Mohawk returned to Bristol on 30 October. Her owners must have been dissatisfied with their investment because they put her up for sale in November at Trent's Floating Dock.[15]

The 1799 Lloyd's Register listed Mohawk's master as "Kempthorn", her burthen as 284 tons (bm), her owner as "Hunters", and her trade as Bristol to Naples. James Kempthorne received a letter of marque on 20 November 1800. This letter gave her burthen as 296 tons (bm), her complement as 40 men, and her armament as twenty 4, 6, and 9-pounder guns.[6] The reduction in crew size is indicative that Mohawk's primary objective would now be trade, not privateering. In June 1800, an advertisement appeared stating that Mohawk, Captain James Kempthorne, was prepared to sail in 10 days, without convoy, for Palermo and Naples.[15]

The 1800 and 1801 Lloyd's Registers repeated the information from 1799, but gave her name as Mohawke, added an armament of twenty-two 3 and 4-pounder guns, and gave her burthen as 284 tons (bm).

On 27 March 1800 Mowhawk had a brush with a 14-gun French ship in the Bay of Biscay.[17]

Capture and French naval service

On 24 June 1801, a squadron under Admiral Ganteaume was on an unsuccessful mission to bring troops to Egypt when it encountered HMS Swiftsure, Captain Benjamin Hallowell, and captured her. In his report on the loss of his vessel, Hallowell also reported that the French squadron had, on 4 July, captured the letter-of-marque Mohawk between Lampedusa and Pantelleria as she was sailing between Bristol and Malta with general merchandise.[18] On 6 October 1801 Lloyd's List reported that she had been captured while sailing from Bristol to Malta and that Kempthorne was at Toulon.[19]

The French Navy commissioned Mohawk at Toulon, under her existing name, and effective from the date of her capture,[7] initially under Poncel.[20]

Between 3 December 1801 and 29 January 1803, during the Peace of Amiens, Mohawk was under the command of lieutenant de vaisseau Joseph-Antoine Ganteaume.[21] She carried dispatches and passengers from Cap-François to Rochefort, Charente-Maritime.[22]

Ganteaume, promoted to capitaine de frégate on 6 March 1805,[21] was still in command of Mohawk on 23 to 24 May 1805, when she captured a British privateer named Neptune, off Cap Roux (between Frejus and Cannes).[23] Ganteaume took command of Proserpine on 1 April 1809,[21] and command of Mohawk then passed to lieutenant de vaisseau Lecrosnier.[20][Note 2]

On 13 February 1812, Mohawk, under the command of lieutenant de vaisseau Lecrosnier, was escorting the fluyt Mérinos from Livorno to Sagone in Corsica, along with Alacrity, under Lieutenant Baron de Mackau.[24] They were off Cap Corse when they encountered HMS Apollo.[25] Apollo gave chase and overhauled Mérinos, which struck after firing a token broadside.[26] Becalmed, Mohawk launched her boats and attempted to have them tow her closer to the battle, but after seeing the surrender of Mérinos, abandoned the attempt and escaped. Apollo gave chase and exchanged fire with Mohawk for two hours before giving up and sailing back to her prize. Mohawk then arrived at Saint-Florent.[27]

Captain Bridges Taylor, of Apollo described Mérinos as a relatively new frigate-built storeship of 850 tons, pierced for 36 guns but carrying only twenty 8-pounders. She had a crew of 126 men under the command of captaine de frégate Honoré Coardonan, holder of the Légion d'Honneur. She was on her way to Sagone for timber. The French lost six killed and 20 wounded; the British, despite also coming under fire from the shore, suffered no casualties.[28] Captain Gourdouan was court-martialled and acquitted of the loss of his ship.[27]

Taylor further reported that although Mérinos had signaled to her escort, Mohawk had sailed away. Taylor reported that Mohawk was a British ship that had been captured in 1799, and that she had a crew of about 130 men, plus some conscripts.[28]

Fate

Mowhawk was decommissioned at Toulon and ordered sold on 16 June 1814.[7]

Notes, citations, and references

Notes
  1. This is likely a gross underestimate, probably given to reduce any assessment.[3]
  2. Alternatively spelled "Le Crosnier"

Citations
  1. Richardson (1986), p. 246.
  2. Winfield (2007), p. 292.
  3. Howe (1922), p. 359.
  4. McManemin (1985), pp. 147–148.
  5. Howe (1922), p. 358.
  6. Register of Letters of Marque against France 1793-1815 - accessed 11 June 2011.
  7. Winfield & Roberts (2015), p. 176.
  8. Lloyd's List, no. 1368 - accessed 25 August 2015.
  9. McManemin (1985), p. 246.
  10. Lloyd's Register (1784), Seq. №M473.
  11. Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Mohawk voyage #82763.
  12. Lloyd's Register (1786), Seq. №M424.
  13. Lloyd's List, no. 1905 - accessed 25 August 2015.
  14. Lloyd's List, no. 2144 - accessed 25 August 2015.
  15. Powell (1930), pp. 308-9.
  16. Lloyd's List, no. 2951.
  17. Farr (1950), p. 244.
  18. "No. 15437". The London Gazette. 19 December 1801. pp. 1505–1506.
  19. Lloyd's List, no.4192 - accessed 24 August 2015.
  20. Roche (2005), p. 312.
  21. Quintin (2003), p. 148.
  22. Fonds Maritime, p. 293.
  23. Fonds Maritime, p.341.
  24. Roche (2005), p. 29.
  25. Fonds Marine, p.462.
  26. Troude (1867), p. 154.
  27. Troude (1867), p. 155.
  28. "No. 16596". The London Gazette. 21 April 1812. pp. 756–757.

References
  • Farr, Grahame E. (1950) Records of Bristol Ships, 1800-1838 (vessels Over 150 Tons). (Bristol Record Society, Vol. 15).
  • Fonds Marine. Campagnes (opérations; divisions et stations navales; missions diverses). Inventaire de la sous-série Marine BB4. Tome premier : BB4 1 à 209 (1790-1804)
  • Fonds Marine. Campagnes (opérations; divisions et stations navales; missions diverses). Inventaire de la sous-série Marine BB4. Tome premier : BB4 210 à 482 (1805-1826)
  • Howe, Octavius T. (1922) Beverly privateers in the American revolution. (Cambridge, J. Wilson and Son; reprinted from the Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts, vol. XXIV).
  • McManemin, John A. (1985) Captains of the privateers during the Revolutionary War. (Ho-Ho-Kus Publishing).
  • Powell, John Williams Damer (1930) Bristol Privateers and Ships of War. (Bristol:J. W. Arrowsmith Limited).
  • Quintin, Danielle; Quintin, Bernard (2003). Dictionnaire des capitaines de Vaisseau de Napoléon (in French). S.P.M. ISBN 2-901952-42-9.
  • Richardson, David (1986) Bristol, Africa and the Eighteenth-century Slave Trade to America: The Final Years, 1770-1807 v. 4. (Bristol Record Society). ISBN 978-0901538178
  • Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours. 1. Group Retozel-Maury Millau. ISBN 978-2-9525917-0-6. OCLC 165892922. (1671-1870)
  • Troude, Onésime-Joachim (1867). Batailles navales de la France (in French). 4. Challamel ainé.
  • Winfield, Rif (2007). British Warships in the Age of Sail 1714–1792: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth. ISBN 978-1844157006.
  • Winfield, Rif & Stephen S Roberts (2015) French Warships in the Age of Sail 1786 - 1861: Design Construction, Careers and Fates. (Seaforth Publishing). ISBN 9781848322042
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